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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Synthesis of 2-methoxy and 4-methoxy equine estrogens. 4-Methoxyequilin and 2-methoxyequilin were synthesized from the corresponding 4-bromoequilin and 2-iodoequilin derivatives, respectively, by nucleophilic displacement of halogen with methoxide ion in the presence of copper (II) chloride and 15-crown-5-ether. 4-Bromoequilin was prepared by reacting equilin with one equivalent of N-bromoacetamide. 2-Iodoequilin was prepared by reductive dehalogenation of 2,4-diiodoequilin, which in turn was obtained by treatment of equilin with two equivalents of iodine in methanolic ammonium hydroxide solution. 4-Methoxy-equilenin and 2-methoxyequilenin were pr...
Antimicrobic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens from horses. Rational choice of an antimicrobial agent requires that the condition for which the drug is prescribed contain an infectious agent and, if so, knowledge of the susceptibility of the microorganism to antimicrobial drugs. Unfortunately, most infectious conditions necessitate the use of an antimicrobic drug before data from the microbiology laboratory are available. The data presented are meant to serve as a guide in the choice of antimicrobic drugs for treatment of infectious processes of the horse before knowledge of the nature of the microorganism isolated as well as its susceptibility to anti...
Principles of drug disposition in the horse. This article is intended to give the reader an understanding of the mathematic and conceptual framework underlying equine pharmacology. The methods by which the veterinary practitioner determines drug concentrations, disposition, and bioavailability are discussed.
Anthelmintics used in treatment of parasitic infections of horses. The common anthelmintics used to treat parasitic infections of horses are described. Dosage, anthelmintic spectrum, formulation and administration, mode of action, toxicity contraindications, and resistance of parasites to anthelmintics are included.
Strongylus vulgaris in the tunica media of arteries of ponies and treatment with ivermectin. A preliminary investigation was made into the effect of fourth-stage Strongylus vulgaris larvae sequestered in the tunica media of ileocolic arteries of pony foals treated with ivermectin. The foals had been reared parasite-free, inoculated with infective larvae and given orally a placebo or ivermectin paste. Two foals received subsequently one or two further inoculations with larvae and treatment with ivermectin. Arteriography was used to identify the lesions in the ileocolic artery following inoculation and their regression following treatment. At necropsy, foals were examined for lesions an...
Povidone-iodine lavage treatment of experimentally induced equine infectious arthritis. Both tarsocrural joints of 4 horses were inoculated with 1.5 X 10(5) colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus. On days 1, 3, and 6, each horse had one tarsocrural joint lavaged with a balanced electrolyte solution and had the contralateral tarsocrural joint lavaged with 0.1% povidone-iodine solution. All horses were orally administered trimethoprim (5 mg/kg)/sufadiazine (25 mg/kg) combination twice daily and phenylbutazone (2 g) once daily for the duration of the study (21 days). On days 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 14, and 21, synovial fluid specimens were collected and analyzed for color, clarity, to...
[Functional characteristics and distribution of neuromuscular spindles]. The mm. lumbricales and the mm. capsulares of the shoulder and hip joints of the horse are rich in neuromuscular spindles (NMS). The mm. interossei of the pig, but not of the horse, have NMS too. In the m. orbicularis of the eye, m.hyo-epiglotticus and the m. palatinus of the horse NMS are absent. In the vestigial muscles, as m. extensor digitorum brevis and m. of Thiernesse, NMS are absent too. A role of modulator for the proximal muscles of the limbs by the distal muscles is hypothesized, as well as the absence of NMS in striated muscles not involved in locomotion.
Micropolyspora faeni causes airway inflammation but not hyperresponsiveness in sensitized ponies. We assessed the effect of aerosol Micropolyspora faeni challenge in two groups of ponies by measuring lung function, airway reactivity to aerosol histamine, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology. One group of ponies was sensitized by subcutaneous injection of M. faeni in complete Freund's adjuvant, and the other group served as control. In both groups of ponies, measurements were made at base line and 5 h after aerosol administration of 30 ml of saline or 30 ml of 1% wt/vol particulate M. faeni antigen in saline. Saline challenge had no effect on any of the measured variables. M. faeni cha...
