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Home / Equine Research Bank / World J Stem Cells / Chondrogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells from horses...
World journal of stem cells2021; 13(6); 645-658; doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i6.645

Chondrogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells from horses using a magnetic 3D cell culture system.

Abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising therapy for the treatment of equine joint diseases, studied due to their possible immunomodulatory characteristics and regenerative capacity. However, the source of most suitable MSCs for producing cartilage for regenerative processes in conjunction with biomaterials for an enhanced function is yet to be established. Objective: To compare the chondrogenicity of MSCs derived from synovial fluid, bone marrow, and adipose tissue of horses, using the aggrecan synthesis. Methods: MSCs from ten horses were cultured, phenotypic characterization was done with antibodies CD90, CD44 and CD34 and were differentiated into chondrocytes. The 3D cell culture system in which biocompatible nanoparticles consisting of gold, iron oxide, and poly-L-lysine were added to the cells, and they were forced by magnets to form one microspheroid. The microspheroids were exposed to a commercial culture medium for 4 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 21 d. Proteoglycan extraction was performed, and aggrecan was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Keratan sulfate and aggrecan in the microspheroids were identified and localized by immunofluorescence. Results: All cultured cells showed fibroblast-like appearance, the ability to adhere to the plastic surface, and were positive for CD44 and CD90, thus confirming the characteristics and morphology of MSCs. The soluble protein concentrations were higher in the microspheroids derived from adipose tissue. The aggrecan concentration and the ratio of aggrecan to soluble proteins were higher in microspheroids derived from synovial fluid than in those derived from bone marrow, thereby showing chondrogenic superiority. Microspheroids from all sources expressed aggrecan and keratan sulfate when observed using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. All sources of MSCs can synthesize aggrecan, however, MSCs from synovial fluid and adipose tissue have demonstrated better biocompatibility in a 3D environment, thus suggesting chondrogenic superiority. Conclusions: All sources of MSCs produce hyaline cartilage; however, the use of synovial liquid or adipose tissue should be recommended when it is intended for use with biomaterials or scaffolds.
©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
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Publication Date: 2021-07-13 PubMed ID: 34249233PubMed Central: PMC8246251DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i6.645Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

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This research tested the efficiency of different types of horse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in forming cartilage tissue using a 3D cell culture system, and found that MSCs from synovial fluid and adipose tissue demonstrated better effectiveness, suggesting that they may be more suitable for use in regenerative therapies for joint diseases in horses.

Research Objective

  • The objective of the study was to compare the efficiency (chondrogenicity) in making cartilage (a crucial tissue in joints) of MSCs derived from three sources in horses: synovial fluid (fluid that lubricates the joints), bone marrow, and adipose tissue (fat). This comparison was done using a measure of cartilage formation called aggrecan synthesis.

Methodology

  • Mesenchymal stem cells from ten horses were cultured and examined.
  • The cells were verified as MSCs by their ability to adhere to plastic, their appearance (looking like fibroblasts, a type of cell), and that they were positive for two common stem cell markers (CD44 and CD90).
  • The cells were then forced to differentiate into chondrocytes (cartilage cells) and put into a special 3D cell culture system.
  • A unique feature of this system involves nanoparticles of gold, iron oxide, and poly-L-lysine. These particles were added to the cells, which were then forced by magnets to form a microspheroid (a tiny, spherical mass of cells).
  • The microspheroids were allowed to grow for various periods (4, 7, 14, and 21 days), then examined for the presence of aggrecan (a vital part of cartilage) using a method called enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Further inspection using immunofluorescence was used to exactly locate these markers within the microspheroids.

Results

  • All the cultured cells displayed properties of MSCs and positively differentiated into chondrocytes.
  • Significantly, the concentration of aggrecan and the ratio of aggrecan to soluble proteins were highest in the microspheroids formed from the MSCs derived from synovial fluid, suggesting that these cells were the best at forming cartilage.
  • All types of MSCs could make aggrecan, but the MSCs from synovial fluid and adipose tissue did better in the unique 3D environment designed for this study.
  • Therefore, synovial fluid and adipose tissue appear to be superior sources of MSCs for making cartilage.

Conclusions

  • In conclusion, while all types of MSCs can make hyaline cartilage (the most common type of cartilage in the body), the use of synovial fluid or adipose tissue should be recommended for better performance, particularly when the cells are intended to be used with biomaterials or scaffolds.
  • This study’s findings could have important implications for stem cell therapies targeting joint diseases in horses, and potentially other animals and humans as well.

Cite This Article

APA
Fülber J, Agreste FR, Seidel SRT, Sotelo EDP, Barbosa ÂP, Michelacci YM, Baccarin RYA. (2021). Chondrogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells from horses using a magnetic 3D cell culture system. World J Stem Cells, 13(6), 645-658. https://doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v13.i6.645

Publication

World journal of stem cells
ISSN: 1948-0210
NlmUniqueID: 101535826
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 6
Pages: 645-658

Researcher Affiliations

Fülber, Joice
  • Departamento de Clínica Médica, Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05506-270, Brazil. jfulber@usp.br.
Agreste, Fernanda R
  • Departamento de Clínica Médica, Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05506-270, Brazil.
Seidel, Sarah R T
  • Departamento de Clínica Médica, Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05506-270, Brazil.
Sotelo, Eric D P
  • Departamento de Clínica Médica, Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05506-270, Brazil.
Barbosa, Ângela P
  • Departamento de Clínica Médica, Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05506-270, Brazil.
Michelacci, Yara M
  • Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04044-020, Brazil.
Baccarin, Raquel Y A
  • Departamento de Clínica Médica, Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05506-270, Brazil.

Conflict of Interest Statement

Conflict-of-interest statement: Authors of this manuscript have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

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