FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 10000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2021; 11(5); 1376; doi: 10.3390/ani11051376

Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase.

Abstract: Severe equine asthma (EA) syndrome is a chronic obstructive disease characterized by exaggerated contraction, inflammation, and structural alteration of the airways in adult horses, when exposed to airborne molds and particulate material. However, little is known about the relationship between the degree and type of inflammation on one hand, and the severity of the disease and the response to treatment on the other. Furthermore, to date, very few studies evaluate the diagnostic value of histology and immunohistochemical features of endoscopic biopsies on subjects with severe equine asthma. To investigate the expression of two inflammatory markers (NKA and IL-8) before, during, and after the exacerbation of severe EA, a histological and immunohistochemical study was carried out on a series of biopsy samples collected by bronchoscopy from six EA-affected horses subjected to process exacerbation through environmental stimuli and then to pharmacological treatment. The application of a histological biopsy scoring system revealed a significant difference between control cases and the EA-affected horses in all experimental phases (asymptomatic, early exacerbation phase, late exacerbation phase, and remission phase). For immunohistochemistry (IHC), only the intensity of NKA positivity increases significantly between control horses and the EA horses at late exacerbation and remission phases. In EA-affected horses, a difference was detected by comparing histology between asymptomatic and remission phase, meanwhile, NKA and IL-8 showed no differences between the experimental phases. Based on these results we can assert that: (1) The endoscopic biopsies generate reliable and homogeneous samples in the entire bronchial tree; (2) the clinical improvement associated with treatment is characterized by a significant worsening of the histological findings; and (3) the NKA immunopositivity seems to increase significantly rather than decrease, as one would have expected, after pharmacological treatment. Further studies are necessary both to implement the number of samples and to use other markers of inflammation to characterize the potential role of cytokines in the diagnosis and therapeutic approach of severe equine asthma.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2021-05-12 PubMed ID: 34066204PubMed Central: PMC8151432DOI: 10.3390/ani11051376Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research explores how two inflammation markers, Neurokinin-A (NKA) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8), behave before, during, and after the flare-up of severe Equine Asthma (EA) by using a series of bronchial biopsy samples from EA-affected horses.

Overview of the Research

  • The researchers focused on severe equine asthma (EA), which is a chronic disease causing over contraction, inflammation and structural changes in the airways of adult horses when exposed to airborne molds and particulates.
  • The study involved a detailed histological and immunohistochemical examination of biopsy samples taken from the bronchial tree of six EA-affected horses.
  • The horses were intentionally exposed to environmental stimuli to cause disease exacerbation, followed by pharmacological treatment to induce remission.

Findings of the Study

  • The application of a histological biopsy scoring system indicated a noticeable difference between control cases and EA-affected horses in all experimental stages: asymptomatic, early exacerbation phase, late exacerbation phase, and remission phase.
  • Using immunohistochemistry (IHC), the researchers found that NKA positivity significantly increased between the control and EA-affected horses during the late exacerbation and remission stages.
  • Conversely, in the EA-affected horses, while there was a discernible change in histology between the asymptomatic and remission stages, NKA and IL-8 markers did not show substantial variation between the phases of the experiment.
  • Strikingly, the research found that NKA immunopositivity appeared to increase rather than decrease following pharmacological treatment.

Conclusions and Future Research

  • The study affirmed the reliability and homogeneity of the endoscopic biopsy samples taken from the bronchial tree for studying EA in horses.
  • The research also raised intriguing questions about the correlation between clinical improvement with treatment and the worsening of histological findings.
  • The research opens new avenues for further studies to better understand the behaviour of other inflammation markers, and to investigate the potential role of cytokines in diagnosing and treating severe EA.

