FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Linear Discriminant Analysis for Investigating Differences i...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2022; 12(6); doi: 10.3390/ani12060762

Linear Discriminant Analysis for Investigating Differences in Upper Body Movement Symmetry in Horses before/after Diagnostic Analgesia in Relation to Expert Judgement.

Abstract: Diagnostic analgesia and lunging are parts of the equine lameness examination, aiding veterinarians in localizing the anatomical region(s) causing pain-related movement deficits. Expectation bias of visual assessment and complex movement asymmetry changes in lame horses on the lunge highlight the need to investigate data-driven approaches for optimally integrating quantitative gait data into veterinary decision-making to remove bias. A retrospective analysis was conducted with inertial sensor movement symmetry data before/after diagnostic analgesia relative to subjective judgement of efficacy of diagnostic analgesia in 53 horses. Horses were trotted on the straight and on the lunge. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) applied to ten movement asymmetry features quantified the accuracy of classifying negative, partial and complete responses to diagnostic analgesia and investigated the influence of movement direction and surface type on the quality of the data-driven separation between diagnostic analgesia categories. The contribution of movement asymmetry features to decision-making was also studied. Leave-one-out classification accuracy varied considerably (38.3-57.4% for forelimb and 36.1-56.1% for hindlimb diagnostic analgesia). The highest inter-category distances (best separation) were found with the blocked limb on the inside of the circle, on hard ground for forelimb diagnostic analgesia and on soft ground for hindlimb diagnostic analgesia. These exercises deserve special attention when consulting quantitative gait data in lame horses. Head and pelvic upward movement and withers minimum differences were the features with the highest weighting within the first canonical LDA function across exercises and forelimb and hindlimb diagnostic analgesia. This highlights that movement changes after diagnostic analgesia affect the whole upper body. Classification accuracies based on quantitative movement asymmetry changes indicate considerable overlap between subjective diagnostic analgesia categories.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2022-03-17 PubMed ID: 35327159PubMed Central: PMC8944550DOI: 10.3390/ani12060762Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research paper investigates the use of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) in evaluating the impact of diagnostic analgesia on movement asymmetry in horses with lameness issues. The study, which uses motion sensor data, aims to improve veterinary decision-making by reducing subjectivity and bias.

Research Design

  • The study was a retrospective analysis that used data from the movement symmetries of 53 horses before and after they received diagnostic analgesia.
  • The horses were trotted on a straight line and on a lunge, which is a circular track used for training or exercising horses.
  • The researchers utilized Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) on ten different features of movement asymmetry to classify the responses to diagnostic analgesia into three categories: negative, partial, and complete responses.
  • The influence of movement direction and surface type on the data-driven separation between these categories was also examined.

Results

  • The leave-one-out classification accuracy had considerable variations, with accuracy rates ranging from 36.1% to 57.4% for both forelimb and hindlimb diagnostic analgesia.
  • The best separation, or highest inter-category distances, occurred with the blocked limb on the inside of the circle for forelimb diagnostic analgesia on hard ground, and for hindlimb diagnostic analgesia on soft ground.
  • Head and pelvic upward movement and minimum differences in the withers (ridge between the shoulder blades of a horse) were given the highest weightings within the first canonical LDA function across all exercises.

Implications of Analysis

  • This suggests that changes in the whole of the upper body movement of the horses are affected by diagnostic analgesia.
  • These exercises, particularly the ones showing the highest inter-category distances, should be given extra consideration when consulting quantitative gait data in lame horses.
  • The study concludes that a considerable overlap exists between the different subjective categories of response to diagnostic analgesia in the movement asymmetry of lame horses, as indicated by the classification accuracies.

Cite This Article

APA
Pfau T, Bolt DM, Fiske-Jackson A, Gerdes C, Hoenecke K, Lynch L, Perrier M, Smith RKW. (2022). Linear Discriminant Analysis for Investigating Differences in Upper Body Movement Symmetry in Horses before/after Diagnostic Analgesia in Relation to Expert Judgement. Animals (Basel), 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060762

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 12
Issue: 6

Researcher Affiliations

Pfau, Thilo
  • Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
  • Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
  • Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
Bolt, David M
  • Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
Fiske-Jackson, Andrew
  • Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
Gerdes, Carolin
  • Pferdeklinik Hochmoor GmbH, D-48712 Gescher, Germany.
Hoenecke, Karl
  • Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
Lynch, Lucy
  • Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
Perrier, Melanie
  • Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
Smith, Roger K W
  • Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.

