Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2020; 10(10); 1862; doi: 10.3390/ani10101862

COVID-19: Impact on United Kingdom Horse Owners.

Abstract: COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic on 11 March 2020; the United Kingdom (UK) implemented quarantine measures shortly afterward, resulting in rapid changes in how owners managed and interacted with their horses. This study provides a rapid analysis of the initial impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the management of UK leisure and competition horses. A 17 question online survey was distributed via equestrian social media sites to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 on horse and yard management and on human-horse interactions. Frequency analysis combined with Chi-squared and thematic analyses identified the impact of COVID-19 on UK horse owners. Major changes within horse management and horse-human interactions were reported for the majority of horse owners (>65%), regardless of the establishment type or region. Social distancing and visiting restrictions were implemented at most yards, but nearly half were not providing hand sanitization or disinfection protocols for the shared areas/equipment to prevent cross-contamination between users. The financial impact of the pandemic combined with restricted access to veterinary professionals resulted in owners expressing concerns that horse health and welfare may be compromised as a result. Horse owners also felt that the reduced opportunities for horse-human interactions were negatively affecting their mental health and wellbeing.
Publication Date: 2020-10-13 PubMed ID: 33066021PubMed Central: PMC7600939DOI: 10.3390/ani10101862Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This study explores the impact of COVID-19 on the management of leisure and competition horses in the UK. It reveals significant changes in horse-human interactions and horse management due to distancing measures, with potential implications on both horse welfare and owners’ mental health.

Introduction

The research focused on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent quarantine measures on horse owners in the UK. The goal was to quickly analyze how the pandemic had disrupted the management and communication between horses and their owners.

  • The study was conducted through a 17-question online survey.
  • The survey was distributed via social media platforms frequented by equestrians.
  • The survey was intended to understand the impact of COVID-19 on horse management and horse-human interactions.

Results and Analysis

Upon gathering the responses, statistical techniques including frequency analysis, Chi-squared testing and thematic analyses were used to identify the effects of COVID-19 on horse owners in the UK.

  • Over 65% of horse owners reported major changes in their horse management and horse-human interactions. This finding was consistent across different types of equestrian establishments and regions.
  • Social distancing and visiting restrictions were implemented at most horse yards.
  • Despite measures to prevent the spread of the virus, nearly half of the equestrian facilities were not implementing hand sanitization or disinfection protocols for shared areas and equipment, posing a risk for cross-contamination.

Impacts on Horse Health and Owner Wellbeing

The research highlights concerns that the pandemic might have negative implications on horse health and welfare as well as the mental health of horse owners.

  • The financial impact of the pandemic, coupled with restricted access to veterinary professionals, made horse owners worry about potential compromises to horse health and welfare.
  • Horse owners also expressed concerns that the decreased opportunities for human-horse interactions were negatively affecting their mental health and wellbeing.

Cite This Article

APA
Williams JM, Randle H, Marlin D. (2020). COVID-19: Impact on United Kingdom Horse Owners. Animals (Basel), 10(10), 1862. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101862

