FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Intern Med / Medical causes of poor performance and their associations wi...
Journal of veterinary internal medicine2023; 37(4); 1514-1527; doi: 10.1111/jvim.16734

Medical causes of poor performance and their associations with fitness in Standardbred racehorses.

Abstract: Poor performance is a multifactorial syndrome of racehorses, commonly associated with subclinical disorders, which can be diagnosed by exercise testing. Objective: Describe the prevalence of medical causes of poor performance in Standardbreds unassociated with lameness, and evaluate their relationships with fitness variables measured by exercise treadmill test. Methods: Hospital population of 259 nonlame Standardbred trotters referred for poor performance. Methods: The horses' medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Horses underwent a diagnostic protocol including resting examination, plasma lactate concentration, treadmill test with continuous ECG and assessment of fitness variables, creatine kinase activity, treadmill endoscopy, postexercise tracheobronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and gastroscopy. The prevalence of different disorders was evaluated, including cardiac arrhythmias, exertional myopathies, dynamic upper airway obstructions (DUAOs), exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), moderate equine asthma (MEA), and gastric ulcers (EGUS). The associations of these disorders with fitness variables were investigated individually and using multivariable models. Results: Moderate equine asthma and EGUS were the most common disorders, followed by EIPH, DUAOs, cardiac arrhythmias, and exertional myopathies. Hemosiderin score was positively correlated with BAL neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells; increased creatine kinase activity was associated with BAL neutrophilia, DUAOs, premature complexes, and squamous gastric disease. Treadmill velocity at a plasma lactate concentration of 4 mmol/L and at heart rate of 200 beats per minute was negatively affected by BAL neutrophilia, multiple DUAOs, exertional myopathies, and squamous gastric disease. Conclusions: The multifactorial nature of poor performance was confirmed, with MEA, DUAOs, myopathies and EGUS representing the main diseases involved in fitness impairment.
© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-05-06 PubMed ID: 37148147PubMed Central: PMC10365054DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16734Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the prevalence of specific medical conditions causing poor performance in Standardbred racehorses unassociated with lameness, and analyses their correlation with fitness variables. These medical conditions, identified through a series of tests, include asthmatic conditions, gastric ulcers, pulmonary hemorrhage, and physical obstructions in the horses’ upper airway.

Research Methodology

  • The subjects of the study were a population of 259 non-lame Standardbred trotters reported for poor performance.
  • Data was collected retrospectively, by reviewing the medical records of these horses.
  • Horses were subjected to a comprehensive diagnostic protocol which encompassed resting examination, plasma lactate concentration, treadmill test with continuous ECG and evaluation of fitness variables.
  • Apart from physical examination, biochemical investigations were also performed such as counting the activity of the enzyme, creatine kinase, treadmill endoscopy, post-exercise endoscopy for upper and lower respiratory tract, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), blood tests, and gastroscopic procedures.

Findings and Inferences

  • The most common disorders causing substandard performance were moderate equine asthma and equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS), followed by exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), dynamic upper airway obstructions (DUAOs), cardiac arrhythmias, and exertional myopathies.
  • The presence of iron-storage protein, hemosiderin, in lung samples obtained from BAL, was linked significantly with a higher level of neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells in the BAL.
  • An elevated level of the muscle enzyme creatine kinase was associated with a higher count of neutrophils in BAL, DUAOs, premature complexes in the heart’s electrical activity (cardiac arrhythmias), and squamous gastric disease.
  • A decreased running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/L and at a heart rate of 200 beats per minute was associated with an increased percentage of neutrophils in BAL, multiple instances of DUAOs, exertional myopathies (muscle diseases), and squamous gastric disease.

Conclusion

  • The results confirmed that poor performance in racehorses is multifactorial in nature. The principal ailments impacting fitness were moderate equine asthma, DUAOs, muscle pathologies, and EGUS.
  • Fitness can be significantly affected by a range of medical disorders linked to respiratory, digestive, and cardiovascular systems.

Cite This Article

APA
Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. (2023). Medical causes of poor performance and their associations with fitness in Standardbred racehorses. J Vet Intern Med, 37(4), 1514-1527. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16734

Publication

Journal of veterinary internal medicine
ISSN: 1939-1676
NlmUniqueID: 8708660
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 37
Issue: 4
Pages: 1514-1527

Researcher Affiliations

Lo Feudo, Chiara M
  • Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory "Franco Tradati", Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy.
Stucchi, Luca
  • Equine Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy.
Conturba, Bianca
  • Equine Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy.
Stancari, Giovanni
  • Equine Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy.
Zucca, Enrica
  • Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory "Franco Tradati", Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy.
Ferrucci, Francesco
  • Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory "Franco Tradati", Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy.

