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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
[Periodic uveitis in horses]. The aetiology, clinical symptoms and treatment of equine periodic ophthalmia are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the possible role in aetiology of Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae. Corticosteroids and atropine are the most important therapeutic drugs.
Effect of upper airway CO2 on breathing in awake ponies. We determined whether the [CO2] in the upper airways (UA) can influence breathing in ponies and whether UA [CO2] contributes to the attenuation of a thermal tachypnea during periods of elevated inspired CO2. Six ponies were studied 1 mo after chronic tracheostomies were created. For one protocol the ponies were breathing room air through a cuffed endotracheal tube. Another smaller tube was placed in the tracheostomy and directed up the airway. By use of this tube, a pump, and prepared gas mixtures, UA [CO2] was altered without affecting alveolar or arterial PCO2. When the ponies were at a neut...
Isolation of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae associated with enteric disease of herbivores in western Colorado. Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae was isolated from a horse (Equus caballus), a lamb (genus Ovis), and two American buffalo (Bison bison) suffering from enteric disease in the western part of Colorado. In 1981, a foal died of apparent respiratory failure. Necropsy findings included heart failure and gastroenteritis. V. cholerae serovar 347 (Smith) was isolated from the colon of this animal. V. cholerae serovar 27 (Smith) was isolated in 1983 from the intestine of a feedlot lamb suffering from pneumonia and severe watery diarrhea. In 1984, an enteric disease occurred in a herd of American bison. The sick ...
Horse kidney neutral alpha-D-glucosidase: purification of the detergent-solubilized enzyme; comparison with the proteinase-solubilized forms. Neutral alpha-D-glucosidase (alpha-D-glucoside glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.20) from horse kidney brush-border membranes was solubilized using Emulphogene BC 720 and purified by an affinity chromatography technique. The enzyme preparation (390-fold purified), which was free of other known microvillus hydrolases, exhibited one precipitate line in crossed immunoelectrophoresis and migrated as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Several criteria (charge-shift crossed immunoelectrophoresis and hydrophobic chromatography) revealed the purified detergent form of t...
Serum antibodies to Leptospira bratislava in Swedish pigs and horses. Sera from 116 and 89 Swedish pigs and horses respectively were examined for the presence of antibodies to L. bratislava. Antibodies were found in 18.1 and 49.4% respectively of pigs and horses examined. Presence of serum antibodies was not associated with clinical signs of infection.
Immediate and long-term effects of halothane anesthesia on equine platelet function. The acute and long-term quantitative and qualitative effects of halothane anesthesia on equine platelet performance were studied in fourteen horses. Horses were anesthetized with only halothane in O2 for about 8.0 MAC hours. Platelet numbers declined during the anesthetic period but returned to normal within 24 h. Platelet aggregation was significantly diminished during the anesthetic period and for up to 4 days after anesthesia. A period of hyperaggregability occurred at the 7th day.
Hormonal response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and in horses with pituitary adenoma. Cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), insulin, and glucose responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were evaluated in 12 healthy, mature horses and in 7 horses and 4 ponies with clinical signs of pituitary adenoma (PA). Within 1 hour after TRH administration, the increase in T3 and T4 was similar in healthy horses and animals with PA. Plasma cortisol in the group with PA increased (P less than 0.05) within 0.25 hours after TRH administration, and remained increased for 1.5 hours. In the control group, a significant increase in plasma cortisol concentrations did not develop a...
Isolation of equine coital exanthema virus (equine herpesvirus 3) from the nostril of a foal. The virus causing equine coital exanthema (equine herpesvirus 3) was isolated from a lesion on the nostril of a 2-month-old foal. One week after the mare had returned from a stallion station, vesicular lesions developed on her vulva. They were diagnosed clinically as coital exanthema, and 5 days later a lesion developed on the nostril of her foal. This case is an example of horse-to-horse transmission of coital exanthema virus without coitus. A laboratory diagnosis is necessary to differentiate viruses that cause vesicular lesions about the oral and nasal cavities of horses.