Publication

ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 10
Issue: 10
PII: 1862

Researcher Affiliations

Williams, Jane M
  • Hartpury University, Gloucester GL19 3BE, UK.
Randle, Hayley
  • School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Wagga Wagga Campus, Charles Sturt University, North Wagga Wagga NSW 2650, Australia.
Marlin, David
  • David Marlin Consulting, P.O. BOX 187, Cambridge CB4 0WZ, UK.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 63 references
  1. Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak.. J Autoimmun 2020 May;109:102433.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433pmc: PMC7127067pubmed: 32113704google scholar: lookup
  2. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, Guan L, Wei Y, Li H, Wu X, Xu J, Tu S, Zhang Y, Chen H, Cao B. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study.. Lancet 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1054-1062.
  3. Du Toit A. Outbreak of a novel coronavirus.. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020 Mar;18(3):123.
    doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-0332-0pmc: PMC7073251pubmed: 31988490google scholar: lookup
  4. Rice W.L., Meyer C., Lawhon B., Taff B.D., Mateer T., Reigner N., Newman P. The COVID-19 pandemic is changing the way people recreate outdoors: Preliminary report on a national survey of outdoor enthusiasts amid the COVID-19 pandemic 2020. SOC ArXiv. 2020 doi: 10.31235/osf.io/prnz9.
    doi: 10.31235/osf.io/prnz9google scholar: lookup
  5. Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q. Review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on current evidence.. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020 Jun;55(6):105948.
  6. Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2.. Nat Med 2020 Apr;26(4):450-452.
    doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9pmc: PMC7095063pubmed: 32284615google scholar: lookup
  7. Leroy EM, Ar Gouilh M, Brugu00e8re-Picoux J. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to pets and other wild and domestic animals strongly mandates a one-health strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic.. One Health 2020 Dec;10:100133.
  8. Bassetti M, Vena A, Giacobbe DR. The novel Chinese coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections: Challenges for fighting the storm.. Eur J Clin Invest 2020 Mar;50(3):e13209.
    doi: 10.1111/eci.13209pmc: PMC7163647pubmed: 32003000google scholar: lookup
  9. Gollakner R, Capua I. Is COVID-19 the first pandemic that evolves into a panzootic?. Vet Ital 2020 Apr 24;56(1):7-8.
    pubmed: 32315124doi: 10.12834/VetIt.2246.12523.1google scholar: lookup
  10. Jin Y, Yang H, Ji W, Wu W, Chen S, Zhang W, Duan G. Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19.. Viruses 2020 Mar 27;12(4).
    doi: 10.3390/v12040372pmc: PMC7232198pubmed: 32230900google scholar: lookup
  11. Mahase E. Covid-19: UK starts social distancing after new model points to 260u2009000 potential deaths.. BMJ 2020 Mar 17;368:m1089.
    doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1089pubmed: 32184205google scholar: lookup
  12. GOV.UK Coronavirus (COVID 19) [(accessed on 1 June 2020)];Guidance and Support. 2020 Available online: https://www.gov.uk/coronavirus?gclid=Cj0KCQjw3Nv3BRC8ARIsAPh8hgKJj0WkPRrgjOE6p5WIc9EJFygeyxOSl41_D5i3ZqpRuwoHD2edi0QaAgdbEALw_wcB.
  13. Nicola M, Alsafi Z, Sohrabi C, Kerwan A, Al-Jabir A, Iosifidis C, Agha M, Agha R. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review.. Int J Surg 2020 Jun;78:185-193.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018pmc: PMC7162753pubmed: 32305533google scholar: lookup
  14. British Equestrian Coronavirus Hub. [(accessed on 1 June 2020)];2020 Available online: https://www.britishequestrian.org.uk/news/tag/coronavirus.
  15. British Equine Veterinary Association BEVA Coronavirus Guidance. [(accessed on 1 June 2020)];2020 Available online: https://www.beva.org.uk/Coronavirus/BEVA-Guidance.
  16. British Farriers and Blacksmiths Association BFBA Coronavirus Guidance. [(accessed on 1 June 2020)];2020 Available online: https://www.forgeandfarrier.co.uk/bfba-news/1064/coronavirus-COVID-19VIRUS-19-03-20.htm.
  17. British Association of Equine Dental Technicians BAEDT Coronavirus Guidance. [(accessed on 1 June 2020)];2020 Available online: http://www.baedt.com/
  18. Williams J., Tabor G. Rider impacts on equitation. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2017;190:28u201342. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.019.
  19. British Equestrian Trade Association BETA British National Equestrian Survey 2019. [(accessed on 1 June 2020)]; Available online: https://www.beta-uk.org/pages/news-amp-events/news/beta-national-equestrian-survey-2019-reveals-an-increase-in-riding.php.
