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Home / Equine Research Bank / Anim Welf / Pathophysiology of penetrating captive-bolt stunning of hors...
Animal welfare (South Mimms, England)2025; 34; e51; doi: 10.1017/awf.2025.10025

Pathophysiology of penetrating captive-bolt stunning of horses.

Abstract: There has been limited research into the effectiveness of penetrating captive bolt (PCB) for stunning horses () at slaughter. This study observed 100 horses at a commercial abattoir in Mexico, stunned using pneumatic PCB. Animals were assessed at the time of stunning and immediately after for signs of effective/ineffective stunning and shot positioning, with macroscopic gross brain pathology conducted to determine brain trauma. Twenty-five percent (25/100) received more than one shot and 28% (28/100) displayed behavioural signs of ineffective stunning. Of these 28 animals, all had deviations of more than 10 mm from the suggested shot position outlined by the Humane Slaughter Association with rostral-caudal deviation associated with an absence of damage to the thalamus, midbrain, and pons. Forty-four percent (44/100) of animals displayed no damage to critical brain structures (thalamus, midbrain, pons and medulla), with this associated with ineffective stunning. Overall, 16% of shots missed the brain (16/100), with a higher proportion of poll shots (30%) missing the brain compared to frontal shots (12%). There is the potential, when animals are shot into the poll, for paralysis from damage to the spinal cord and caudal brainstem structures. Appropriate position, angle and performance of PCB is therefore vital to achieving an effective stun, by targeting critical brain structures responsible for maintaining consciousness and ensuring proper PCB maintenance. Animals should be routinely checked between stunning and exsanguination, with minimal time between these stages, to minimise recovery of consciousness and alleviate suffering for horses at slaughter.
© The Author(s) 2025.
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Publication Date: 2025-07-25 PubMed ID: 40735425PubMed Central: PMC12304776DOI: 10.1017/awf.2025.10025Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research investigates the effectiveness of the penetrating captive bolt (PCB) method of stunning horses during slaughter, highlighting issues related to improper shot positions and the need for proper maintenance of equipment for successful stun.

Study Context and Methodology

  • The study was conducted observing 100 horses in a commercial abattoir located in Mexico where animals were stunned using a pneumatic penetrating captive bolt (PCB).
  • Animals were thoroughly assessed during the stunning process and immediately after it. The assessment was focused on determining the signs of effective or ineffective stunning and the positioning of the shot.
  • A macroscopic study of brain pathology was performed for understanding brain trauma caused due to the shots.

Findings and Analysis

  • 25% of the horses needed more than one shot for stunning, underlining the inefficiency in the first stun attempt.
  • 28% of the horses showed behaviour indicating ineffective stunning. The shot positions in all of these cases deviated more than 10 mm from the recommended position outlined by the Humane Slaughter Association, pointing to improper administration of the method.
  • An interesting observation pointed to the association between rostral-caudal deviation and lack of damage to specific brain parts (thalamus, midbrain, and pons), detailing how the shot position affects the stun effectiveness.
  • 44% of the horses had no damage to critical brain structures that are essential for maintaining consciousness, signifying ineffective stunning.
  • 16% of the total shots missed the horse brains completely. There was a higher miss rate in poll shots (30%) as compared to frontal shots (12%), indicating possible variances in efficiency based on shot type.
  • The research brought up the possible risk of paralysis when the shot is directed into the animal’s poll, due to damage to the spinal cord and lower brainstem structures.

Conclusions and Recommendations

  • Proper positioning, angle, and performance of the PCB are crucial in ensuring the procedure’s effectiveness by targeting specific brain structures responsible for consciousness.
  • Effective maintenance of the PCB is implied to be vital for achieving successful stunning.
  • The study recommends routine checking of animals between the stages of stunning and bloodletting, with minimal time lapse, to prevent the recovery of consciousness and reduce suffering for the horses at the time of slaughter.

Cite This Article

APA
Fletcher KA, Benedetti B, Limon G, Grist A, Padalino B, Hernández-Gil M, Gibson TJ. (2025). Pathophysiology of penetrating captive-bolt stunning of horses. Anim Welf, 34, e51. https://doi.org/10.1017/awf.2025.10025

Publication

Animal welfare (South Mimms, England)
ISSN: 2054-1538
NlmUniqueID: 9214272
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 34
Pages: e51
PII: e51

Researcher Affiliations

Fletcher, Katharine A
  • Animal Welfare Science and Ethics Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
Benedetti, Beatrice
  • Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
Limon, Georgina
  • Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
  • The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK.
Grist, Andrew
  • Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford BS40 5DU, UK.
Padalino, Barbara
  • Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
  • Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, East Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia.
Hernández-Gil, Mariano
  • Department of Medicine, Surgery and Zootechnics for Equines, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Colonia UNAM, CU, Coyoacán, 04510 México.
Gibson, Troy J
  • Animal Welfare Science and Ethics Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.

Conflict of Interest Statement

None.

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