Cite This Article

APA
Morini M, Peli A, Rinnovati R, Magazzù G, Romagnoli N, Spadari A, Pietra M. (2021). Immunohistochemical Expression of Neurokinin-A and Interleukin-8 in the Bronchial Epithelium of Horses with Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome during Asymptomatic, Exacerbation, and Remission Phase. Animals (Basel), 11(5), 1376. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051376

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 5
PII: 1376

Researcher Affiliations

Morini, Maria
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Peli, Angelo
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Rinnovati, Riccardo
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Magazzù, Giuseppe
  • DVM, Vet Practitioner, 40024 Castel San Pietro Terme, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Romagnoli, Noemi
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Spadari, Alessandro
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
Pietra, Marco
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 65 references
  1. Martin BB Jr, Reef VB, Parente EJ, Sage AD. Causes of poor performance of horses during training, racing, or showing: 348 cases (1992-1996).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000 Feb 15;216(4):554-8.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.554pubmed: 10687012google scholar: lookup
  2. Bullone M, Lavoie JP. Science-in-brief: Equine asthma diagnosis: Beyond bronchoalveolar lavage cytology.. Equine Vet J 2017 May;49(3):263-265.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12679pubmed: 28387029google scholar: lookup
  3. Couetil L, Cardwell JM, Leguillette R, Mazan M, Richard E, Bienzle D, Bullone M, Gerber V, Ivester K, Lavoie JP, Martin J, Moran G, Niedźwiedź A, Pusterla N, Swiderski C. Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions.. Front Vet Sci 2020;7:450.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00450pmc: PMC7438831pubmed: 32903600google scholar: lookup
  4. Couëtil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, Léguillette R, Richard EA. Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses--Revised Consensus Statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Mar-Apr;30(2):503-15.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.13824pmc: PMC4913592pubmed: 26806374google scholar: lookup
  5. Tessier L, Côté O, Clark ME, Viel L, Diaz-Méndez A, Anders S, Bienzle D. Impaired response of the bronchial epithelium to inflammation characterizes severe equine asthma.. BMC Genomics 2017 Sep 8;18(1):708.
    doi: 10.1186/s12864-017-4107-6pmc: PMC5591550pubmed: 28886691google scholar: lookup
  6. Bond S, Léguillette R, Richard EA, Couetil L, Lavoie JP, Martin JG, Pirie RS. Equine asthma: Integrative biologic relevance of a recently proposed nomenclature.. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Nov;32(6):2088-2098.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15302pmc: PMC6271326pubmed: 30294851google scholar: lookup
  7. Seahorn TL, Beadle RE. Summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease in horses: 21 cases (1983-1991).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993 Mar 1;202(5):779-82.
    pubmed: 8454516
  8. McGorum BC, Ellison J, Cullen RT. Total and respirable airborne dust endotoxin concentrations in three equine management systems.. Equine Vet J 1998 Sep;30(5):430-4.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04514.xpubmed: 9758102google scholar: lookup
  9. Vandenput S, Votion D, Duvivier DH, Van Erck E, Anciaux N, Art T, Lekeux P. Effect of a set stabled environmental control on pulmonary function and airway reactivity of COPD affected horses.. Vet J 1998 Mar;155(2):189-95.
    doi: 10.1016/S1090-0233(98)80018-Xpubmed: 9564273google scholar: lookup
  10. Tremblay GM, Ferland C, Lapointe JM, Vrins A, Lavoie JP, Cormier Y. Effect of stabling on bronchoalveolar cells obtained from normal and COPD horses.. Equine Vet J 1993 May;25(3):194-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02941.xpubmed: 8508745google scholar: lookup
  11. Pirie RS. Recurrent airway obstruction: a review.. Equine Vet J 2014 May;46(3):276-88.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12204pubmed: 24164473google scholar: lookup