Conflict of Interest Statement

T.P. is owner of EquiGait Ltd., a company offering gait analysis products and services. This does not alter our adherence to policies on sharing data and materials.

References

This article includes 53 references
  1. Bassage L. II, Ross M.W.. Diagnostic Analgesia. .
  2. Ross M.W., Durham M.. Applied Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System. .
  3. Ross M.W.. Movement. .
  4. Ross M.W.. Coexistent Lameness. .
  5. Hobbs S.J., Licka T., Polman R.. The Difference in Kinematics of Horses Walking, Trotting and Cantering on a Flat and Banked 10 m Circle. Equine Vet. J. 2011;43:686–694.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00334.xpubmed: 21496095google scholar: lookup
  6. Chateau H., Camus M., Holden-Douilly L., Falala S., Ravary B., Vergari C., Lepley J., Denoix J.-M., Pourcelot P., Crevier-Denoix N.. Kinetics of the Forelimb in Horses Circling on Different Ground Surfaces at the Trot. Vet. J. 2013;198:e20–e26.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.028pubmed: 24511634google scholar: lookup
  7. Greve L., Pfau T., Dyson S.. Alterations in Body Lean Angle in Lame Horses before and after Diagnostic Analgesia in Straight Lines in Hand and on the Lunge. Vet. J. 2018;239:1–6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.07.006pubmed: 30197103google scholar: lookup
  8. Barstow A., Bailey J., Campbell J., Harris C., Weller R., Pfau T.. Does ‘Hacking’ Surface Type Affect Equine Forelimb Foot Placement, Movement Symmetry or Hoof Impact Deceleration during Ridden Walk and Trot Exercise. Equine Vet. J. 2018;51:108–114.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12952pubmed: 29665054google scholar: lookup
  9. Setterbo J.J., Garcia T.C., Campbell I.P., Reese J.L., Morgan J.M., Kim S.Y., Hubbard M., Stover S.M.. Hoof Accelerations and Ground Reaction Forces of Thoroughbred Racehorses Measured on Dirt, Synthetic, and Turf Track Surfaces. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2009;70:1220–1229.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1220pubmed: 19795936google scholar: lookup
  10. Chateau H., Holden L., Robin D., Falala S., Pourcelot P., Estoup P., Denoix J.-M., Crevier-Denoix N.. Biomechanical Analysis of Hoof Landing and Stride Parameters in Harness Trotter Horses Running on Different Tracks of a Sand Beach (from Wet to Dry) and on an Asphalt Road. Equine Vet. J. 2010;42((Suppl. 3)):488–495.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00277.xpubmed: 21059050google scholar: lookup
  11. Alexander R.M., Maloiy G.M.O., Hunter B., Jayes A.S., Nturibi J.. Mechanical Stresses during Fast Locomotion of Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer) and Elephant (Loxodonta Africana). J. Zool. Lond. 1979;189:135–144.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03956.xgoogle scholar: lookup
  12. Witte T.H., Knill K., Wilson A.M.. Determination of Peak Vertical Ground Reaction Force from Duty Factor in the Horse (Equus Caballus). J. Exp. Biol. 2004;207:3639–3648.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.01182pubmed: 15371472google scholar: lookup
  13. Horan K., Coburn J., Kourdache K., Day P., Harborne D., Brinkley L., Carnall H., Hammond L., Peterson M., Millard S.. Influence of Speed, Ground Surface and Shoeing Condition on Hoof Breakover Duration in Galloping Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals 2021;11:2588.
    doi: 10.3390/ani11092588pmc: PMC8472780pubmed: 34573553google scholar: lookup
  14. McCracken M.J., Kramer J., Keegan K.G., Lopes M., Wilson D.A., Reed S.K., LaCarrubba A., Rasch M.. Comparison of an Inertial Sensor System of Lameness Quantification with Subjective Lameness Evaluation. Equine Vet. J. 2012;44:652–656.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00571.xpubmed: 22563674google scholar: lookup
  15. Keegan K.G., MacAllister C.G., Wilson D.A., Gedon C.A., Kramer J., Yonezawa Y., Maki H., Pai P.F.. Comparison of an Inertial Sensor System with a Stationary Force Plate for Evaluation of Horses with Bilateral Forelimb Lameness. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2012;73:368–374.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.3.368pubmed: 22369528google scholar: lookup