Role of hilar nerve afferents in hyperpnea of exercise. The objective of this study was to determine the role of hilar nerve (lung vagal) afferents in the hyperpnea of exercise. Ten ponies were studied before and 2-4 wk and 3-12 mo after sectioning only the hilar branches of the vagus nerves (HND). After HND, lung volume feedback to the medullary centers was attenuated as indicated in the anesthetized state by 1) attenuation or absence of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex (P less than 0.01) and 2) attenuation of the lengthened inspiratory time (TI) when the airway was occluded at end expiration (P less than 0.01). Moreover, after HND in the awake ...
Inherited nuclear cataracts in the Morgan horse. Congenital cataracts affecting the fetal and embryonal lens nucleus were found in 12 Morgan horses. Ten of the 12 affected animals were sired by the same stallion and the condition also affected his female half sibling. Although females were almost three times more likely to be affected than males (9 vs 3), the difference was not significant. The ratio of 11 normal to 10 affected offspring by the affected stallion is compatible with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance.
High resolution R-bands produced in equine chromosomes after incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. Cell synchronization was used to obtain an adequate percentage of very long chromosomes in equine mitotic spreads. Reported here is our variation, adapted to horse chromosomes, of a method using excess thymidine followed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. This technique routinely yields excellent quality cells, predominantly in prometaphase and prophase. Among other differences with the standard technique, this method does not use Colcemid, which, in addition to inhibiting spindle fiber formation, also increases chromosome contraction resulting in thicker and thus fewer bands. Consequently, h...
Equine whole saliva: variability of some major constituents. Whole saliva was collected from six horses over a period of five weeks in sufficient volume for the analysis of 10 constituents. There was considerable variation in the concentration of the analytes both between horses and between different days in the same horse. The most variable constituent was sodium, and the least variable was glucose, but this was derived from the sweet used to stimulate salivation. The use of whole saliva as a fluid for investigation would depend on achieving the minimum variability possible.
Incorporation of L-75Se-cystine in tissue fragments from the matrix of the hoof and the claw–a tool for studying the pathogenesis of laminitis? An in vitro method has been designed and used to study the incorporation of 75Se-cystine into matrix fragments from hooves and claws of healthy horses and cattle. Tissue fragments from the zone of keratinisation were incubated with L-75Se-cystine in a tissue culture medium for 4 to 6 h, during which time there was continuous incorporation of the labelled selenocystine. The incorporation was greatly decreased by adding L-cystine to the incubation mixture. It is concluded that the incorporation of 75Se-cystine depends on the presence of a specific receptor for cystine in the tissue fragments stu...
Experimental reactivation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1) following the administration of corticosteroids. Eight ponies were experimentally infected with equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1) (subtype 1). All animals showed clinical and serological evidence of infection and virus was isolated from nasal swabs and leucocytes. These ponies were kept in isolation for a further three months during which time complement fixing antibody decreased at least four-fold. Following immunosuppression with dexamethasone and prednisolone subtype 1 virus was recovered from six of the eight animals within 14 days. Five of these six ponies were viraemic and three of them shed virus in nasal secretions; only four displayed sig...
Causative ehrlichial organisms in Potomac horse fever. An ehrlichia was consistently isolated from the peripheral blood leukocyte fraction of ponies that had been experimentally infected with Potomac horse fever by whole blood transfusion from naturally infected horses. The organism was propagated in a human histiocyte cell line for 3 to 5 weeks and then inoculated intravenously or intradermally into healthy adult ponies. Clinical signs of Potomac horse fever, which varied in the degree of severity, occurred 9 to 14 days post-inoculation in all of the ponies. One pony died 20 days post-inoculation. The ehrlichial organism was reisolated in the hum...
Equine blood serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations in progressive nutritional hyperparathyroidism. Weekly blood serum samples from 20 yearling horses, divided into equal groups, receiving diets with total calcium to inorganic phosphorus ratios of 1,5/1 and 0,2/1, were analysed for calcium and phosphorus concentrations. This was done over a continuous 23 week period, divided into 2 sub-periods of 16 and 7 weeks each. During the first period complete diets were provided ad lib but were restricted during the second period to accentuate any effects of calcium deficiency and phosphorus excess. Falling calcium levels and rising phosphorus levels during period 1 and a reverse trend during period 2...