Toxigenic characteristics of Clostridium perfringens type C in enterotoxemia of domestic animals. Eleven Clostridium perfringens type C strains isolated from fatal cases of hemorrhagic enterotoxemia of Canadian calves, a piglet, and a foal were studied for the production of soluble antigens. All the isolates from calves and a foal failed to produce delta toxin, but were capable of producing large amounts of lethal beta toxin. A strain isolated from a piglet produced delta, but very little beta toxin. Other differences were relatively minor. The results indicated that young domestic animals may be susceptible to all subtypes of C. perfringens type C. A simple method of using blood agar plat...
Clinical pharmacology of the gastrointestinal tract. This article discusses the various drugs that affect the equine gastrointestinal tract. Drugs that alter intestinal motility, that protect the gastrointestinal tract, and that alter secretions, as well as analgesics, appetite stimulants, and orally administered antimicrobial agents are reviewed.
Adverse drug reactions in the horse. Adverse drug reactions occasionally occur in the horse. The majority can be anticipated and avoided. The practicing veterinarian should understand the various types of adverse reactions as well as their mechanisms so that should such a reaction occur, the practitioner can promptly recognize the problem and institute corrective measures.
Pharmacologic considerations in drug therapy in foals. Rational drug therapy in the foal requires a sound knowledge of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of various drugs as well as a thorough understanding of the physiologic differences that exist between the neonate and the adult and that may serve to alter drug disposition and, therefore, drug response. A summary of these physiologic factors with emphasis on the foal is presented and is followed by recommendations regarding the applied therapeutics of various antimicrobial agents.
Beta-endorphin: peripheral opioid activity of homologues from six species. The peripheral opioid activity of six homologous beta-endorphins (beta-EPs) were assayed on the guinea pig ileum and the vas deferens of the mouse, the rat and the rabbit. In the guinea pig ileum assay, human beta-EP (beta h-EP) was less potent than camel, turkey, and ostrich beta-EPs, of the same potency as equine beta-EP and more active than des-acetyl salmon beta-EP. In the rat vas deferens, mammalian beta-EPs showed higher activity than those from the bird and the fish, whereas in the mouse vas deferens assay, beta h-EP is more active than those from other species. In the rabbit vas defere...
Radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone in equids. Radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone (PTH) in equids was performed on blood samples from healthy equids and equids with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The assay was validated for equine carboxy-terminal PTH. Manipulation of serum ionized Ca in healthy equids by infusing Na2 EDTA and CaCl2 produced an expected increase and decrease, respectively, in measurable immunoreactive PTH. Intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were 2.6% and 11.7%, respectively. The range of PTH valves for healthy mature horse mares and geldings maintained on pasture was less than 0.27 ng/ml to 0.9...
Regional distribution of brain blood flow during maximal exertion in splenectomized ponies. It has been reported in exercising ponies that O2 supply to all regions of the brain increased primarily due to a large increment in CaO2 and it was implied that this may reflect a generalized increase in brain metabolism during strenuous exercise. Splenectomy ameliorates the rise in CaO2 observed with exercise in ponies. Thus, the objective of the present study was to examine changes in regional brain blood flow and O2 supply of splenectomized ponies with sub-maximal and maximal exercise and to compare these data with previous observations in normal ponies. It was reasoned that in the absence...
Esophageal manometry in horses, cows, and sheep during deglutition. Esophageal pressure events during deglutition were evaluated in healthy adult animals (6 horses, 6 cattle, and 5 sheep), using a 3-side hole catheter assembly perfused with water by use of a hydraulic-capillary infusion system. The peak postdeglutition pressure, contraction time, and contraction length were determined for the cranial and caudal esophageal sphincter regions and for each functionally different region within the body of the esophagus. The percentage of deglutitions in which relaxation developed at the sphincter regions and the propagation speed (velocity at which pressure waves t...