  20. McGreevy P., McLean A. The Domestic Horse: The Origins, Development and Management of Its Behaviour. Volume 10. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, UK: 2005. p. 196.
  21. Williams J. Performance analysis in equestrian sport. Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2013;9:67u201377. doi: 10.3920/CEP13003.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP13003google scholar: lookup
  22. Maurstad A., Davis D., Cowles S. Co-being and intra-action in horseu2013human relationships: A multi-species ethnography of be (com) ing human and be (com) ing horse. Soc. Anthropol. 2013;21:322u2013335. doi: 10.1111/1469-8676.12029.
    doi: 10.1111/1469-8676.12029google scholar: lookup
  23. Ijichi C., Griffin K., Squibb K., Favier R. Stranger danger? An investigation into the influence of human-horse bond on stress and behaviour. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2018;206:59u201363. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.05.034.
  24. Walsh F. Human-animal bonds II: the role of pets in family systems and family therapy.. Fam Process 2009 Dec;48(4):481-99.
  25. Gu00f6ssling S., Scott D., Hall C.M. Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19 VIRUS. J. Sustain. Tour. 2020;27:1u201320. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708.
  26. Ebrahim SH, Ahmed QA, Gozzer E, Schlagenhauf P, Memish ZA. Covid-19 and community mitigation strategies in a pandemic.. BMJ 2020 Mar 17;368:m1066.
    doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1066pubmed: 32184233google scholar: lookup
  27. Parnell D., Widdop P., Bond A., Wilson R. COVID-19 VIRUS, networks and sport. Manag. Sport Leis. 2020;2:1u20137.
  28. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak.. J Travel Med 2020 Mar 13;27(2).
    doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa020pmc: PMC7107565pubmed: 32052841google scholar: lookup
  29. Lamperd W., Clarke D., Wolframm I., Williams J. What makes an elite equestrian rider? Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2016;12:105u2013118. doi: 10.3920/CEP160011.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP160011google scholar: lookup
  30. Harris PA. Review of equine feeding and stable management practices in the UK concentrating on the last decade of the 20th century.. Equine Vet J Suppl 1999 Apr;(28):46-54.
  31. Williams S, Horner J, Orton E, Green M, McMullen S, Mobasheri A, Freeman SL. Water intake, faecal output and intestinal motility in horses moved from pasture to a stabled management regime with controlled exercise.. Equine Vet J 2015 Jan;47(1):96-100.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12238pmc: PMC4303976pubmed: 24528106google scholar: lookup
  32. Ireland JL, Clegg PD, McGowan CM, McKane SA, Chandler KJ, Pinchbeck GL. Comparison of owner-reported health problems with veterinary assessment of geriatric horses in the United Kingdom.. Equine Vet J 2012 Jan;44(1):94-100.
  33. Mellor DJ, Love S, Walker R, Gettinby G, Reid SW. Sentinel practice-based survey of the management and health of horses in northern Britain.. Vet Rec 2001 Oct 6;149(14):417-23.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.149.14.417pubmed: 11678214google scholar: lookup
  34. Marlin D., Pal L., Randle H., Williams J.M. Do equestrians have insight into their equine-related knowledge (or lack of knowledge); Proceedings of the 14th International Equitation Science Conference; Roma, Italy. 21u201324 September 2018.
  35. Hemsworth L.M., Jongman E., Coleman G.J. Recreational horse welfare: The relationships between recreational horse owner attributes and recreational horse welfare. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 2015;165:1u201316. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.11.019.
  36. Marlin D., Williams J. Equine endurance race pacing strategy differs between finishers and non-finishers in 120 km single-day races. Comp. Exerc. Physiol. 2018;14:11u201318. doi: 10.3920/CEP170027.
    doi: 10.3920/CEP170027google scholar: lookup
  37. van Weeren PR, Back W. Technological advances in equestrian sports: are they beneficial for both performance and welfare?. Vet J 2014 Mar;199(3):313-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.12.009pubmed: 24418605google scholar: lookup
  38. Houpt K.A., Ou2019Connell M.F., Hout T.A., Carbonaro D.A. Night-time behaviour of stabled and pastured peri-parturient ponies. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 1986;15:103u2013111. doi: 10.1016/0168-1591(86)90056-0.
  39. Met Office Record-breaking April Sunshine. [(accessed on 1 June 2020)];2020 Available online: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2020/2020-april-stats.
  40. Wylie CE, Collins SN, Verheyen KL, Newton JR. Risk factors for equine laminitis: a case-control study conducted in veterinary-registered horses and ponies in Great Britain between 2009 and 2011.. Vet J 2013 Oct;198(1):57-69.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.028pubmed: 24070987google scholar: lookup