MeSH Terms

  • Horses
  • Animals
  • Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
  • Retrospective Studies
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal / physiology
  • Horse Diseases / diagnosis
  • Lung Diseases / veterinary
  • Asthma / veterinary
  • Lactic Acid
  • Hemorrhage / veterinary
  • Arrhythmias, Cardiac / veterinary
  • Muscular Diseases / veterinary
  • Stomach Diseases / veterinary
  • Creatine Kinase
  • Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / veterinary

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 84 references
  1. Richard EA, Fortier GD, Pitel PH. Sub‐clinical diseases affecting performance in Standardbred trotters: diagnostic methods and predictive parameters.. Vet J 2010;185:282‐289.
    pubmed: 19477143
  2. Morris EA, Seeherman HJ. Clinical evaluation of poor performance in the racehorse: the results of 275 evaluations.. Equine Vet J 1991;23:169‐174.
    pubmed: 1884697
  3. Martin BJ, Reef VB, Parente EG. Causes of poor performance of horses during training, racing, or showing: 348 cases (1992‐1996).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;216:554‐558.
    pubmed: 10687012
  4. Widmer A, Doherr MG, Tessier C. Association of increased tracheal mucus accumulation with poor willingness to perform in show‐jumpers and dressage horses.. Vet J 2009;182:430‐435.
    pubmed: 18835198
  5. Bedenice D, Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. Association between cough and cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and pulmonary function in horses diagnosed with inflammatory airway disease.. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:1022‐1028.
    pubmed: 18498325
  6. Fogarty U, Buckley T. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in horses with exercise intolerance.. Equine Vet J 1991;23:434‐437.
    pubmed: 1778160
  7. Holcombe SJ, Robinson NE, Derksen FJ. Effect of tracheal mucus and tracheal cytology on racing performance in thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2006;38:300‐304.
    pubmed: 16866195
  8. Ivester KM, Couetil LL, Moore GE. An observational study of environmental exposures, airway cytology, and performance in racing thoroughbreds.. J Vet Intern Med 2018;32:1754‐1762.
    pmc: PMC6189343pubmed: 30222207
  9. Salz RO, Alhern BJ, Boston R. Association of tracheal mucus or blood and airway neutrophilia with racing performance in thoroughbred horses in an Australian racing yard.. Aust Vet J 2016;94:96‐100.
    pubmed: 26952960
  10. Saulez MN, Gummow B. Prevalence of pharyngeal, laryngeal and tracheal disorders in thoroughbred racehorses, and effect on performance.. Vet Rec 2009;165:431‐435.
    pubmed: 19820257
  11. Wylie CE, Newton JR. A systematic literature search to identify performance measure outcomes used in clinical studies of racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2018;50:304‐311.
    pubmed: 28884864
  12. Egenvall A, Byström A, Pökelmann M. Rein tension in harness trotters during on‐track exercise.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:987852.
    pmc: PMC9592803pubmed: 36304413
  13. Couetil LL, Denicola DB. Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease.. Equine Vet J 1999;30:77‐82.
    pubmed: 10659227
  14. Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. Effects of aerosolized albuterol on physiologic responses to exercise in Standardbreds.. Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1812‐1817.
    pubmed: 11703029
  15. Nolen‐Walston RD, Harris M, Agnew ME. Clinical and diagnostic features of inflammatory airway disease subtypes in horses examined because of poor performance: 98 cases (2004‐2010).. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013;242:1138‐1145.
    pubmed: 23547679
  16. Sanchez A, Couetil LL, Ward MP. Effect of airway disease on blood gas exchange in racehorses.. J Vet Intern Med 2005;19:87‐92.
    pubmed: 15715053
  17. Courouce A, Chatard JC, Auvinet B. Estimation of performance potential of Standardbred trotters from blood lactate concentrations measured in field conditions.. Equine Vet J 1997;29:365‐369.
    pubmed: 9306062
  18. McGowan C. Clinical pathology in the racing horse: the role of clinical pathology in assessing fitness and performance in the racehorse.. Vet Clin Equine 2008;24:405‐421.
    pubmed: 18652962
  19. Leleu C, Cotrel C, Courouce‐Malblanc A. Relationships between physiological variables and race performance in French Standardbred trotters.. Vet Rec 2005;156:339‐342.
    pubmed: 15789646