  16. Bell R.P., Reed S.K., Schoonover M.J., Whitfield C.T., Yonezawa Y., Maki H., Pai P.F., Keegan K.G.. Associations of Force Plate and Body-Mounted Inertial Sensor Measurements for Identification of Hind Limb Lameness in Horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2016;77:337–345.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.77.4.337pubmed: 27027831google scholar: lookup
  17. Arkell M., Archer R.M., Guitian F.J., May S.A.. Evidence of Bias Affecting the Interpretation of the Results of Local Anaesthetic Nerve Blocks When Assessing Lameness in Horses. Vet Rec. 2006;159:346–349.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.159.11.346pubmed: 16963714google scholar: lookup
  18. Parkes R.S.V., Weller R., Groth A.M., May S., Pfau T.. Evidence of the Development of ‘Domain-Restricted’ Expertise in the Recognition of Asymmetric Motion Characteristics of Hindlimb Lameness in the Horse. Equine Vet. J. 2009;41:112–117.
    doi: 10.2746/042516408X343000pubmed: 19418737google scholar: lookup
  19. Hardeman A.M., Serra Bragança F.M., Swagemakers J.H., Weeren P.R., Roepstorff L.. Variation in Gait Parameters Used for Objective Lameness Assessment in Sound Horses at the Trot on the Straight Line and the Lunge. Equine Vet. J. 2019;51:831–839.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13075pmc: PMC6850282pubmed: 30648286google scholar: lookup
  20. Pfau T., Stubbs N.C., Kaiser L.J., Brown L.E.A., Clayton H.M.. Effect of Trotting Speed and Circle Radius on Movement Symmetry in Horses during Lunging on a Soft Surface. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2012;73:1890–1899.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.73.12.1890pubmed: 23176414google scholar: lookup
  21. Pfau T., Jennings C., Mitchell H., Olsen E., Walker A., Egenvall A., Tröster S., Weller R., Rhodin M.. Lungeing on Hard and Soft Surfaces: Movement Symmetry of Trotting Horses Considered Sound by Their Owners. Equine Vet. J. 2016;48:83–89.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12374pubmed: 25297461google scholar: lookup
  22. Rhodin M., Pfau T., Roepstorff L., Egenvall A.. Effect of Lungeing on Head and Pelvic Movement Asymmetry in Horses with Induced Lameness. Vet. J. 2013;198:e39–e45.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.031pubmed: 24140227google scholar: lookup
  23. Rhodin M., Roepstorff L., French A., Keegan K.G., Pfau T., Egenvall A.. Head and Pelvic Movement Asymmetry during Lungeing in Horses with Symmetrical Movement on the Straight. Equine Vet. J. 2015;48:315–320.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12446pmc: PMC5032979pubmed: 25808700google scholar: lookup
  24. Rhodin M., Egenvall A., Andersen P.H., Pfau T.. Head and Pelvic Movement Asymmetries at Trot in Riding Horses in Training and Perceived as Free from Lameness by the Owner. PLoS ONE 2017;12:e0176253.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176253pmc: PMC5404851pubmed: 28441406google scholar: lookup
  25. Hawkins A., O’Leary L., Bolt D., Fiske-Jackson A., Berner D., Smith R.. Retrospective Analysis of Oblique and Straight Distal Sesamoidean Ligament Desmitis in 52 Horses. Equine Vet. J. 2021;54:312–322.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13438pubmed: 33567104google scholar: lookup
  26. Pfau T., Robilliard J.J., Weller R., Jespers K., Eliashar E., Wilson A.M.. Assessment of Mild Hindlimb Lameness during over Ground Locomotion Using Linear Discriminant Analysis of Inertial Sensor Data. Equine Vet. J. 2007;39:407–413.
    doi: 10.2746/042516407X185719pubmed: 17910264google scholar: lookup
  27. Keegan K.G., Wilson D.A., Wilson D.J., Smith B., Gaughan E.M., Pleasant R.S., Lillich J.D., Kramer J., Howard R.D., Bacon-Miller C.. Evaluation of Mild Lameness in Horses Trotting on a Treadmill by Clinicians and Interns or Residents and Correlation of Their Assessments with Kinematic Gait Analysis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1998;59:1370–1377.
    pubmed: 9829392
  28. Keegan K.G., Dent E.V., Wilson D.A., Janicek J., Kramer J., Lacarrubba A., Walsh D.M., Cassells M.W., Esther T.M., Schiltz P.. Repeatability of Subjective Evaluation of Lameness in Horses. Equine Vet. J. 2010;42:92–97.
