FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / J Vet Med Sci / Neutralization antibody response to booster/priming immuniza...
The Journal of veterinary medical science2017; 80(2); 382-386; doi: 10.1292/jvms.17-0538

Neutralization antibody response to booster/priming immunization with new equine influenza vaccine in Japan.

Abstract: Equine influenza (EI) vaccine has been widely used. However, the causative EI virus (H3N8) undergoes continuous antigenic drift, and the vaccine strains must be periodically reviewed and if necessary, updated to maintain vaccine efficacy against circulating viruses. In 2016, the Japanese vaccine was updated by replacing the old viruses with the Florida sub-lineage Clade (Fc) 2 virus, A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010 (Y10). We investigated the virus neutralization (VN) antibody response to Fc2 viruses currently circulating in Europe, after booster or primary immunization with the new vaccine. These European viruses have the amino acid substitution A144V or I179V of the hemagglutinin. In horses that had previously received a primary course and bi-annual boosters with the old vaccine booster, immunization with the updated vaccine increased the VN antibody levels against the European Fc2 viruses as well as Y10. There were no significant differences in the VN titers against Y10 and the Fc2 viruses with A144V or I179V substitution in horses that had received a primary course of the updated vaccine. However, a mixed primary course where the first dose was the old vaccine and the second dose was the updated vaccine, reduced VN titers against the European viruses compared to that against Y10. In summary, the new vaccine affords horses protective level of VN titers against the Fc2 viruses carrying A144V or I179V substitution, but our results suggest that the combination of the old and new vaccines for primary immunization would not be optimum.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2017-12-14 PubMed ID: 29237998PubMed Central: PMC5836781DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0538Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research study explores how vaccinations against equine influenza (horse flu) are updated in Japan to cope with changes in the virus, and how effective this updated vaccination is against current strains of the equine influenza virus found in Europe.

Background

  • Equine influenza is a prevalent illness among horses which is caused by the H3N8 virus. Like many other viruses, H3N8 continuously evolves through a process called antigenic drift, which changes the structure of the virus’s proteins.
  • Because of this continuous change, the vaccines manufactured to protect against equine influenza need to be occasionally updated, just as the human influenza vaccine is.
  • In 2016, Japan updated its equine influenza vaccine by replacing the older strains of the virus used in the vaccine with a newer strain known as A/equine/Yokohama/aq13/2010 (Y10), which is a part of the Florida-clade (Fc) 2 group of H3N8 viruses.

Research Methods

  • The researchers in this study wanted to determine how effective this updated vaccine was against different strains of the Fc2 equine influenza virus currently seen in Europe, some of which have slight changes in their structure (the amino acid substitutions A144V or I179V).
  • They examined the antibody response elicited by the updated vaccine in horses that had previously been vaccinated with the older version of the vaccine, or those that were receiving the vaccine for the first time.

Findings

  • The results indicated that the updated vaccine did prompt an antibody response against the European strains of the Fc2 virus, as well as against the Y10 strain.
  • There were no significant differences in the level of antibody response against Y10 and the European Fc2 viruses, regardless of whether the horse had previously been vaccinated with the old vaccine or was receiving the updated vaccine for the first time.
  • However, using a mix of the old and new vaccines for the primary (first) round of vaccination yielded less effective results against the European strains of the virus compared to Y10.

Conclusion

  • The study concluded that the updated vaccine was effective in eliciting an immune response to both the Y10 and European strains of the Fc2 equine influenza virus.
  • However, the results also suggested that combining the old and updated vaccines for initial immunization may not be as effective in protecting against Fc2 virus strains carrying the A144V or I179V substitutions.

Cite This Article

APA
Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Matsumura T, Kokado H, Gildea S, Cullinane A. (2017). Neutralization antibody response to booster/priming immunization with new equine influenza vaccine in Japan. J Vet Med Sci, 80(2), 382-386. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.17-0538

Publication

The Journal of veterinary medical science
ISSN: 1347-7439
NlmUniqueID: 9105360
Country: Japan
Language: English
Volume: 80
Issue: 2
Pages: 382-386

