FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Bilateral Change in Vertical Hoof Force Distribution in Hors...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 12(18); 2485; doi: 10.3390/ani12182485

Bilateral Change in Vertical Hoof Force Distribution in Horses with Unilateral Forelimb Lameness before and after Successful Diagnostic Anaesthesia.

Abstract: Kinetic examinations of horses with induced lameness as well as the effect of perineural anaesthesia in sound horses have shown promise, but clinical studies regarding the effect of diagnostic anaesthesia during the different stance phases are rare. Fourteen horses with unilateral forelimb lameness were examined with the Hoof™ System during trot to assess vertical force distribution (in kg) affecting both front hooves before and after diagnostic anaesthesia during landing, midstance, and breakover. For statistical analysis, a covariance analysis with repeated measurements regarding the limb (lame/sound) as well as anaesthesia (before/after) and the covariable body weight was performed. The p-values for the pairwise comparisons were adjusted using the Bonferroni−Holm correction (p < 0.05). For all phases of the stance, a significant interaction between the factors limb and anaesthesia was shown. Before diagnostic anaesthesia, vertical force was significantly reduced on the lame limb compared to the sound limb during landing (−25%, p < 0.001), midstance (−20%, p < 0.001) and breakover (−27%, p < 0.001). After anaesthesia, the difference between both forelimbs was not significant anymore for all phases. The vertical force on the lame limb increased significantly after positive anaesthesia during the whole stance phase, with breakover being most affected (+27%, p = 0.001). Pressure measurements with the Hoof™ System can be used to evaluate the effect of diagnostic anaesthesia in a clinical setting with pain-related vertical force asymmetries being neutralised after diagnostic anaesthesia. Breakover is the main event influenced by lameness.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-09-19 PubMed ID: 36139345PubMed Central: PMC9495122DOI: 10.3390/ani12182485Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research evaluates how the force distribution in a horse’s front hooves changes before and after anaesthesia in horses that have unilateral forelimb lameness, revealing that the difference in vertical force on the lame and sound limb is no longer significant after diagnostic anaesthesia.

Study Details

  • The study involved fourteen horses with unilateral forelimb lameness.
  • These horses were examined using the Hoof™ System while trotting. This helped to assess vertical force distribution (force exerted downward on an object due to gravity) impacting both front hooves before and after diagnostic anaesthesia.
  • The stages studied during trotting included landing, midstance, and breakover (end of a stride when the toe is the last part of the horse to leave the ground).
  • Statistical analysis was conducted using a covariance analysis. This analysis paid attention to the condition of the limb (whether lame or sound) as well as the anaesthesia’s timing (before or after) and accounted for the potential effect of body weight.
  • Statistical significance was determined, with the p-value for comparisons being adjusted using the Bonferroni−Holm correction method. A finding was deemed significant if p < 0.05.

Key Findings

  • The study indicates that there is a substantial interaction between the factors of limb condition and anaesthesia in all trotting stages.
  • Before diagnostic anaesthesia, there was a significant reduction of vertical force on the lame limb when compared to the sound limb during landing, midstance and breakover.
  • Following anaesthesia, the difference in vertical force between both forelimbs was no longer significant, indicating that the lameness impact was neutralised. Vertical force on the lame limb significantly increased after positive anaesthesia across all stages of trotting.
  • The study highlights that the breakover phase was the most affected by lameness, showing a significant force increase of 27% after anaesthesia, deemed a statistically significant finding with p = 0.001.

Conclusion

  • The research concluded that pressure measurements with the Hoof™ System can effectively evaluate the impact of diagnostic anaesthesia in a clinical setting. Notably, the system helped identify how pain-related vertical force asymmetries were neutralised after diagnostic anaesthesia.
  • The study emphasized that breakover is the main event influenced by lameness, suggesting that focusing on this stage could be crucial in understanding and treating equine lameness.