  12. Fogarty U, Buckley T. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in horses with exercise intolerance.. Equine Vet J 1991 Nov;23(6):434-7.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03756.xpubmed: 1778160google scholar: lookup
  13. Holcombe SJ, Jackson C, Gerber V, Jefcoat A, Berney C, Eberhardt S, Robinson NE. Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses.. Equine Vet J 2001 May;33(3):244-9.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249606pubmed: 11352345google scholar: lookup
  14. Jean D, Vrins A, Beauchamp G, Lavoie JP. Evaluation of variations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Am J Vet Res 2011 Jun;72(6):838-42.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.72.6.838pubmed: 21627532google scholar: lookup
  15. Hoffman AM. Bronchoalveolar lavage: sampling technique and guidelines for cytologic preparation and interpretation.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008 Aug;24(2):423-35, vii-viii.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.04.003pubmed: 18652963google scholar: lookup
  16. Couetil LL, Thompson CA. Airway Diagnostics: Bronchoalveolar Lavage, Tracheal Wash, and Pleural Fluid.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2020 Apr;36(1):87-103.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.12.006pubmed: 32145836google scholar: lookup
  17. Bullone M, Hélie P, Joubert P, Lavoie JP. Development of a Semiquantitative Histological Score for the Diagnosis of Heaves Using Endobronchial Biopsy Specimens in Horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Sep;30(5):1739-1746.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.14556pmc: PMC5032871pubmed: 27527123google scholar: lookup
  18. Niedzwiedz A, Mordak R, Jaworski Z, Nicponc J. Utility of the Histological Examination of the Bronchial Mucosa in the Diagnosis of Severe Equine Asthma Syndrome in Horses. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2018;67:44–49.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.028google scholar: lookup
  19. Ainsworth DM, Grünig G, Matychak MB, Young J, Wagner B, Erb HN, Antczak DF. Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is characterized by IFN-gamma and IL-8 production in bronchoalveolar lavage cells.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2003 Nov 15;96(1-2):83-91.
    doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00142-9pubmed: 14522137google scholar: lookup
  20. Venugopal CS, Holmes EP, Polikepahad S, Laborde S, Kearney M, Moore RM. Neurokinin receptors in recurrent airway obstruction: a comparative study of affected and unaffected horses.. Can J Vet Res 2009 Jan;73(1):25-33.
    pmc: PMC2613593pubmed: 19337392
  21. Buechner-Maxwell V. Airway hyperresponsiveness. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 1993;15:1379–1389.
  22. Brazil TJ, McGorum BC. Molecules and mediators of inflammation in equine heaves: mechanisms and markers of disease.. Equine Vet J 2001 Mar;33(2):113-5.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2001.tb00587.xpubmed: 11266058google scholar: lookup
  23. Calzetta L, Rogliani P, Pistocchini E, Mattei M, Cito G, Alfonsi P, Page C, Matera MG. Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the responsiveness of equine bronchial tissue.. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018 Apr;49:88-94.
    doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.01.010pubmed: 29408044google scholar: lookup
  24. Wada R, Aida H, Kaneko M, Oikawa M, Yoshihara T, Tomioka Y, Nitta M. Identification of the bronchi for bronchoscopy in the horse and segmentation of the horse lung. Jpn. J. Equine Sci. 1992;3:37–43.
    doi: 10.1294/jes1990.3.37google scholar: lookup
  25. Rush BR, Raub ES, Rhoads WS, Flaminio MJ, Matson CJ, Hakala JE, Gillespie JR. Pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively.. Am J Vet Res 1998 Aug;59(8):1039-43.
    pubmed: 9706210
  26. Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Lavoie JP. Heaves, an asthma-like disease of horses.. Respirology 2011 Oct;16(7):1027-46.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02033.xpubmed: 21824219google scholar: lookup
  27. Ferrari CR, Cooley J, Mujahid N, Costa LR, Wills RW, Johnson ME, Swiderski CE. Horses With Pasture Asthma Have Airway Remodeling That Is Characteristic of Human Asthma.. Vet Pathol 2018 Jan;55(1):144-158.
