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Topic:Veterinary Science
Veterinary science and horses encompass the study and application of medical, surgical, and therapeutic practices to maintain and improve the health and welfare of equines. This field addresses a wide range of topics, including disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as nutrition, reproduction, and behavior. Research in veterinary science for horses often involves understanding the pathophysiology of equine-specific diseases, developing advanced diagnostic techniques, and improving treatment protocols. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in equine healthcare.
Fatty acid composition of the plasma lipids of the maternal and newborn horse. The fatty acid composition of the plasma free fatty acid, triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions was measured in blood and milk samples taken daily from 3 mares and their foals on Days 1-9 post partum inclusive, and from a total of 12 mares and foals on Days 22, 30 and 51. A rise in the plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol and phospholipid similar to that well documented in other species occurred in the neonatal period. Alterations in the composition of the foal plasma phospholipid after birth lend support to the view that the placenta rather than the fetus could be responsible for the...
Comparison of the serum amylases of farm animals. 1. Serum isoamylases with alpha-glucosidase activity from cattle, sheep, horses, goats, red deer, pigs and dogs were compared to one another. 2. The isoamylases from cattle and pigs were polymorphic. 3. In agarose gel electrophoresis the isoamylases behaved as alpha-1-globulins but in starch gel electrophoresis they were differentially retarded by affinity effects. 4. Molecular weights were estimated: cattle (417,000); sheep (402,000); horses (420,000); goat (399,000); red deer (405,000); pigs (375,000) and dogs (390,000). 5. Isoelectric points were estimated: cattle, sheep, goat and red deer ...
The ground reaction force pattern from the hindlimb of the horse simulated by a spring model. A model consisting of a spring loaded by a time-dependent mass is presented simulating the vertical and longitudinal horizontal ground reaction force patterns obtained from the hindlimb of a walking horse.
Ventilation imaging in the horse with 99mtechnetium-DTPA radioaerosol. This study describes the development of a radioaerosol technique for horses using 99mtechnetium-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentacetate). In 24 normal, adult horses, very satisfactory ventilation images were obtained with the technique. Four-minute administrations of the aerosol resulted in a mean uptake of radioactivity in the lung fields of 3.02 mCi, with mean maximum counts (+/- sd) of 159,800 +/- 75,000 per camera field. The mean clearance half-time for the 99mtechnetium-DTPA from the lung fields was 55.6 +/- 14.2 mins which is very similar to figures obtained for normal human and dog lungs. T...
Fine structure of the follicular oocyte of the horse. Oocytes recovered by follicular aspiration were evaluated by light and transmission electron microscopy. Of the 22 oocytes, 4 exhibited characteristics of degeneration, and the remaining 18 were in various stages of meiotic development. Of the non-degenerate oocytes, 14 were in the germinal vesicle stage, 2 had undergone nuclear membrane disintegration, 1 displayed chromosomes in late metaphase I-early anaphase I, and 1 oocyte was in the process of extrusion of the first polar body. Although some oocytes retained complete cumulus cell investments, oocytes were predominantly enclosed only by th...
Electrophysiological studies on atrial fibrillation. We tested the multiple-wavelet hypothesis by studying the initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation in normal mules, horses, cows, calves, and goats. Persistence of atrial fibrillation in animals with a large atrial mass was compared with results in adult goats and calves having a smaller atrial mass. Atrial stimulation in clinically normal cows, mules, calves, and goats was accomplished using an intra-atrial stimulating catheter with rapid atrial pacing (30/s). Once initiated, atrial fibrillation persisted for 95,120,125 min, 3 days, and 8 weeks in five adult cows, respectively. In co...
Effects of age, season and active immunization against estrogen on serum prolactin concentrations in stallions. Prolactin concentrations in stallion serum were measured by radioimmunoassay based on antiserum generated against equine prolactin and radioiodinated canine prolactin. Prolactin concentrations in serum collected from 152 stallions at a slaughterhouse were higher (P less than .01) in summer than in winter (5.7 +/- .15 vs 2.0 +/- .17 ng/ml). Moreover, there was an effect of age (P less than .02) in the analysis of variance; there was no interaction between age and season. In general, prolactin concentrations increased with age up to 3 to 5 years. Samples of serum collected from five control and ...