  20. Courouce‐Malblanc A, Pronost S, Fortier G. Physiological measurements and upper and lower respiratory tract evaluation in French Standardbred trotters during a standardised exercise test on the treadmill.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002;34:402‐407.
    pubmed: 12405724
  21. Lindner A. Relationships between racing times of Standardbreds and V4 and V200.. J Anim Sci 2010;88:950‐954.
    pubmed: 19933440
  22. Davie AJ, Priddle TL, Evans DL. Metabolic responses to submaximal field exercise tests and relationships with racing performance in pacing Standardbreds.. Equine Exerc Physiol 2002;34:112‐115.
    pubmed: 12405669
  23. Courouce‐Malblanc A, Deniau V, Rossignol F. Physiological measurements and prevalence of lower airway diseases in trotters with dorsal displacement of the soft palate.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2010;42:246‐255.
    pubmed: 21059014
  24. Davidson EJ, Harris M, Martin BB, Nolen‐Walston R, Boston RC, Reef V. Exercising blood gas analysis, dynamic upper respiratory tract obstruction, and postexercising bronchoalveolar lavage cytology. A comparative study in poor performing horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2011;31:475‐480.
  25. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Cavicchioli P. Association between dynamic upper airway obstructions and fitness parameters in Standardbred racehorses during high‐speed treadmill exercise.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022;260:1343‐1350.
    pubmed: 35943919
  26. Couetil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V. Inflammatory airway disease of horses—revised consensus statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2016;30:503‐515.
    pmc: PMC4913592pubmed: 26806374
  27. Kinnison T, McGilvray TA, Couetil LL. Mild‐moderate equine asthma: a scoping review of evidence supporting the consensus definition.. Vet J 2022;286:105865.
    pubmed: 35817389
  28. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Ferrucci F. Impact of lower airway inflammation on fitness parameters in Standardbred racehorses.. Animals 2022;12:3228.
    pmc: PMC9687017pubmed: 36428455
  29. Hinchcliff KW, Couetil LL, Knight PK. Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2015;29:743‐758.
    pmc: PMC4895427pubmed: 25996660
  30. Birks EK, Shuler KM, Soma LR. EIPH: postrace endoscopic evaluation of Standardbreds and thoroughbreds.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002;34:375‐378.
    pubmed: 12405719
  31. MacNamara B, Bauer S, Iafe J. Endoscopic evaluation of exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in association with poor performance in racing Standardbreds.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;196:443‐445.
    pubmed: 2298674
  32. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Stancari G. Associations between exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) and fitness parameters measured by incremental treadmill test in Standardbred racehorses.. Animals 2022;12:449.
    pmc: PMC8868235pubmed: 35203157
  33. Franklin SH, Van Erck‐Westergren E, Bayly WM. Respiratory responses to exercise in the horse.. Equine Vet J 2012;44:726‐732.
    pubmed: 23106622
  34. Valberg SJ. Muscle conditions affecting sport horses.. Vet Clin Equine 2018;34:253‐276.
    pubmed: 29853158
  35. Andrews FM. Poor performance: can heartburn slow a horse?. Equine Vet Educ 2008;20:125‐126.
  36. Sykes BW, Hewetson M, Hepburn RJ, Luthersson N, Tamzali Y. European college of equine internal medicine consensus statement—equine gastric ulcer syndrome in adult horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2015;29:1288‐1299.
    pmc: PMC4858038pubmed: 26340142
  37. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Conturba B, Stancari G, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome affects fitness parameters in poorly performing Standardbred racehorses.. Front Vet Sci 2022;9:1014619.
    pmc: PMC9732101pubmed: 36504861
  38. Reef VB, Davidson EJ, Slack J, Stefanovski D. Hypercapnia and hyperlactatemia were positively associated with higher‐grade arrhythmias during peak exercise in horses during poor performance evaluation on a high‐speed treadmill.. Vet J 2020;266:105572.
    pubmed: 33323171
  39. Slack J, Stefanovski D, Madsen TF, Fjordbakk CT, Strand E, Fintl C. Cardiac arrhythmias in poorly performing Standardbred and Norwegian‐Swedish coldblooded trotters undergoing high‐speed treadmill testing.. Vet J 2021;267:105574.
    pubmed: 33375960
  40. Alberti E, Stucchi L, Lo Feudo CM. Evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias before, during, and after treadmill exercise testing in poorly performing Standardbred racehorses.. Animals 2021;11:2413.
    pmc: PMC8388799pubmed: 34438870