  41. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. Laminitis in the horse: a review.. Vet Q 1999 Oct;21(4):121-7.
    doi: 10.1080/01652176.1999.9695006pubmed: 10568001google scholar: lookup
  42. Menzies-Gow NJ, Stevens K, Barr A, Camm I, Pfeiffer D, Marr CM. Severity and outcome of equine pasture-associated laminitis managed in first opinion practice in the UK.. Vet Rec 2010 Sep 4;167(10):364-9.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.c3206pubmed: 20817896google scholar: lookup
  43. Pollard D, Wylie CE, Verheyen KLP, Newton JR. Assessment of horse owners' ability to recognise equine laminitis: A cross-sectional study of 93 veterinary diagnosed cases in Great Britain.. Equine Vet J 2017 Nov;49(6):759-766.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12704pubmed: 28543943google scholar: lookup
  44. Curtis L, Burford JH, England GCW, Freeman SL. Risk factors for acute abdominal pain (colic) in the adult horse: A scoping review of risk factors, and a systematic review of the effect of management-related changes.. PLoS One 2019;14(7):e0219307.
  45. Suthers JM, Pinchbeck GL, Proudman CJ, Archer DC. Risk factors for large colon volvulus in the UK.. Equine Vet J 2013 Sep;45(5):558-63.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12039pubmed: 23414461google scholar: lookup
  46. Cohen N., Gibbs P., Woods A. Dietary and other management factors associated with equine colic. AAEP Proc. 1999;45:96u201398.
  47. Cohen ND, Matejka PL, Honnas CM, Hooper RN. Case-control study of the association between various management factors and development of colic in horses. Texas Equine Colic Study Group.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995 Mar 1;206(5):667-73.
    pubmed: 7744689
  48. Hillyer MH, Taylor FG, Proudman CJ, Edwards GB, Smith JE, French NP. Case control study to identify risk factors for simple colonic obstruction and distension colic in horses.. Equine Vet J 2002 Jul;34(5):455-63.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776117746pubmed: 12358047google scholar: lookup
  49. Williams J. Training for Equestrian Performance. Wageningen Academic Publishers; Wageningen, The Netherlands: 2015. The principles of training: The horse; pp. 175u2013192.
  50. Williams J. Gaining insights into factors associated with rehoming of horses from equine charities.. Vet Rec 2019 Sep 28;185(12):370-372.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.l5481pubmed: 31562278google scholar: lookup
  51. Ruiz Estrada M.A., Koutronas E., Lee M. Stagpression: The Economic and Financial Impact of COVID-19 VIRUS Pandemic. [(accessed on 5 May 2020)]; Available online: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3593144.
  52. McKibbin W., Fernando R. Economics in the Time of COVID-19. Volume 45 CEPR Press; London, UK: 2020. The economic impact of COVID-19 VIRUS.
  53. Atkeson A. What will be the economic impact of COVID-19 VIRUS in the US? Rough estimates of disease scenarios. Nat. Bur. Econ. Res. 2020 doi: 10.3386/w26867.
    doi: 10.3386/w26867google scholar: lookup
  54. Peacock J, Chur-Hansen A, Winefield H. Mental health implications of human attachment to companion animals.. J Clin Psychol 2012 Mar;68(3):292-303.
    doi: 10.1002/jclp.20866pubmed: 22307948google scholar: lookup
  55. Wells D.L. The state of research on humanu2013animal relations: Implications for human health. Anthrozou00f6s. 2019;32:169u2013181. doi: 10.1080/08927936.2019.1569902.
  56. Garrity T.F., Stallones L. Effects of Pet Contact on Human Well-Being: Review of Recent Research. Sage Publications, Inc.; Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: 1998.
  57. Zasloff RL, Kidd AH. Loneliness and pet ownership among single women.. Psychol Rep 1994 Oct;75(2):747-52.
    doi: 10.2466/pr0.1994.75.2.747pubmed: 7862783google scholar: lookup
  58. Kidd A.H., Kidd R.M. Benefits, problems, and characteristics of home aquarium owners. Psychol. Rep. 1999;84:998u20131004. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.998.
    doi: 10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.998google scholar: lookup
  59. Fritz CL, Farver TB, Hart LA, Kass PH. Companion animals and the psychological health of Alzheimer patients' caregivers.. Psychol Rep 1996 Apr;78(2):467-81.
    doi: 10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.467pubmed: 9148303google scholar: lookup
  60. Wells DL. Domestic dogs and human health: an overview.. Br J Health Psychol 2007 Feb;12(Pt 1):145-56.
    doi: 10.1348/135910706X103284pubmed: 17288671google scholar: lookup
  61. Chur-Hansen A, Stern C, Winefield H. Gaps in the evidence about companion animals and human health: some suggestions for progress.. Int J Evid Based Healthc 2010 Sep;8(3):140-6.