Ultrastructure of cryopreserved horse embryos. Embryos were recovered non-surgically at about Day 6 after ovulation from 15 Quarter horse-type mares and were evaluated for morphological changes which may occur because of exposure to the cryoprotectant and/or cryopreservation. Electron microscopy was used to elucidate the fine structure of intracellular organelles which, if damaged, could cause cellular death. The horse embryo does not totally re-expand in the 10% glycerol freezing medium, nor will it completely re-expand in the isotonic holding medium following glycerol removal whether or not the embryo has been frozen. Embryos in this stu...
Dietary molybdenum as a putative copper antagonist in the horse. Four horses were stabled and fed a diet of hay ad libitum, and 2 kg oats per animal per day, for a month. The basic diet was then supplemented with molybdenum, at a rate of 20 mg/kg dry matter for 4.5 months. For one month of this period the diet was supplemented also with sulphur at a rate of 1.2 g/kg dry matter. Analyses of jugular blood samples, obtained at intervals varying between two and 20 days, showed no evidence of a decline in total plasma copper or of an increased proportion of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble copper in plasma over this period. In separate studies, two other hor...
ISO-DALT characterization of 12 ‘new’ equine plasma protease inhibitor (Pi) alleles. Twelve equine protease inhibitory alleles, PiE, H, J, K, L2, O, P, Q, R, V, X, Z, have been characterized in terms of isoelectric point, molecular mass and inhibitory activity to bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin by ISO-DALT electrophoresis. Protein maps for 20 Pi alleles including those of the eight 'Thoroughbred' alleles (PiF, G, I, L, N, S1, S2, U) have now been determined. Five pairs of alleles, S1/S2, G/K, L/L2, P/R and U/Z, possessed varying numbers of common proteins ranging from one protein in the case of G/K and L/L2 to six in the case of U/Z. Based on these results and studies of the a...
The effects of ammonium sulfate and acid on horse and human serum butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8). 1. Results of laboratory experiments which compared horse and human serum butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) with respect to their acid inactivation and ammonium sulfate protection show: 2. Horse serum butyrylcholinesterase is more resistant to inactivation at pH 3.0 than human serum butyrylcholinesterase. 3. The loss of activity at pH 3.0 for both horse and human butyrylcholinesterase does not follow first order kinetics. 4. Both human and horse serum butyrylcholinesterase are protected from pH 3.0 inactivation by ammonium sulfate concentrations up to 33% saturation (1.37 M).
Patterns of oxytocin secretion during the oestrous cycle of the mare. From a group of 11 cyclic mares, blood samples were collected at 3-min intervals for 2 h and at 15-min intervals for an additional 6 h during four stages of the oestrous cycle. Mean plasma oxytocin concentrations (pg/ml, LSM +/- se) were greater on Day 15 after ovulation (169.9 +/- 17.6) than on Day 0 (82.6 +/- 17.6; P less than 0.01), Day 3 (97.2 +/- 20.4, P less than 0.01) and Day 7 after ovulation (104.0 +/- 25.0, P less than 0.05). Oxytocin was secreted in a pulsatile manner throughout the oestrous cycle, with short (0-29 min), medium (30-89 min) and long (greater than 90 min) duration rhy...
Plasma prolactin concentrations in non-pregnant mares at different times of the year and in relation to events in the cycle. Plasma prolactin concentrations were measured in mares using an homologous radioimmunoassay. An annual rhythm in plasma prolactin was found, with concentrations higher during the summer than during the winter. In addition to this seasonal pattern, occasional high concentrations of prolactin were seen when concentrations were otherwise basal. Blood samples taken from mares during an oestrous cycle in October-November showed that prolactin values were basal for most of the cycle, with a marked rise in prolactin shortly before the onset of oestrus. This prolactin peak was associated with an incre...
Light and electron microscopy of Ag-NORs in domestic horse chromosomes identified after R-banding. Silver staining shows the presence in the domestic horse of six NORs located on chromosomes 1, 26 and 31 as identified after R-banding. Following electron microscopy, the argyrophilic material was observed outside the terminal secondary constrictions (satellite stalks) on the terminal portion of the short arm of chromosome 1, outside the secondary constrictions on the proximal region of the long arms of chromosome 31, and beside the proximal region of the long arms of chromosome 26. Satellite staining applied to these chromosomes appears to reveal only the active NORs.
Laterality in the gallop gait of horses. Bilateral asymmetry in gallop stride limb contact patterns of four Quarter Horse fillies was documented by high-speed cinematography. Horses were filmed with rider by two cameras simultaneously while galloping along a straightaway. Even though signaled for each gallop lead an equivalent number of times, horses frequently switched leads, selecting the left lead nearly twice as often as the right. Velocities and stride lengths were greater for the left lead than the right, but stride frequencies did not differ between leads. Velocity effects were partitioned out in limb contact data analysis to ...