Researcher Affiliations

Yamanaka, Takashi
  • Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
Nemoto, Manabu
  • Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
Bannai, Hiroshi
  • Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
Tsujimura, Koji
  • Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
Matsumura, Tomio
  • Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
Kokado, Hiroshi
  • Equine Research Institute, the Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
Gildea, Sarah
  • Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co., Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland.
Cullinane, Ann
  • Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co., Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Viral / blood
  • Antibody Formation
  • Female
  • Horse Diseases / immunology
  • Horse Diseases / prevention & control
  • Horse Diseases / virology
  • Horses
  • Immunization, Secondary / veterinary
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / classification
  • Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype / immunology
  • Japan
  • Male
  • Neutralization Tests / veterinary
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / immunology
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / prevention & control
  • Orthomyxoviridae Infections / veterinary
  • Vaccination / veterinary

References

This article includes 22 references
  1. Bulletin O. I. E.2017. Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition. pp. 86–87. OIE Headquarters, Paris.
  2. Cullinane A, Newton JR. Equine influenza--a global perspective.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):205-14.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.029pubmed: 23680107google scholar: lookup
  3. Cullinane A, Elton D, Mumford J. Equine influenza - surveillance and control.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2010 Nov;4(6):339-44.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00176.xpmc: PMC4634605pubmed: 20958927google scholar: lookup
  4. Elton D, Bryant N. Facing the threat of equine influenza.. Equine Vet J 2011 May;43(3):250-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00357.xpubmed: 21492200google scholar: lookup
  5. Elton D, Cullinane A. Equine influenza: antigenic drift and implications for vaccines.. Equine Vet J 2013 Nov;45(6):768-9.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12148pubmed: 24117935google scholar: lookup
  6. Gamoh K, Nakamura S. Update of inactivated equine influenza vaccine strain in Japan.. J Vet Med Sci 2017 Mar 23;79(3):649-653.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.16-0558pmc: PMC5383192pubmed: 28163276google scholar: lookup
  7. Horspool LJ, King A. Equine influenza vaccines in Europe: a view from the animal health industry.. Equine Vet J 2013 Nov;45(6):774-5.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12171pubmed: 24117938google scholar: lookup
  8. Kim JH, Skountzou I, Compans R, Jacob J. Original antigenic sin responses to influenza viruses.. J Immunol 2009 Sep 1;183(5):3294-301.
    doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900398pmc: PMC4460008pubmed: 19648276google scholar: lookup
  9. Kumru OS, Joshi SB, Smith DE, Middaugh CR, Prusik T, Volkin DB. Vaccine instability in the cold chain: mechanisms, analysis and formulation strategies.. Biologicals 2014 Sep;42(5):237-59.
    doi: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.05.007pubmed: 24996452google scholar: lookup
  10. Lai AC, Chambers TM, Holland RE Jr, Morley PS, Haines DM, Townsend HG, Barrandeguy M. Diverged evolution of recent equine-2 influenza (H3N8) viruses in the Western Hemisphere.. Arch Virol 2001;146(6):1063-74.
    doi: 10.1007/s007050170106pubmed: 11504416google scholar: lookup
  11. Perglione CO, Gildea S, Rimondi A, Miño S, Vissani A, Carossino M, Cullinane A, Barrandeguy M. Epidemiological and virological findings during multiple outbreaks of equine influenza in South America in 2012.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016 Jan;10(1):37-46.
    doi: 10.1111/irv.12349pmc: PMC4687505pubmed: 26406274google scholar: lookup
  12. Rash A, Morton R, Woodward A, Maes O, McCauley J, Bryant N, Elton D. Evolution and Divergence of H3N8 Equine Influenza Viruses Circulating in the United Kingdom from 2013 to 2015.. Pathogens 2017 Feb 8;6(1).
    doi: 10.3390/pathogens6010006pmc: PMC5371894pubmed: 28208721google scholar: lookup
  13. SCHOLTENS RG, STEELE JH, DOWDLE WR, YARBROUGH WB, ROBINSON RQ. U.S. EPIZOOTIC OF EQUINE INFLUENZA, 1963.. Public Health Rep (1896) 1964 May;79(5):393-402.
    doi: 10.2307/4592142pmc: PMC1915427pubmed: 14153655google scholar: lookup
  14. Virmani N, Bera BC, Singh BK, Shanmugasundaram K, Gulati BR, Barua S, Vaid RK, Gupta AK, Singh RK. Equine influenza outbreak in India (2008-09): virus isolation, sero-epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of HA gene.. Vet Microbiol 2010 Jul 14;143(2-4):224-37.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.007pubmed: 20053509google scholar: lookup