  41. Newell J, Higgins D, Madden N. Software for calculating blood lactate endurance markers.. J Sports Sci 2007;25:1403‐1409.
    pubmed: 17786693
  42. Stucchi L, Valli C, Stancari G, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Creatine‐kinase reference intervals at rest and after maximal exercise in Standardbred racehorses.. Comp Exerc Physiol 2019;15:319‐325.
  43. Hinchcliff KW, Jackson MA, Brown JA. Tracheobronchoscopic assessment of exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2005;66:596‐598.
    pubmed: 15900938
  44. Burrell MH. Endoscopic and virological observations on respiratory disease in a group of young thoroughbred horses in training.. Equine Vet J 1985;17:99‐103.
    pubmed: 2985380
  45. Gerber V, Straub R, Marti E. Endoscopic scoring of mucus quantity and quality: observer and horse variance and relationship to inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and volume.. Equine Vet J 2004;36:576‐582.
    pubmed: 15581321
  46. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Alberti E. The role of thoracic ultrasonography and airway endoscopy in the diagnosis of equine asthma and exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage.. Vet Sci 2021;8:276.
    pmc: PMC8619806pubmed: 34822649
  47. Doucet Y, Viel L. Alveolar macrophage graded hemosiderin score from bronchoalveolar lavage in horses with exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage and controls.. J Vet Intern Med 2002;16:281‐286.
    pubmed: 12041658
  48. Andrews FM, Bernard W, Byars D. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS).. Equine Vet Educ 1999;11:262‐272.
  49. Sykes BW, Bowen M, Habershon‐Butcher JL, Green M, Hallowell GD. Management factors and clinical implications of glandular and squamous gastric disease in horse.. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33:233‐240.
    pmc: PMC6335573pubmed: 30499188
  50. Begg LM, O'Sullivan CB. The prevalence and distribution of gastric ulceration in 345 racehorses.. Aust Vet J 2003;81:199‐201.
    pubmed: 15080440
  51. Rabuffo TS, Orsini JA, Sullivan E, Engiles J, Norman T, Boston R. Associations between age or sex and prevalence of gastric ulceration in Standardbred racehorses in training.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;221:1156‐1159.
    pubmed: 12387386
  52. Roy MA, Vrins A, Beauchamp G, Doucet MY. Prevalence of ulcers of the squamous gastric mucosa in Standardbred horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2005;19:744‐750.
    pubmed: 16231721
  53. Pedersen S, Cribb A, Windeyer M. Risk factors for equine glandular and squamous gastric disease in show jumping warmbloods.. Equine Vet J 2018;50:747‐751.
    pubmed: 29660168
  54. Depecker M, Richard EA, Pitel PH, Fortier G, Leleu C, Couroucé‐Malblanc A. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in Standardbred racehorses: influence of unilateral/bilateral profiles and cut‐off values on lower airway disease diagnosis.. Vet J 2014;199:150‐156.
    pubmed: 24225534
  55. Meyer T, Fedde M, Gaughan E. Quantification of exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage.. Equine Vet J 1998;30:284‐288.
    pubmed: 9705109
  56. Lapointe J, Vrins A, McCarvill E. A survey of exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Q Standardbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 1994;26:482‐485.
    pubmed: 7889923
  57. Crispe EJ, Lester GD. Exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage—is it important and can it be prevented?. Vet Clin Quine 2019;35:339‐350.
    pubmed: 31084976
  58. McGilvray TA, Cardwell JM. Training related risk factors for exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in British National Hunt racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2021;54:283‐289.
    pubmed: 33843093
  59. Costa MFM, Thomassian A. Evaluation of race distance, track surface and season of the year on exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in flat racing thoroughbreds in Brazil.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006;36:487‐489.
    pubmed: 17402471
  60. Hinchcliff KW, Morley PS, Jackson MA. Risk factors for exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in thoroughbred racehorses.. Equine Vet J 2010;42:228‐234.
    pubmed: 21059011
  61. Priest DT, Cheetham J, Regner AL. Dynamic respiratory endoscopy of Standardbred racehorses during qualifying races.. Equine Vet J 2012;44:529‐534.
    pubmed: 22435542
  62. Kannegieter NJ, Dore ML. Endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract during treadmill exercise: a clinical study of 100 horses.. Aust Vet J 1995;72:101‐107.
    pubmed: 7611982