Cite This Article

APA
Hoffmann JR, Geburek F, Hagen J, Büttner K, Cruz AM, Röcken M. (2022). Bilateral Change in Vertical Hoof Force Distribution in Horses with Unilateral Forelimb Lameness before and after Successful Diagnostic Anaesthesia. Animals (Basel), 12(18), 2485. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182485

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 18
PII: 2485

Researcher Affiliations

Hoffmann, Johanna R
  • Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopaedics), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
Geburek, Florian
  • Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
Hagen, Jenny
  • Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Büttner, Kathrin
  • Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
Cruz, Antonio M
  • Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopaedics), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
Röcken, Michael
  • Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopaedics), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 43 references
  1. Arkell M, Archer RM, Guitian FJ, May SA. Evidence of bias affecting the interpretation of the results of local anaesthetic nerve blocks when assessing lameness in horses.. Vet Rec 2006 Sep 9;159(11):346-9.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.159.11.346pubmed: 16963714google scholar: lookup
  2. Keegan KG, Dent EV, Wilson DA, Janicek J, Kramer J, Lacarrubba A, Walsh DM, Cassells MW, Esther TM, Schiltz P, Frees KE, Wilhite CL, Clark JM, Pollitt CC, Shaw R, Norris T. Repeatability of subjective evaluation of lameness in horses.. Equine Vet J 2010 Mar;42(2):92-7.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409X479568pubmed: 20156242google scholar: lookup
  3. Dyson S. Can lameness be graded reliably?. Equine Vet J 2011 Jul;43(4):379-82.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00391.xpubmed: 21631579google scholar: lookup
  4. Fuller CJ, Bladon BM, Driver AJ, Barr AR. The intra- and inter-assessor reliability of measurement of functional outcome by lameness scoring in horses.. Vet J 2006 Mar;171(2):281-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.10.012pubmed: 16490710google scholar: lookup
  5. Hewetson M, Christley RM, Hunt ID, Voute LC. Investigations of the reliability of observational gait analysis for the assessment of lameness in horses.. Vet Rec 2006 Jun 24;158(25):852-7.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.158.25.852pubmed: 16798953google scholar: lookup
  6. Keegan KG, Kramer J, Yonezawa Y, Maki H, Pai PF, Dent EV, Kellerman TE, Wilson DA, Reed SK. Assessment of repeatability of a wireless, inertial sensor-based lameness evaluation system for horses.. Am J Vet Res 2011 Sep;72(9):1156-63.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.72.9.1156pubmed: 21879972google scholar: lookup
  7. Reed SK, Kramer J, Thombs L, Pitts JB, Wilson DA, Keegan KG. Comparison of results for body-mounted inertial sensor assessment with final lameness determination in 1,224 equids.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020 Mar 1;256(5):590-599.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.256.5.590pubmed: 32068513google scholar: lookup
  8. Bosch S, Serra Bragança F, Marin-Perianu M, Marin-Perianu R, van der Zwaag BJ, Voskamp J, Back W, van Weeren R, Havinga P. EquiMoves: A Wireless Networked Inertial Measurement System for Objective Examination of Horse Gait.. Sensors (Basel) 2018 Mar 13;18(3).
    doi: 10.3390/s18030850pmc: PMC5877382pubmed: 29534022google scholar: lookup
  9. McCracken MJ, Kramer J, Keegan KG, Lopes M, Wilson DA, Reed SK, LaCarrubba A, Rasch M. Comparison of an inertial sensor system of lameness quantification with subjective lameness evaluation.. Equine Vet J 2012 Nov;44(6):652-6.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00571.xpubmed: 22563674google scholar: lookup
  10. Oosterlinck M, Pille F, Huppes T, Gasthuys F, Back W. Comparison of pressure plate and force plate gait kinetics in sound Warmbloods at walk and trot.. Vet J 2010 Dec;186(3):347-51.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.08.024pubmed: 19751984google scholar: lookup
  11. Oosterlinck M, Pille F, Back W, Dewulf J, Gasthuys F. Use of a stand-alone pressure plate for the objective evaluation of forelimb symmetry in sound ponies at walk and trot.. Vet J 2010 Mar;183(3):305-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.12.012pubmed: 19217810google scholar: lookup