Course and extent of variation of equine infectious anemia virus during parallel persistent infections. Comparisons of peptide and oligonucleotide maps of glycoproteins and RNA from nine isolates of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) that were generated during parallel infections of two Shetland ponies revealed that each isolate was structurally unique. Each EIAV isolate contained a unique subset of variant peptides, oligonucleotides, or both, indicating that structural variation in EIAV is a random and noncumulative process and that a large spectrum of possible EIAV variants can be generated in infected animals.
Segmental atresia of the transverse colon in a foal with concurrent equine herpes virus-1 infection. Segmental atresia of the transverse colon was observed at necropsy in a neonatal foal. The dorsal and ventral components of the large colon were fused, and ended blindly. The small colon was collapsed and completely closed at its cranial end. The right and left dorsal and ventral colons were fused into one blind-ended tube. Histologically, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies demonstrative of Equine Rhinopneumonitis were present in the thymus.
Neurological disease and lipofuscinosis in horses and sheep grazing Trachyandra divaricata (branched onion weed) in south Western Australia. A severe paretic syndrome accompanied by intense neuronal lipofuscinosis is described in sheep and horses exposed to Trachyandra divaricata. This is a newly recognised toxic hazard for grazing livestock in the coastal region of the south west of Western Australia. Animals appear to become affected over a period of weeks when summer conditions induce a scarcity of alternative feed. The disease is discussed in relation to its recent documentation in South Africa where the plant is indigenous.
Role of progesterone in mobility, fixation, orientation, and survival of the equine embryonic vesicle. Luteal progesterone was removed by an injection of prostaglandin F2alpha or bilateral ovariectomy on Day 12 of pregnancy in pony mares. The embryonic vesicle remained mobile in the uterus until loss occurred on Days 13, 13, 15, or 19 in four prostaglandin-treated mares and Days 15, 17, 19, or 26 in four ovariectomized mares. Exogenous progesterone given daily, starting on Day 12, maintained pregnancy until Day 40 in five of five prostaglandin-treated and three of four ovariectomized mares. During two-hour mobility trials on Day 14, embryonic vesicles in mares without luteal or exogenous proges...
Further observations on the keratinolytic activity of strains of the genus Epidermophyton. The ability of 17 strains of Epidermophyton to perforate hair in vitro using the Ajello & Georg's test procedure and a modification of Lu's method has been studied. Following the Ajello & Georg's test procedure only E. stockdaleae perforated hair. Sporadically some strains of E. floccosum perforated horse hair. We noted as well unusual perforations originated from inside to outside of the hair. By the other technique, all strains, excepting E. floccosum var. nigricans in child hair, perforated hair. E. floccosum showed these perforations later than E. stockdaleae.
Pathology of equine phycomycosis. The pathological findings in three cases of equine phycomycosis in Costa Rica are described. Two cutaneous (Pythium sp) and one nasal lesion (Conidiobolus) were observed.
Hormone therapy for control of reproduction in mares and stallions. Because the reproductive performance of mares is lower than that of any other domesticated species, hormone therapy is important in ensuring fertility and proper management of pregnancy. Current techniques of hormone therapy are discussed.
Efficacy of four anthelmintics against benzimidazole-resistant cyathostomes of horses. In order to confirm benzimidazole resistance as recommended at a workshop of the Commission of the European Communities the isolate 'E' of cyathostome strongyles originating from a stud where benzimidazole resistance had been demonstrated by egg hatch tests and by egg count reduction tests was investigated in two series of critical tests. Each of 11 foals reared strongyle-free was infected with 130,000 third stage cyathostome larvae. One animal remained untreated, two pairs of foals were treated with paste formulations of the (pro)benzimidazoles cambendazole (20 mg/kg bodyweight) or febantel (...
