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Life (Basel, Switzerland)2021; 11(12); 1406; doi: 10.3390/life11121406

Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows and Horses: Comparison to Human Metabolic Syndrome.

Abstract: Obesity has become a serious health problem with frequent occurrence both in human and animal populations. It is estimated that it may affect over 85% of the human population and 70-80% of horses and cows by 2030. Fat cow syndrome (FCS) is a combination of metabolic, digestive, infectious, and reproductive disorders that affects obese periparturient dairy cows, and occurs most frequently in loose-housing systems, where periparturient and dry cows are fed and managed in one group disregarding the lactation stages. Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) was named after human metabolic syndrome (MetS) and has insulin dysregulation as a central and consistent feature. It is often associated with obesity, although EMS may occur in a lean phenotype as well. Other inconsistent features of EMS are cardiovascular changes and adipose dysregulation. Laminitis is the main clinical consequence of EMS. MetS holds a 30-years old lead in research and represents a clustering of risk factors that comprise abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia (impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes mellitus-T2DM), which are associated with doubled atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, and a 5-fold increased risk for T2DM. The main aim of this review is to provide critical information for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in animals, especially in cows and horses, in comparison with MetS. Human medicine studies can offer suitable candidate mechanisms to fill the existing gap in the literature, which might be indispensable for owners to tackle FCS, EMS, and their consequences.
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Publication Date: 2021-12-16 PubMed ID: 34947937PubMed Central: PMC8705694DOI: 10.3390/life11121406Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research provides a comparative view on obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions in both humans and animals, particularly in dairy cows and horses. It highlights the shared characteristics and consequences of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in humans, fat cow syndrome (FCS) in dairy cows, and equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) in horses.

Understanding Metabolic Dysfunctions

  • The paper begins by presenting a general overview of the obesity epidemic both in humans and animals and predicts that by 2030, obesity may affect more than 85% of humans and 70-80% of horses and cows.
  • The MetS in humans includes a cluster of risk factors such as abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar (an indication of type 2 diabetes). These risks double the chance of heart disease and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes by five-fold.
  • The paper identifies insulin dysregulation as a common feature between human MetS, FCS in cows, and EMS in horses. However, it points out the inconsistencies in the association between obesity and these syndromes, especially in horses which can have EMS even in lean conditions.
  • The paper emphasizes understanding the physiological similarities and variances between these syndromes in different species due to idiosyncrasies in their body structures, diets, lifespan and environments.

Fat Cow Syndrome & Equine Metabolic Syndrome

  • Further, the paper focuses on FCS that affects obese periparturient dairy cows, predominantly in loose-housing systems. It is a combination of multiple disorders relating to metabolism, digestion, infection, and reproduction.
  • Like human MetS, EMS in horses features insulin dysregulation as a central aspect. It is often, but not consistently, associated with obesity and can cause cardiovascular changes, adipose dysregulation, and laminitis.

Comparative Study and its Implications

  • The paper discusses how studying MetS in humans, which has had more than 30 years of research, can provide insights into obesity-related dysfunction in animals.
  • The focus of the paper is to better understand the underlying mechanisms of these obesity-related metabolic disorders across species. This can guide the development of prevention and treatment strategies, particularly for FCS and EMS in animals.
  • The research implies that the insights obtained from the study of human medicine can potentially fill the existing literature gap on these disorders in animals, an understanding vital for owners to manage and tackle FCS and EMS and their consequences.

Cite This Article

APA
(2021). Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows and Horses: Comparison to Human Metabolic Syndrome. Life (Basel), 11(12), 1406. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11121406

Publication

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2075-1729
NlmUniqueID: 101580444
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 11
Issue: 12
PII: 1406

Researcher Affiliations

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Citations

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