  63. Franklin SH, Allen KJ. Assessment of dynamic upper respiratory tract function in the equine athlete.. Equine Vet Educ 2017;29:92‐103.
  64. Tan RHH, Dowling BA, Dart AJ. High‐speed treadmill videoendoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract in the horse: the results of 291 clinical cases.. Vet J 2005;170:243‐248.
    pubmed: 16129344
  65. Buhl R, Petersen EE, Lindholm M, Bak L, Nostell K. Cardiac arrhythmias in Standardbreds during and after racing—possible association between heart size, valvular regurgitations, and arrhythmias.. J Equine Vet Sci 2013;33:590‐596.
  66. Isgren CM, Upjohn MM, Fernandez‐Fuente M. Epidemiology of exertional rhabdomyolysis susceptibility in Standardbred horses reveals associated risk factors and underlying enhanced performance.. PLoS One 2010;5:e11594.
    pmc: PMC2904368pubmed: 20644724
  67. MacLeay JM, Sorum SA, Valberg SJ, Marsh WE, Sorum MD. Epidemiologic analysis of factors influencing exertional rhabdomyolysis in thoroughbreds.. Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1562‐1566.
    pubmed: 10622169
  68. Upjohn MM, Archer RM, Christley RM, McGowan CM. Incidence and risk factors associated with exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome in National Hunt racehorses in Great Britain.. Vet Rec 2005;156:763‐766.
    pubmed: 15951498
  69. Trope G. Dynamic endoscopy of the equine upper airway—what is significant?. Vet Rec 2013;172:499‐500.
    pubmed: 23667075
  70. Van Erck‐Westergren E, Franklin SH, Bayly WM. Respiratory diseases and their effects on respiratory function and exercise capacity.. Equine Vet J 2013;45:376‐387.
    pubmed: 23368813
  71. Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, Gleed RD. Pulmonary capillary 586 pressure in horses undergoing alteration of pleural pressure by imposition of various upper airway resistive loads.. Equine Vet J 2010;31:27‐33.
    pubmed: 10659217
  72. Lo Feudo CM, Stancari G, Collavo F. Upper and lower airways evaluation in 360 racehorses with dynamic upper airway obstruction.. Animals 2022;12:1563.
    pmc: PMC9219429pubmed: 35739899
  73. Van Erck E. Dynamic respiratory videoendoscopy in ridden sport horses: effect of head flexion, riding and airway inflammation in 129 cases.. Equine Vet J 2011;43:18‐24.
    pubmed: 22082441
  74. Joo K, Povazsai A, Nyerges‐Bohak Z. Asthmatic disease as an underlying cause of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses.. J Equine Vet Sci 2021;96:103308.
    pubmed: 33349416
  75. Wysocka B, Klucinski W. The occurrence of dynamic structural disorders in the pharynx and larynx, at rest and during exercise, in horses diagnosed with mild and moderate equine asthma (inflammatory airway disease).. Pol J Vet Sci 2018;21:203‐211.
    pubmed: 29624000
  76. Koblinger K, McDonald NK, Wasko A. Endoscopic assessment of airway inflammation 637 in horses.. J Vet Intern Med 2011;25:1118‐1126.
    pubmed: 21985142
  77. Newton JR, Wood JLN. Evidence of an association between inflammatory airway disease and EIPH in young thoroughbreds 566 during training.. Equine Vet J 2002;34:417‐424.
    pubmed: 12405727
  78. Da Silva KM, Otaka JNP, Goncalves CAP. Association between exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage and inflammatory airway disease in polo ponies.. J Equine Sci 2017;28:55‐59.
    pmc: PMC5506450pubmed: 28721124
  79. Boshuizen B, De Bruijin M, Dewulf J. Sport horses with inflammatory airway disease (IAD) with predominantly eosinophils or mast cells are more predisposed to poor performance, exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) and have shorter careers when compared to horses with neutrophilic iad.. Equine Vet J 2014;46:7.
  80. McClure SR, Glickman LT, Glickman NW. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in show horses.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1130‐1133.
    pubmed: 10530328
  81. McKenzie E. Hematology and serum biochemistry of the equine athlete.. 2014:921‐929.
  82. Vincent TL, Newton JR, Deaton CM. Retrospective study of predictive variables for maximal heart rate (HRmax) in horses undergoing strenuous treadmill exercise.. Equine Vet J Suppl 2006;36:146‐152.
    pubmed: 17402410
  83. Perrson SGB. Heart rate and blood lactate responses to submaximal treadmill exercise in the normally performing Standardbred trotter—age and sex variations and predictability from the total red blood cell volume.. Zentralb Veterinarmed A 1997;44:125‐132.
    pubmed: 9197201
  84. Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Vatistas NJ, Jones JH. Effect of gastric ulceration on physiologic responses to exercise in horses.. Am J Vet Res 2009;70:787‐795.
    pubmed: 19496670

