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Animal genetics2026; 57(3); e70146; doi: 10.1002/age.70146

Polygenic Prediction of Equestrian Sport Discipline Among Horses Bred for Jumping and Dressage.

Abstract: Horses bred for different equestrian sports vary in physical, physiological and behavioural requirements. Characterising genetic markers associated with discipline provides an opportunity to improve identification of horses best suited to either jumping or dressage. Using a composite selection signals test, genomic regions under positive selection in German warmblood horses divergent for discipline were identified that contained lead SNPs proximal to or within genes with functions relevant to the requirements for jumping and dressage. Dressage genes function in tortuosity of movement (GRM5) and responsiveness to touch (PROKR2), and have roles in bone development (VWC2, THSD7B, CYP27A1) and growth traits (VPS13B, TMEFF2, NANOS1, ZEB2). Jumping genes function in the modulation of neuropathic pain (LPAR6 and SLITRK1) and encode compounds commonly included in nutritional supplements (CHST15 and TPH2). A polygenic prediction score (PPS) derived from 28 SNPs had an AUC = 0.89, and categorical predictions for dressage and jumping had an overall accuracy of 80%. Among horses with jumping competition records, the jumping genetic profile was highest among elite performers (85.7%) and lowest among inferior performers (69.4%). The PPS could be applied to efficiently and accurately identify young horses most suitable for each discipline before they reach the age for participation in physical performance assessments, and the genetic markers could be applied in genome-enabled breeding strategies to accelerate genetic gain in sport horses. Furthermore, examination of the PPS among Thoroughbred horses indicated that it could be used to inform suitable second careers for racehorses to improve welfare outcomes following retirement from racing.
© 2026 ZINTO LABS LIMITED and The Author(s). Animal Genetics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Stichting International Foundation for Animal Genetics.
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Publication Date: 2026-06-18 PubMed ID: 42310950DOI: 10.1002/age.70146Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This study identified genetic markers associated with suitability for jumping or dressage disciplines in horses bred for equestrian sports.
  • The researchers developed a polygenic prediction score (PPS) that can predict a horse’s best-suited discipline with high accuracy, potentially guiding training and breeding decisions.

Background and Objectives

  • Different equestrian disciplines such as jumping and dressage place distinct physical, physiological, and behavioral demands on horses.
  • Horses bred for these disciplines often show variation in performance traits influenced by genetics.
  • The objective was to identify specific genetic markers under selection in horses bred for jumping versus dressage, to understand the genetic basis of discipline suitability.
  • Another goal was to use these genetic markers to develop a predictive tool that can classify horses early in life for their ideal sport discipline.

Methods

  • The study focused on German warmblood horses, a common breed in equestrian sports with known divergence for jumping and dressage performance.
  • A composite selection signals test was used to detect genomic regions under positive selection in horses specialized for each discipline.
  • Lead single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) nearby or within genes functionally relevant to jumping or dressage were identified.
  • From these SNPs, a polygenic prediction score (PPS) was constructed using 28 SNPs to predict the suitability of horses for either jumping or dressage.

Key Genetic Findings

  • Dressage-associated genes:
    • GRM5: Related to the tortuosity of movement, important for smooth and controlled movements in dressage.
    • PROKR2: Involved in responsiveness to touch, affecting sensitivity and communication during dressage performance.
    • VWC2, THSD7B, CYP27A1: Associated with bone development, crucial for conformation and durability.
    • VPS13B, TMEFF2, NANOS1, ZEB2: Linked to growth traits influencing size and physical build suitable for dressage.
  • Jumping-associated genes:
    • LPAR6 and SLITRK1: Related to modulation of neuropathic pain, potentially supporting recovery and comfort despite intense jumping activity.
    • CHST15 and TPH2: Encode compounds often used in nutritional supplements, which may contribute to energy metabolism or muscle function relevant for jumping.

Polygenic Prediction Score (PPS) Performance

  • The PPS, based on 28 SNPs, achieved a high area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.89, indicating strong predictive power.
  • Using the PPS, overall accuracy in categorizing horses as better suited for dressage or jumping was 80%.
  • Among horses with known jumping competition results, the PPS correctly identified elite performers as having the highest jumping genetic profile (85.7%) compared to inferior performers (69.4%).

Applications and Implications

  • The PPS can be used to identify young horses’ discipline suitability before they participate in physical performance evaluations, enabling earlier and more targeted training.
  • Genetic markers identified in this study could be utilized in genome-enabled breeding programs to accelerate genetic improvement in sport horses specialized for jumping or dressage.
  • Preliminary analysis suggests the PPS may also assist in determining suitable second careers for Thoroughbred racehorses post-retirement, potentially improving welfare outcomes.

Conclusion

  • The identification of genetic markers linked to equestrian sport disciplines represents a significant advance in equine genetics.
  • The polygenic prediction score offers a practical tool for breeders, trainers, and owners, helping optimize training and breeding decisions based on genetic predispositions.
  • This research bridges genomics and applied equestrian sport, fostering improved performance, welfare, and industry sustainability.

Cite This Article

APA
Hill EW, Han H, Holtby AR, Anhold H, McGivney BA. (2026). Polygenic Prediction of Equestrian Sport Discipline Among Horses Bred for Jumping and Dressage. Anim Genet, 57(3), e70146. https://doi.org/10.1002/age.70146

Publication

Animal genetics
ISSN: 1365-2052
NlmUniqueID: 8605704
Country: England
Language: English
Volume: 57
Issue: 3
Pages: e70146

Researcher Affiliations

Hill, Emmeline W
  • Zinto Labs, Co. Dublin, Ireland.
  • UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
Han, Haige
  • Zinto Labs, Co. Dublin, Ireland.
Holtby, Amy R
  • Zinto Labs, Co. Dublin, Ireland.
Anhold, Heinrich
  • Epona Biotech, Co. Sligo, Ireland.
McGivney, Beatrice A
  • Zinto Labs, Co. Dublin, Ireland.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Horses / genetics
  • Horses / physiology
  • Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
  • Sports
  • Multifactorial Inheritance
  • Breeding
  • Female
  • Male
  • Physical Conditioning, Animal

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