    doi: 10.1177/0300985817741729pubmed: 29254472google scholar: lookup
  28. Bullone M, Lavoie JP. Asthma "of horses and men"--how can equine heaves help us better understand human asthma immunopathology and its functional consequences?. Mol Immunol 2015 Jul;66(1):97-105.
    doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.005pubmed: 25547716google scholar: lookup
  29. Ter Woort F, Caswell JL, Arroyo LG, Viel L. Histologic investigation of airway inflammation in postmortem lung samples from racehorses.. Am J Vet Res 2018 Mar;79(3):342-347.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.79.3.342pubmed: 29466041google scholar: lookup
  30. Giguère S, Prescott JF. Quantitation of equine cytokine mRNA expression by reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1999 Jan 4;67(1):1-15.
    doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(98)00212-8pubmed: 9950350google scholar: lookup
  31. Swiderski CE, Klei TR, Horohov DW. Quantitative measurement of equine cytokine mRNA expression by polymerase chain reaction using target-specific standard curves.. J Immunol Methods 1999 Jan 1;222(1-2):155-69.
    doi: 10.1016/S0022-1759(98)00193-8pubmed: 10022382google scholar: lookup
  32. Joubert P, Silversides DW, Lavoie JP. Equine neutrophils express mRNA for tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, macrophage-inflammatory-protein-2 but not for IL-4, IL-5 and interferon-gamma.. Equine Vet J 2001 Nov;33(7):730-3.
    doi: 10.2746/042516401776249246pubmed: 11770998google scholar: lookup
  33. Beadle RE, Horohov DW, Gaunt SD. Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma gene expression in summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease affected horses.. Equine Vet J 2002 Jul;34(4):389-94.
    doi: 10.2746/042516402776249119pubmed: 12117112google scholar: lookup
  34. Joubert P, Cordeau M.E., Boyer A, Silversides D.W., Lavoie J.P.. Quantification of mRNA expression by peripheral neutrophils in an animal model of asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002;165:A317.
  35. Horohov DW, Beadle RE, Mouch S, Pourciau SS. Temporal regulation of cytokine mRNA expression in equine recurrent airway obstruction.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005 Oct 18;108(1-2):237-45.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.013pubmed: 16098607google scholar: lookup
  36. Laan TT, Bull S, Pirie RS, Fink-Gremmels J. Evaluation of cytokine production by equine alveolar macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide, Aspergillus fumigatus, and a suspension of hay dust.. Am J Vet Res 2005 Sep;66(9):1584-9.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1584pubmed: 16261833google scholar: lookup
  37. Ainsworth DM, Wagner B, Franchini M, Grünig G, Erb HN, Tan JY. Time-dependent alterations in gene expression of interleukin-8 in the bronchial epithelium of horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Am J Vet Res 2006 Apr;67(4):669-77.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.4.669pubmed: 16579761google scholar: lookup
  38. Riihimäki M, Raine A, Art T, Lekeux P, Couëtil L, Pringle J. Partial divergence of cytokine mRNA expression in bronchial tissues compared to bronchoalveolar lavage cells in horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008 Apr 15;122(3-4):256-64.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.12.001pubmed: 18243337google scholar: lookup
  39. Klukowska-Rötzler J, Swinburne JE, Drögemüller C, Dolf G, Janda J, Leeb T, Gerber V. The interleukin 4 receptor gene and its role in recurrent airway obstruction in Swiss Warmblood horses.. Anim Genet 2012 Aug;43(4):450-3.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02277.xpubmed: 22497430google scholar: lookup
  40. Padoan E, Ferraresso S, Pegolo S, Castagnaro M, Barnini C, Bargelloni L. Real time RT-PCR analysis of inflammatory mediator expression in recurrent airway obstruction-affected horses.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013 Dec 15;156(3-4):190-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.09.020pubmed: 24176614google scholar: lookup
  41. Barton AK, Gehlen H. Pulmonary Remodeling in Equine Asthma: What Do We Know about Mediators of Inflammation in the Horse?. Mediators Inflamm 2016;2016:5693205.