    doi: 10.2746/042516409X479568pubmed: 20156242google scholar: lookup
  29. Pfau T., Reilly P.. How Low Can We Go? Influence of Sample Rate on Equine Pelvic Displacement Calculated from Inertial Sensor Data. Equine Vet. J. 2020;53:1075–1081.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13371pubmed: 33113248google scholar: lookup
  30. Pfau T., Witte T.H., Wilson A.M.. A Method for Deriving Displacement Data during Cyclical Movement Using an Inertial Sensor. J. Exp. Biol. 2005;208:2503–2514.
    doi: 10.1242/jeb.01658pubmed: 15961737google scholar: lookup
  31. Warner S.M., Koch T.O., Pfau T.. Inertial Sensors for Assessment of Back Movement in Horses during Locomotion over Ground. Equine Vet. J. 2010;42:417–424.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00200.xpubmed: 21059039google scholar: lookup
  32. Starke S.D., Witte T.H., May S.A., Pfau T.. Accuracy and Precision of Hind Limb Foot Contact Timings of Horses Determined Using a Pelvis-Mounted Inertial Measurement Unit. J. Biomech. 2012;45:1522–1528.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.014pubmed: 22483227google scholar: lookup
  33. Starke S.D., Willems E., May S.A., Pfau T.. Vertical Head and Trunk Movement Adaptations of Sound Horses Trotting in a Circle on a Hard Surface. Vet. J. 2012;193:73–80.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.10.019pubmed: 22104508google scholar: lookup
  34. Haeb-Umbach R., Ney H.. Linear Discriminant Analysis for Improved Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition. Proceedings of the ICASSP 1992; San Francisco, CA, USA. 23–26 March 1992; Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society; 1992.
  35. Pylkkonen J.. LDA Based Feature Estimation Methods for LVCSR. Proceedings of the INTERSPEECH 2006-ICSLP; Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 17 September 2006.
  36. Pfau T., Persson-Sjodin E., Gardner H., Orssten O., Hernlund E., Rhodin M.. Effect of Speed and Surface Type on Individual Rein and Combined Left–Right Circle Movement Asymmetry in Horses on the Lunge. Front. Vet. Sci. 2021;8:692031.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.692031pmc: PMC8311175pubmed: 34322537google scholar: lookup
  37. Hammarberg M., Egenvall A., Pfau T., Rhodin M.. Rater Agreement of Visual Lameness Assessment in Horses during Lungeing. Equine Vet. J. 2016;48:78–82.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12385pmc: PMC4964936pubmed: 25399722google scholar: lookup
  38. Sepulveda Caviedes M.F., Forbes B.S., Pfau T.. Repeatability of Gait Analysis Measurements in Thoroughbreds in Training. Equine Vet. J. 2018;50:513–518.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12802pubmed: 29284186google scholar: lookup
  39. Starke S., Raistrick K., May S., Pfau T.. The Effect of Trotting Speed on the Evaluation of Subtle Lameness in Horses. Vet. J. 2013;197:245–252.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.03.006pubmed: 23611486google scholar: lookup
  40. Persson-Sjodin E., Serra Braganca F., Pfau T., Egenvall A., Weishaupt M., Rhodin M.. Movement Symmetry of the Withers Can Be Used to Discriminate Primary Forelimb Lameness from Compensatory Forelimb Asymmetry in Horses with Induced Lameness. Equine Vet. J. 2016;48:32.
    pmc: PMC6175082pubmed: 29658147
  41. Rhodin M., Persson-Sjodin E., Egenvall A., Serra Braganca F., Pfau T., Roepstorff L., Weishaupt M., Thomsen M.H., van Weeren P.R., Hernlund E.. Vertical Movement Symmetry of the Withers in Horses with Induced Forelimb and Hindlimb Lameness at Trot. Equine Vet. J. 2018;50:818–824.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12844pmc: PMC6175082pubmed: 29658147google scholar: lookup
  42. Pfau T., Noordwijk K., Caviedes M.F.S.. Head, Withers and Pelvic Movement Asymmetry and Their Relative Timing in Trot in Racing Thoroughbreds in Training. Equine Vet. J. 2018;50:117–124.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12705pmc: PMC5724686pubmed: 28548349google scholar: lookup