  62. McConnell AR, Brown CM, Shoda TM, Stayton LE, Martin CE. Friends with benefits: on the positive consequences of pet ownership.. J Pers Soc Psychol 2011 Dec;101(6):1239-52.
    pubmed: 21728449doi: 10.1037/a0024506google scholar: lookup
  63. Marsbu00f8ll AF, Christensen JW. Effects of handling on fear reactions in young Icelandic horses.. Equine Vet J 2015 Sep;47(5):615-9.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12338pubmed: 25138590google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 14 times.
  1. Brooks SK, Greenberg N. The Well-Being of Companion Animal Caregivers and Their Companion Animals during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review.. Animals (Basel) 2023 Oct 22;13(20).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13203294pubmed: 37894018google scholar: lookup
  2. Thompson JM, Kibler ML, Ivey JLZ. Financial strain of COVID-19 and its impact on willingness-to-pay for equine care.. J Anim Sci 2023 Jan 3;101.
    doi: 10.1093/jas/skad091pubmed: 36966356google scholar: lookup
  3. Supanta J, Brown JL, Bansiddhi P, Thitaram C, Punyapornwithaya V, Khonmee J. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and international travel ban on elephant tourist camp management in northern Thailand.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:1038855.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1038855pubmed: 36532337google scholar: lookup
  4. Domino M, Borowska M, Zdrojkowski u0141, Jasiu0144ski T, Sikorska U, Skibniewski M, Mau015bko M. Application of the Two-Dimensional Entropy Measures in the Infrared Thermography-Based Detection of Rider: Horse Bodyweight Ratio in Horseback Riding.. Sensors (Basel) 2022 Aug 13;22(16).
    doi: 10.3390/s22166052pubmed: 36015813google scholar: lookup
  5. Walker N, Huseman C, Cater M, McCorkle DA, Hanselka D, Zoller J. Virtual Horse Shows: Participants Perspective on a Novel Alternative During COVID-19 Pandemic(u2606).. J Equine Vet Sci 2022 May;112:103895.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103895pubmed: 35151856google scholar: lookup
  6. Ward A, Stephen K, Argo C, Watson C, Harris P, Neacsu M, Russell W, Grove-White D, Morrison P. The Human Aspect of Horse Care: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Impacted the Wellbeing of Equestrian Industry Stakeholders.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 22;11(8).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11082163pubmed: 34438622google scholar: lookup
  7. Ekstrand K, Flanagan AJ, Lin IE, Vejseli B, Cole A, Lally AP, Morris RL, Morgan KN. Animal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and the Welfare of Animals during the COVID-19 Pandemic.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 8;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11072044pubmed: 34359172google scholar: lookup
  8. Shoesmith E, Santos de Assis L, Shahab L, Ratschen E, Toner P, Kale D, Reeve C, Mills DS. The Perceived Impact of The First UK COVID-19 Lockdown on Companion Animal Welfare and Behaviour: A Mixed-Method Study of Associations with Owner Mental Health.. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021 Jun 7;18(11).
    doi: 10.3390/ijerph18116171pubmed: 34200355google scholar: lookup
  9. Furtado T, Perkins E, McGowan C, Pinchbeck G. Equine Management in UK Livery Yards during the COVID-19 Pandemic-"As Long As the Horses Are Happy, We Can Work Out the Rest Later".. Animals (Basel) 2021 May 14;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11051416pubmed: 34069277google scholar: lookup
  10. Wild I, Gedge A, Burridge J, Burford J. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Working Equid Community: Responses from 1530 Individuals Accessing NGO Support in 14 Low- and Middle-Income Countries.. Animals (Basel) 2021 May 11;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11051363pubmed: 34064832google scholar: lookup
  11. Ward AB, Stephen K, Argo CM, Harris PA, Watson CA, Neacsu M, Russell W, Grove-White DH, Morrison PK. COVID-19 impacts equine welfare: Policy implications for laminitis and obesity.. PLoS One 2021;16(5):e0252340.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252340pubmed: 34048478google scholar: lookup
  12. Butler D, Upton L, Mullan S. Capturing Beneficial Changes to Racehorse Veterinary Care Implemented during the COVID-19 Pandemic.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Apr 26;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11051251pubmed: 33926093google scholar: lookup
  13. Hockenhull J, Bell C, White J, Rogers S. Response of UK Horse, Pony and Donkey Owners to the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Apr 23;11(5).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11051215pubmed: 33922408google scholar: lookup
  14. Garcu00eda Pinillos R. One welfare impacts of COVID-19 - A summary of key highlights within the one welfare framework.. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021 Mar;236:105262.