Steroid secretion by different cell types of the horse conceptus. Horse conceptuses were recovered non-surgically at Day 12-Day 15 and were dissociated with collagenase. Separation of the cells on a 31.8% Percoll gradient gave two bands of cells and indirect evidence suggests that the low density cells (LDC) are endoderm and the higher density cells (HDC) are trophectoderm. Each band was incubated for 24 h in Minimum Essential Medium and concentrations of oestradiol and progesterone in the medium were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The LDC secreted predominately progesterone (log oestradiol/progesterone = -0.994 +/- 0.141; N = 15) whereas the HDC secret...
Evaluation of cellulose acetate/nitrate filters for the study of stallion sperm motility. Stallion semen was diluted in a Hepes-supplemented buffer (CM) (10(6) spermatozoa/ml) and placed in the upper well of a Sykes-Moore chemotaxis chamber. Chambers were incubated in a humidified atmosphere (5% CO2 in air) at 37 degrees C for 1 and 2 h and spermatozoa were allowed to swim through filters with a mean pore size of 3,5 or 8 micron. Spermatozoa entered filters of all three pore sizes. Distance travelled was greater for each increase in pore size (P less than 0.01) but did not differ (P greater than 0.05) between 1 and 2h of incubation. Extended semen from stallions of different fertil...
Horse plasma ceruloplasmin molecular weight and subunit analysis. Ceruloplasmin is a blue copper-containing serum glycoprotein with oxidase activity. It as been proposed that the physiological function of ceruloplasmin involves the oxidation of ferrous iron and its incorporation into apotransferrin. There are several reports demonstrating that ceruloplasmin is made up of multiple chains. Ryden has questioned the multichain structure of ceruloplasmin from human, pig, horse and rabbit sera, arguing that the dissociation observed by previous workers could be attributed to cleavage of labile bands in the protein by enzymatic contaminants present in commercial pr...
Comparative study of atrial fibrillation and AV conduction in mammals. Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias in humans. It also occurs quite frequently in dogs and horses. Comparative study of this arrhythmia may contribute to better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved. In this study, we present a quantitative analysis of atrial fibrillation in humans, dogs, horses, and in a kangaroo, making use of histograms and serial autocorrelograms of the ventricular rhythm with and without digitalis medication. Increase in the size of the animal and thus in the size of the heart is accompanied by a decrease in ventricular ...
Effects of chronic administration of a monoclonal antibody against human renin in the marmoset. In this study, the hypotensive efficacy of R-3-36-16, a monoclonal antibody against human kidney renin, was investigated during chronic administration to a primate. R-3-36-16 was given by continuous intraperitoneal infusion with osmotic minipumps to normotensive marmosets fed a low-sodium diet in doses of 30 or 300 micrograms/kg/day for 14 days. The lower dose had no effect on blood pressure (BP) or plasma renin activity (PRA). After two days of treatment, the higher dose reduced PRA by 57% and lowered BP by 13 +/- 7 mm Hg. Although the hypotensive response persisted after 14 days of treatment...
Principles of learning. This article discusses some general principles of learning as well as possible constraints and how such principles can apply to horses. A brief review is presented of experiments that were designed to assess learning in horses. The use of behavior modification techniques to treat behavior problems in horses is discussed and several examples of the use of these techniques are provided.
Rest behavior. Behavioral and physiologic characteristics of sleep are described, with special attention paid to equids. Temporal organization of sleep and environmental influences upon this behavior in horses are reviewed. Anatomic and biochemical bases and function of sleep are discussed briefly.
Social structure. Socially feral horses live in stable social groups characterized by one adult male, a number of adult females, and their offspring up to 2 years of age. Extra males either live by themselves or with other males in bachelor groups. The bands occupy nondefended home ranges that often overlap. Many abnormal behaviors seen in domestic horses occur because some aspect of their normal social behavior cannot be carried out in captivity.
Spectrofluorimetric study of the bile salt micelle binding site of pig and horse colipases. Pig and horse colipases contain three tyrosine residues. In addition, horse colipase possesses a tryptophan residue. Some of the tyrosine residues are involved in the association of colipase and a bile salt micelle. The present report demonstrates that the aromatic residues responsible for colipase fluorescence are in an aqueous environment. In the presence of bile salt micelles, changes in colipase fluorescence properties indicate that the intrinsic fluorophores are located in a more hydrophobic environment upon colipase-micelle complex formation. In addition, the fluorescence of an NBD group...