    doi: 10.1155/2016/5693205pmc: PMC5174180pubmed: 28053371google scholar: lookup
  42. Kraneveld AD, Nijkamp FP, Van Oosterhout AJ. Role for neurokinin-2 receptor in interleukin-5-induced airway hyperresponsiveness but not eosinophilia in guinea pigs.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997 Aug;156(2 Pt 1):367-74.
    doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.2.9608101pubmed: 9279211google scholar: lookup
  43. Fattori D, Altamura M, Maggi CA. Small molecule antagonists of the tachykinin NK 2 receptor.. Mini Rev Med Chem 2004 Mar;4(3):331-40.
    doi: 10.2174/1389557043487376pubmed: 15032679google scholar: lookup
  44. Pennefather JN, Lecci A, Candenas ML, Patak E, Pinto FM, Maggi CA. Tachykinins and tachykinin receptors: a growing family.. Life Sci 2004 Feb 6;74(12):1445-63.
    doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.039pubmed: 14729395google scholar: lookup
  45. Maggi CA, Patacchini R, Santicioli P, Giuliani S. Tachykinin antagonists and capsaicin-induced contraction of the rat isolated urinary bladder: evidence for tachykinin-mediated cotransmission.. Br J Pharmacol 1991 Jun;103(2):1535-41.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb09823.xpmc: PMC1908336pubmed: 1715797google scholar: lookup
  46. Krishnakumar S, Holmes EP, Moore RM, Kappel L, Venugopal CS. Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic excitatory innervation in the airways: role of neurokinin-2 receptors.. Auton Autacoid Pharmacol 2002 Aug;22(4):215-24.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1474-8673.2002.00262.xpubmed: 12656947google scholar: lookup
  47. Schelfhout V, Van De Velde V, Maggi C, Pauwels R, Joos G. The effect of the tachykinin NK(2) receptor antagonist MEN11420 (nepadutant) on neurokinin A-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics.. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2009 Oct;3(5):219-26.
    doi: 10.1177/1753465809349741pubmed: 19880429google scholar: lookup
  48. Calzetta L, Luongo L, Cazzola M, Page C, Rogliani P, Facciolo F, Maione S, Capuano A, Rinaldi B, Matera MG. Contribution of sensory nerves to LPS-induced hyperresponsiveness of human isolated bronchi.. Life Sci 2015 Jun 15;131:44-50.
    doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.03.023pubmed: 25914087google scholar: lookup
  49. Advenier C, Lagente V, Boichot E. The role of tachykinin receptor antagonists in the prevention of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation and cough.. Eur Respir J 1997 Aug;10(8):1892-906.
    doi: 10.1183/09031936.97.10081892pubmed: 9272936google scholar: lookup
  50. Solinger N, Sonea IM. Distribution of the neurokinin-1 receptor in equine intestinal smooth muscle.. Equine Vet J 2008 Jun;40(4):321-5.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X278184pubmed: 18267878google scholar: lookup
  51. Lavoie JP, Maghni K, Desnoyers M, Taha R, Martin JG, Hamid QA. Neutrophilic airway inflammation in horses with heaves is characterized by a Th2-type cytokine profile.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001 Oct 15;164(8 Pt 1):1410-3.
    doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.8.2012091pubmed: 11704587google scholar: lookup
  52. Giguère S, Viel L, Lee E, MacKay RJ, Hernandez J, Franchini M. Cytokine induction in pulmonary airways of horses with heaves and effect of therapy with inhaled fluticasone propionate.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002 Mar;85(3-4):147-58.
    doi: 10.1016/S0165-2427(01)00420-2pubmed: 11943316google scholar: lookup
  53. Cordeau ME, Joubert P, Dewachi O, Hamid Q, Lavoie JP. IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression in pulmonary lymphocytes in equine heaves.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004 Jan;97(1-2):87-96.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.08.013pubmed: 14700540google scholar: lookup
  54. Hansen S, Otten ND, Birch K, Skovgaard K, Hopster-Iversen C, Fjeldborg J. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytokine, cytology and IgE allergen in horses with equine asthma.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020 Feb;220:109976.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109976pubmed: 31786444google scholar: lookup