  15. Webster RG. Are equine 1 influenza viruses still present in horses?. Equine Vet J 1993 Nov;25(6):537-8.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb03009.xpubmed: 8276003google scholar: lookup
  16. Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses.. Microbiol Rev 1992 Mar;56(1):152-79.
    pmc: PMC372859pubmed: 1579108doi: 10.1128/mr.56.1.152-179.1992google scholar: lookup
  17. Wilson WD. Equine influenza.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1993 Aug;9(2):257-82.
    doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30395-4pubmed: 8358645google scholar: lookup
  18. Woodward AL, Rash AS, Blinman D, Bowman S, Chambers TM, Daly JM, Damiani A, Joseph S, Lewis N, McCauley JW, Medcalf L, Mumford J, Newton JR, Tiwari A, Bryant NA, Elton DM. Development of a surveillance scheme for equine influenza in the UK and characterisation of viruses isolated in Europe, Dubai and the USA from 2010-2012.. Vet Microbiol 2014 Mar 14;169(3-4):113-27.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.039pubmed: 24480583google scholar: lookup
  19. Yamanaka T, Niwa H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Epidemic of equine influenza among vaccinated racehorses in Japan in 2007.. J Vet Med Sci 2008 Jun;70(6):623-5.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.70.623pubmed: 18628606google scholar: lookup
  20. Yamanaka T, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Antibody responses induced by Japanese whole inactivated vaccines against equine influenza virus (H3N8) belonging to Florida sublineage clade2.. J Vet Med Sci 2011 Apr;73(4):483-5.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.10-0408pubmed: 21099188google scholar: lookup
  21. Yamanaka T, Cullinane A, Gildea S, Bannai H, Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T. The potential impact of a single amino-acid substitution on the efficacy of equine influenza vaccines.. Equine Vet J 2015 Jul;47(4):456-62.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12290pubmed: 24773030google scholar: lookup
  22. Yamanaka T, Nemoto M, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T, Gildea S, Cullinane A. Assessment of antigenic difference of equine influenza virus strains by challenge study in horses.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016 Nov;10(6):536-539.
    doi: 10.1111/irv.12418pmc: PMC5059955pubmed: 27465864google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 7 times.
  1. Nemoto M, Reedy SE, Yano T, Suzuki K, Fukuda S, Garvey M, Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Cullinane A, Chambers TM. Antigenic comparison of H3N8 equine influenza viruses belonging to Florida sublineage clade 1 between vaccine strains and North American strains isolated in 2021-2022. Arch Virol 2023 Feb 19;168(3):94.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-023-05720-xpubmed: 36806782google scholar: lookup
  2. Karam B, Wilson WD, Chambers TM, Reedy S, Pusterla N. Hemagglutinin inhibition antibody responses to commercial equine influenza vaccines in vaccinated horses. Can Vet J 2021 Mar;62(3):266-272.
    pubmed: 33692582
  3. Pavulraj S, Bergmann T, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Montomoli E, Alami SSE, Ragni-Alunni R, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Immunogenicity of Calvenza-03 EIV/EHV(®) Vaccine in Horses: Comparative In Vivo Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2021 Feb 17;9(2).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines9020166pubmed: 33671378google scholar: lookup
  4. Allkofer A, Garvey M, Ryan E, Lyons R, Ryan M, Lukaseviciute G, Walsh C, Venner M, Cullinane A. Primary vaccination in foals: a comparison of the serological response to equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines administered concurrently or 2 weeks apart. Arch Virol 2021 Feb;166(2):571-579.
    doi: 10.1007/s00705-020-04846-6pubmed: 33410993google scholar: lookup
  5. Reemers S, Sonnemans D, Horspool L, van Bommel S, Cao Q, van de Zande S. Determining Equine Influenza Virus Vaccine Efficacy-The Specific Contribution of Strain Versus Other Vaccine Attributes. Vaccines (Basel) 2020 Sep 3;8(3).
    doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030501pubmed: 32899189google scholar: lookup
  6. Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018;9:1941.
    doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941pubmed: 30237788google scholar: lookup
  7. Nemoto M, Yamanaka T, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kokado H. Complete Genomic Sequences of H3N8 Equine Influenza Virus Strains Used as Vaccine Strains in Japan. Genome Announc 2018 Mar 22;6(12).
    doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00172-18pubmed: 29567739google scholar: lookup
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,030 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.