Citations

This article has been cited 11 times.
  1. Busechian S, Di Salvo A, Orvieto S, Rueca F, Villella C, Sollevanti G, Pieramati C, Nisi I, Della Rocca G. Changes in Fitness Parameters in Ridden Trained Showjumping Horses After Healing of Gastric Ulcers: Preliminary Results. Vet Sci 2025 Dec 21;13(1).
    doi: 10.3390/vetsci13010009pubmed: 41600665google scholar: lookup
  2. Frippiat T, Bonhomme M, Dyson S, Votion DM. Evaluation of Owner-Reported Clinical Signs and Fecal Occult Blood Tests as Predictors of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Competition Dressage Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2025 Nov-Dec;39(6):e70248.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.70248pubmed: 41055229google scholar: lookup
  3. Irving J, Pineau V, Shultz S, Ter Woort F, Julien F, Lambey S, van Erck-Westergren E. Impact of Low-Starch Dietary Modifications on Faecal Microbiota Composition and Gastric Disease Scores in Performance Horses. Animals (Basel) 2025 Jun 28;15(13).
    doi: 10.3390/ani15131908pubmed: 40646806google scholar: lookup
  4. Kiełbik P, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O. Iron Status in Sport Horses: Is It Important for Equine Athletes?. Int J Mol Sci 2025 Jun 12;26(12).
    doi: 10.3390/ijms26125653pubmed: 40565115google scholar: lookup
  5. Hansen S, Hopster-Iversen C, Berg L, Fjeldborg J, Massey C, Piercy RJ, Carstensen H. Chronic idiopathic myopathy in Icelandic horses: A case series. Equine Vet J 2025 Sep;57(5):1341-1346.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.14519pubmed: 40275651google scholar: lookup
  6. Miglio A, Falcinelli E, Mezzasoma AM, Busechian S, Rueca F, Gresele P, Antognoni MT. Biomarkers of in vivo platelet activation in thoroughbreds during their first long-term training. Front Vet Sci 2024;11:1395423.
    doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1395423pubmed: 38831955google scholar: lookup
  7. Filho HCM, Trindade KLG, Silva CJFL, Cruz RKS, Vilela CF, Coelho CS, Filho JDR, Manso HECCC. The Welfare of Horses Competing in Three-Barrel Race Events Is Shown to Be Not Inhibited by Short Intervals between Starts. Animals (Basel) 2024 Feb 9;14(4).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14040583pubmed: 38396551google scholar: lookup
  8. Miglio A, Falcinelli E, Cappelli K, Mecocci S, Mezzasoma AM, Antognoni MT, Gresele P. Effect of Regular Training on Platelet Function in Untrained Thoroughbreds. Animals (Basel) 2024 Jan 27;14(3).
    doi: 10.3390/ani14030414pubmed: 38338057google scholar: lookup
  9. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Stancari G, Conturba B, Bozzola C, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Evaluation of fitness parameters in relation to racing results in 245 Standardbred trotter horses submitted for poor performance examination: A retrospective study. PLoS One 2023;18(10):e0293202.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293202pubmed: 37856522google scholar: lookup
  10. Nath LC, Elliott A, La Gerche A, Weir J, Forbes G, Thomas G, Franklin S. Associations between postrace atrial fibrillation and measures of performance, racing history and airway disease in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023 Nov-Dec;37(6):2573-2583.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16878pubmed: 37740606google scholar: lookup
  11. Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Stancari G, Conturba B, Bozzola C, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Associations between Medical Disorders and Racing Outcomes in Poorly Performing Standardbred Trotter Racehorses: A Retrospective Study. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 9;13(16).
    doi: 10.3390/ani13162569pubmed: 37627359google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,357 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.