  55. Moran G, Folch H. Recurrent airway obstruction in horses—An allergic inflammation: A review. Vet. Med. 2011;56:1–13.
    doi: 10.17221/1566-VETMEDgoogle scholar: lookup
  56. Léguillette R. Recurrent airway obstruction--heaves.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2003 Apr;19(1):63-86, vi.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(02)00067-6pubmed: 12747662google scholar: lookup
  57. Laan TT, Bull S, Pirie R, Fink-Gremmels J. The role of alveolar macrophages in the pathogenesis of recurrent airway obstruction in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2006 Jan-Feb;20(1):167-74.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02837.xpubmed: 16496937google scholar: lookup
  58. Franchini M, Gill U, von Fellenberg R, Bracher VD. Interleukin-8 concentration and neutrophil chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following exposure to hay.. Am J Vet Res 2000 Nov;61(11):1369-74.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1369pubmed: 11108181google scholar: lookup
  59. Ainsworth DM, Matychak M, Reyner CL, Erb HN, Young JC. Effects of in vitro exposure to hay dust on the gene expression of chemokines and cell-surface receptors in primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures established from horses with chronic recurrent airway obstruction.. Am J Vet Res 2009 Mar;70(3):365-72.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.3.365pubmed: 19254149google scholar: lookup
  60. Ainsworth DM, Wagner B, Erb HN, Young JC, Retallick DE. Effects of in vitro exposure to hay dust on expression of interleukin-17, -23, -8, and -1beta and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 by pulmonary mononuclear cells isolated from horses chronically affected with recurrent airway disease.. Am J Vet Res 2007 Dec;68(12):1361-9.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.68.12.1361pubmed: 18052742google scholar: lookup
  61. Berndt A, Derksen FJ, Venta PJ, Ewart S, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Robinson NE. Elevated amount of Toll-like receptor 4 mRNA in bronchial epithelial cells is associated with airway inflammation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction.. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007 Apr;292(4):L936-43.
    doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00394.2006pubmed: 17158595google scholar: lookup
  62. Reyner CL, Wagner B, Young JC, Ainsworth DM. Effects of in vitro exposure to hay dust on expression of interleukin-23, -17, -8, and -1beta and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 by pulmonary mononuclear cells from horses susceptible to recurrent airway obstruction.. Am J Vet Res 2009 Oct;70(10):1277-83.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1277pubmed: 19795943google scholar: lookup
  63. Pietra M, Peli A, Bonato A, Ducci A, Cinotti S. Equine bronchoalveolar lavage cytokines in the development of recurrent airway obstruction.. Vet Res Commun 2007 Aug;31 Suppl 1:313-6.
    doi: 10.1007/s11259-007-0055-ypubmed: 17682903google scholar: lookup
  64. Pietra M, Cinotti S, Ducci A, Giunti M, Peli A. Time-dependent changes of cytokines mRNA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from symptomatic recurrent airway obstruction-affected horses.. Pol J Vet Sci 2011;14(3):343-51.
    doi: 10.2478/v10181-011-0052-5pubmed: 21957726google scholar: lookup
  65. Hansen S, Baptiste KE, Fjeldborg J, Betancourt A, Horohov DW. A comparison of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in equine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and peripheral blood.. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014 Apr 15;158(3-4):238-43.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.001pubmed: 24603016google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 1 times.
  1. Morini M, Gobbo F, Rinnovati R, Romagnoli N, Peli A, Massarenti C, Spadari A, Pietra M. Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in Severe Equine Asthma: Cytocentrifugated versus Sediment Smear Preparations. Vet Sci 2023 Aug 16;10(8).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci10080527pubmed: 37624314google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 100,151 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.