  43. Buchner H.H., Savelberg H.H., Schamhardt H.C., Barneveld A.. Head and Trunk Movement Adaptations in Horses with Experimentally Induced Fore- or Hindlimb Lameness. Equine Vet. J. 1996;28:71–76.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01592.xpubmed: 8565958google scholar: lookup
  44. May S.A., Wyn-Jones G.. Identification of Hindleg Lameness. Equine Vet. J. 1987;19:185–188.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01371.xpubmed: 3608952google scholar: lookup
  45. Maliye S., Marshall J.F.. Objective Assessment of the Compensatory Effect of Clinical Hind Limb Lameness in Horses: 37 Cases (2011–2014). Am. J. Vet. Res. 2016;249:940–944.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.249.8.940pubmed: 27700267google scholar: lookup
  46. Maliye S., Voute L.C., Marshall J.F.. Naturally-Occurring Forelimb Lameness in the Horse Results in Significant Compensatory Load Redistribution during Trotting. Vet. J. 2015;204:208–213.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.005pubmed: 25862395google scholar: lookup
  47. Uhlir C., Licka T., Kübber P., Peham C., Scheidl M., Girtler D.. Compensatory Movements of Horses with a Stance Phase Lameness. Equine Vet. J. 1997;23:102–105.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb05065.xpubmed: 9354301google scholar: lookup
  48. Weishaupt M.A., Wiestner T., Hogg H.P., Jordan P., Auer J.A.. Compensatory Load Redistribution of Horses with Induced Weightbearing Hindlimb Lameness Trotting on a Treadmill. Equine Vet. J. 2004;36:727–733.
    doi: 10.2746/0425164044848244pubmed: 15656505google scholar: lookup
  49. Weishaupt M.A., Wiestner T., Hogg H.P., Jordan P., Auer J.A.. Compensatory Load Redistribution of Horses with Induced Weight-Bearing Forelimb Lameness Trotting on a Treadmill. Vet. J. 2006;171:135–146.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.09.004pubmed: 15974567google scholar: lookup
  50. Pfau T., Boultbee H., Davis H., Walker A., Rhodin M.. Agreement between Two Inertial Sensor Gait Analysis Systems for Lameness Examinations in Horses. Equine Vet. Educ. 2016;28:203–208.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12400google scholar: lookup
  51. Pfau T., Caviedes M.F.S., Mccarthy R., Cheetham L., Forbes B., Rhodin M.. Comparison of Visual Lameness Scores to Gait Asymmetry in Racing Thoroughbreds during Trot In-Hand. Equine Vet. Educ. 2018;32:191–198.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12914google scholar: lookup
  52. Hewetson M., Christley R.M., Hunt I.D., Voute L.C.. Investigations of the Reliability of Observational Gait Analysis for the Assessment of Lameness in Horses. Vet. Rec. 2006;158:852–857.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.158.25.852pubmed: 16798953google scholar: lookup
  53. Rey A., Goldstein R.M., Perruchet P.. Does Unconscious Thought Improve Complex Decision Making?. Psychol. Res. 2009;73:372–379.
    doi: 10.1007/s00426-008-0156-4pubmed: 18626659google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 3 times.
  1. Poizat E, Gérard M, Macaire C, De Azevedo E, Denoix JM, Coudry V, Jacquet S, Bertoni L, Tallaj A, Audigié F, Hatrisse C, Hébert C, Martin P, Marin F, Hanne-Poujade S, Chateau H. Discrimination of the Lame Limb in Horses Using a Machine Learning Method (Support Vector Machine) Based on Asymmetry Indices Measured by the EQUISYM System. Sensors (Basel) 2025 Feb 12;25(4).
    doi: 10.3390/s25041095pubmed: 40006323google scholar: lookup
  2. Pfau T, Clark KS, Bolt DM, Lai JS, Perrier M, Rhodes JB, Smith RK, Fiske-Jackson A. Changes in Head and Pelvic Movement Symmetry after Diagnostic Anaesthesia: Interactions between Subjective Judgement Categories and Commonly Applied Blocks. Animals (Basel) 2023 Dec 6;13(24).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13243769pubmed: 38136806google scholar: lookup
  3. Macaire C, Hanne-Poujade S, De Azevedo E, Denoix JM, Coudry V, Jacquet S, Bertoni L, Tallaj A, Audigié F, Hatrisse C, Hébert C, Martin P, Marin F, Chateau H. Asymmetry Thresholds Reflecting the Visual Assessment of Forelimb Lameness on Circles on a Hard Surface. Animals (Basel) 2023 Oct 25;13(21).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13213319pubmed: 37958073google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.