  12. Serra Bragança FM, Hernlund E, Thomsen MH, Waldern NM, Rhodin M, Byström A, van Weeren PR, Weishaupt MA. Adaptation strategies of horses with induced forelimb lameness walking on a treadmill.. Equine Vet J 2021 May;53(3):600-611.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13344pmc: PMC8048804pubmed: 32888199google scholar: lookup
  13. Weishaupt MA, Wiestner T, Hogg HP, Jordan P, Auer JA. Compensatory load redistribution of horses with induced weight-bearing forelimb lameness trotting on a treadmill.. Vet J 2006 Jan;171(1):135-46.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.09.004pubmed: 15974567google scholar: lookup
  14. Merkens HW, Schamhardt HC. Evaluation of equine locomotion during different degrees of experimentally induced lameness. I: Lameness model and quantification of ground reaction force patterns of the limbs.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1988 Sep;(6):99-106.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb04655.xpubmed: 9079070google scholar: lookup
  15. Van de Water E, Oosterlinck M, Pille F. The effect of perineural anaesthesia and handler position on limb loading and hoof balance of the vertical ground reaction force in sound horses.. Equine Vet J 2016 Sep;48(5):608-12.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12491pubmed: 26235724google scholar: lookup
  16. Keg PR, Schamhardt HC, van Weeren PR, Barneveld A. The effect of diagnostic regional nerve blocks in the fore limb on the locomotion of clinically sound horses.. Vet Q 1996;18 Suppl 2:S106-9.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.1996.9694705pubmed: 8933686google scholar: lookup
  17. Bidwell LA, Brown KE, Cordier A, Mullineaux DR, Clayton HM. Mepivacaine local anaesthetic duration in equine palmar digital nerve blocks.. Equine Vet J 2004 Dec;36(8):723-6.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044848154pubmed: 15656504google scholar: lookup
  18. Lange C, Kattelans A, Rohn K, Lüpke M, Brückner H-P, Stadler P. Kinetic examination of initial hoof contact, load distribution and break-over in the forelimbs of horses.. Pferdeheilkunde 2012;28:538–547.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20120503google scholar: lookup
  19. Hüppler M, Hagen J, Häfner FS, Geiger SM, Mäder D. Examination of the pressure force distribution affecting the hoof and its influenceability by different ground properties.. Pferdeheilkunde 2015;31:426–434.
    doi: 10.21836/PEM20150501google scholar: lookup
  20. Tijssen M, Hernlund E, Rhodin M, Bosch S, Voskamp JP, Nielen M, Serra Braganςa FM. Automatic detection of break-over phase onset in horses using hoof-mounted inertial measurement unit sensors.. PLoS One 2020;15(5):e0233649.
    pmc: PMC7259550pubmed: 32469939doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233649google scholar: lookup
  21. Al Naem M, Litzke LF, Failing K, Burk J, Röcken M. Hoof kinetic patterns differ between sound and laminitic horses.. Equine Vet J 2021 May;53(3):503-509.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13311pubmed: 32542795google scholar: lookup
  22. Perino VV, Kawcak CE, Frisbie DD, Reiser RF, McIlwraith CW. The Accuracy and Precision of an Equine In-Shoe Pressure Measurement System as a Tool for Gait Analysis.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2007;27:161–166.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2007.02.006google scholar: lookup
  23. Schumacher J, Schramme MC, Schumacher J, DeGraves FJ. Review Article: Diagnostic analgesia of the equine digit.. Equine Vet. Educ. 2013;25:408–421.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12001google scholar: lookup
  24. Schumacher J, Schumacher J, Schramme MC, DeGraves FJ, Smith R, Coker M. Tutorial Article: Diagnostic analgesia of the equine forefoot.. Equine Vet. Educ. 2004;16:159–165.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2004.tb00288.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  25. Clayton HM, Schamhardt HC. Measurement techniques for gait analysis.. In: Back W., Clayton H.M., editors. Equine Locomotion. SaundersL; Philadelphia, PA, USA: London, UK: 2001. pp. 55–76.
  26. Lange C. Examination of a Hoof Pressure Measurement System Combined with Three Dimensional, High-Frequency Video Recordings for Equine Gait Analysis. University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover, Germany: 2011; pp. 21–23. Dr. med. vet. Thesis.
  27. Barrey E, Landjerit B, Wolter R. Shock and vibration during the hoof impact on different track surfaces.. Equine Exerc. Physiol. 1991;3:97–106.