Cell synchronization and dynamic G-banding of equine chromosomes by bromodeoxyuridine. Both dynamic G-banding and cell synchronization produced by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), were applied to equine chromosomes. BrdU incorporated during the first half of the S-phase is taken up into the R-bands that are early replicating. These bands, which have incorporated BrdU, cannot contract as usual and remain elongated; only the other regions of the chromosome, i.e., the G-bands, contract normally and are sharply defined. BrdU also can be used for cell synchronization. The addition of BrdU in a high concentration, 15 hours before harvest, and its removal 11 hours later, has two effects: init...
Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of acetylpromazine and xylazine on halothane-anesthetized horses. Circulatory and respiratory effects of intravenously administered acetylpromazine (0.033 and 0.067 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) were studied in drug cross-over fashion in eight laterally recumbent horses anesthetized only with halothane (1.06%, end-tidal) in O2. Both doses of acetylpromazine caused a significant and sustained elevation in cardiac output via a rise in stroke volume. Xylazine produced an initial significant fall in cardiac output followed by a return to control levels. Halothane anesthesia did not prevent xylazine-related atrioventricular conduction block. All treatme...
Combined pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in pony mares after a single intravenous and intramuscular administration. Healthy mature pony mares (n = 6) were given a single dose of gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight) IV or IM 8 days apart. Venous blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 40, and 48 hours after IV injection of gentamicin, and at 10, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, and 30 hours after IM injection of gentamicin. Gentamicin serum concentration was determined by a liquid-phase radioimmunoassay. The combined data of IV and IM treatments were analyzed by a nonlinear least-square...
Powassan viral encephalitis: a review and experimental studies in the horse and rabbit. Powassan virus strain M794, a member of the Flavivirus genus known to infect man and animals in Canada, was inoculated intracerebrally into rabbits and horses. No clinical signs were observed in rabbits, but widespread encephalitis resulted, characterized by lymphoid perivascular cuffing, lymphocytic meningitis, and lymphocytic choroiditis. In horses, eight days after inoculation, prominent neurological signs occurred and lesions were those of non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, neuronal necrosis, and focal parenchymal necrosis. The virus could not be reisolated from the rabbit or horse brains....
In vivo bone strain in the equine tibia before and after transection of the peroneus tertius muscle. The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of the peroneus tertius muscle on the loading regime of the tibia in the horse. Strain gauge rosettes were bonded to the cranial and caudal cortices of the left and right tibiae in six Shetland ponies. In vivo bone strain recordings were made before and after unilateral transection of the peroneus tertius muscle. Relatively large individual variations in response to transection were observed in both the experimental and the contralateral control limbs. The principal strain values on the cranial and caudal cortices increased during the...
A hemodynamic model for anaphylactic shock. The treatment of cardiovascular collapse and anaphylactic shock is largely empiric. A simple animal model was developed to evaluate the hemodynamic alterations in anaphylaxis. Eight adult New Zealand white rabbits of both sexes were studied. All animals weighed 3.8 kg to 5.3 kg. Sensitization was accomplished with a 2-mL subcutaneous dose of horse serum followed in two days with a 2-mL intravenous (IV) dose. At least 14 days elapsed after the IV dose before a 1-mL challenge dose of horse serum was given. On the day of the challenge dose, a femoral arterial catheter, arterial temperature probe,...
Comparison of echocardiographic and autopsy measurements of cardiac dimensions in the horse. This study was initiated to determine the accuracy of M-mode echocardiography in measuring left ventricular dimensions and estimating heart weights in horses. Left ventricular free wall and interventricular septal thickness and left ventricular external and internal diameters were measured and heart weights estimated from the echocardiograms of 47 horses. Autopsy measurements of the same parameters were then recorded. Statistical comparison of the data demonstrated: (1) Systolic measurements of wall thickness more closely resembled the heart in death than the diastolic measurements; (2) good c...
Efficacy of furosemide in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses. The repeatability of endoscopic observations of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) and the efficacy of furosemide as a prophylactic treatment of horses with EIPH were studied in Thoroughbred race horses after consecutive breezes (at or near maximum speed, approx 16 m/s). Of 56 horses examined greater than or equal to 2 times, 21 (38%) had identical EIPH scores, whereas 26 (46%) and 9 (16%) had scores that differed by greater than or equal to 1 grade. In 56 nontreated horses, there was good agreement between 2 consecutive observations (K = 0.59, Z = 4.54, P less than 0.001). Similar c...