  28. Clayton HM, Lanovaz JL, Schamhardt HC, Willemen MA, Colborne GR. Net joint moments and powers in the equine forelimb during the stance phase of the trot.. Equine Vet J 1998 Sep;30(5):384-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04505.xpubmed: 9758094google scholar: lookup
  29. Page B, Hagen T. Breakover of the hoof and its effect on structures and forces within the foot.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2002;22:258–264.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(02)70062-2google scholar: lookup
  30. Clayton HM. Comparison of the stride of trotting horses trimmed with a normal and a broken back hoof axis. Proceedings of the 7th American Association of Equine Practitioners; New Orleans, LA, USA. 29 November–02 December 1987; pp. 289–298.
  31. Clayton HM, Sigafoos R, Curle RD. Effect of the three shoe types on the duration of breakover in sound trotting horses.. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1990;11:129–132.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(07)80147-Xgoogle scholar: lookup
  32. Thomason JJ, Peterson ML. Biomechanical and mechanical investigations of the hoof-track interface in racing horses.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008 Apr;24(1):53-77.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.11.007pubmed: 18314036google scholar: lookup
  33. Keegan KG, Wilson DA, Kramer J, Reed SK, Yonezawa Y, Maki H, Pai PF, Lopes MA. Comparison of a body-mounted inertial sensor system-based method with subjective evaluation for detection of lameness in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2013 Jan;74(1):17-24.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.74.1.17pubmed: 23270341google scholar: lookup
  34. Al Naem M, Litzke LF, Geburek F, Failing K, Hoffmann J, Röcken M. Effect of heel elevation on breakover phase in horses with laminitis.. BMC Vet Res 2020 Oct 1;16(1):370.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02571-5pmc: PMC7528610pubmed: 33004040google scholar: lookup
  35. Drevemo S, Johnston C, Roepstorff L, Gustås P. Nerve block and intra-articular anaesthesia of the forelimb in the sound horse.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Jul;(30):266-9.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05232.xpubmed: 10659266google scholar: lookup
  36. Rehren KD. “Crookedness” in the Horse: Symmetry of Motion and Hoof Loading. University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover, Germany: 2018. Dr. med. vet. Thesis.
  37. Weishaupt MA. Adaptation strategies of horses with lameness.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008 Apr;24(1):79-100.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2007.11.010pubmed: 18314037google scholar: lookup
  38. Logan AA, Nielsen BD, Hallock DB, Robison CI, Popovich JM Jr. Evaluation of Within- and Between- Session Reliability of the TekscanTM Hoof System With a Glue-on Shoe.. J Equine Vet Sci 2022 Mar;110:103862.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103862pubmed: 34979263google scholar: lookup
  39. Jansson KS, Michalski MP, Smith SD, LaPrade RF, Wijdicks CA. Tekscan pressure sensor output changes in the presence of liquid exposure.. J Biomech 2013 Feb 1;46(3):612-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.09.033pubmed: 23122222google scholar: lookup
  40. Weishaupt MA, Hogg HP, Auer JA, Wiestner T. Velocity-dependent changes of time, force and spatial parameters in Warmblood horses walking and trotting on a treadmill.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010 Nov;(38):530-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00190.xpubmed: 21059056google scholar: lookup
  41. Starke SD, Raistrick KJ, May SA, Pfau T. The effect of trotting speed on the evaluation of subtle lameness in horses.. Vet J 2013 Aug;197(2):245-52.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.006pubmed: 23611486google scholar: lookup
  42. Peham C, Licka T, Mayr A, Scheidl M. Individual speed dependency of forelimb lameness in trotting horses.. Vet J 2000 Sep;160(2):135-8.
    doi: 10.1016/S1090-0233(00)90483-0pubmed: 10985805google scholar: lookup
  43. Degueurce C, Pourcelot P, Audigié F, Denoix JM, Geiger D. Variability of the limb joint patterns of sound horses at trot.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1997 May;(23):89-92.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb05062.xpubmed: 9354298google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.