Should the use of omeprazole be allowed during equestrian competition?
Abstract: Prioritising equine welfare, making evidenced-based policy, and consistent decision-making across sports are crucial to maintaining the social licence for equestrian sport. Regulations on the use of omeprazole during competition differ; all regulators argue that their rules prioritise welfare. This discrepancy is a matter of concern to the public and equestrian stakeholders. Objective: To apply Campbell's Ethical Framework for the use of Horses in Sport to the question: 'Should the use of omeprazole be allowed during equestrian competition?' Methods: A desk-based ethico-legal study. Methods: Campbell's Ethical Framework for the Use of Horses in Sport was applied in a stepwise fashion: definition of the ethical question; analysis of the evidence base; consideration of stakeholders' interests; harm:benefit analysis; application of the three central tenets of the framework, and formulation of conclusions and recommendations. Results: Stakeholders in equine sports have a variety of (frequently conflicting) interests; all of them share an interest in optimising equine welfare. The incidence of EGUS in competition horses is high. Omeprazole is a cornerstone treatment. There are currently discrepancies in regulation about the use of omeprazole during competitions. Recent evidence suggests that withholding omeprazole treatment for two clear days before competition allows the recurrence of squamous EGUS, whereas withholding treatment on the day of competition only does not have that effect. Conclusions: The current state of scientific knowledge about the use of omeprazole in horses. The analysis did not consider possible health and thus welfare effects of the out-of-competition treatment with omeprazole. Conclusions: Based on recent scientific evidence, if horses are being treated with omeprazole outside of competition then treatment on the day of competition should be permitted on welfare grounds. Revision of regulations around the use of omeprazole during competition by governing bodies is necessary to safeguard the ethical use of horses in sport. Unassigned: Priorizar o bem‐estar equino, elaborar políticas baseadas em evidências e tomar decisões consistentes em todos os esportes são cruciais para manter a licença social para o esporte equestre. As regulamentações sobre o uso de omeprazol durante a competição diferem; todos os reguladores argumentam que suas regras priorizam o bem‐estar. Essa discrepância é motivo de preocupação para o público. Objective: Aplicar o Modelo Ético de Campbell para o Uso de Cavalos em Esportes1 à pergunta: ‘Deve o uso de omeprazol ser permitido durante a competição equestre?’ DESENHO DO ESTUDO: Um estudo ético‐legal baseado em pesquisa documental. Methods: O Modelo Ético de Campbell para o Uso de Cavalos em Esportes1 foi aplicado de forma gradual: definição da questão ética; análise da base de evidências; consideração dos interesses do público alvo; uma análise de dano:benefício; aplicação dos três princípios centrais do modelo; e formulação de conclusões e recomendações. Results: O público de esporte equino têm uma variedade de interesses (frequentemente conflitantes), enquanto todos compartilham o interesse em otimizar o bem‐estar equino. A incidência de EGUS (Síndrome da Úlcera Gástrica Equina) em cavalos de competição é alta, a qual o omeprazol é um tratamento fundamental. Atualmente, há discrepâncias na regulamentação sobre o uso de omeprazol durante competições. Evidências recentes sugerem que a suspensão do tratamento com omeprazol por 2 dias antes da competição permite a recorrência da EGUS da porção escamosa, enquanto a suspensão do tratamento apenas no dia da competição não tem esse efeito. PRINCIPAIS LIMITAÇÕES: O estado atual do conhecimento científico sobre o uso de omeprazol em cavalos. A análise não considerou possíveis efeitos sobre a saúde e, portanto, sobre o bem‐estar do tratamento com omeprazol fora da competição. CONCLUSÕES: Com base em evidências científicas recentes, se os cavalos estão sendo tratados com omeprazol fora da competição, o tratamento no dia da competição deve ser permitido por razões de bem‐estar. A revisão das regulamentações sobre o uso de omeprazol durante a competição pelos órgãos reguladores é necessária para salvaguardar o uso ético dos cavalos no esporte.
© 2024 The Author(s). Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
Publication Date: 2024-07-12 PubMed ID: 38994580PubMed Central: PMC11982411DOI: 10.1111/evj.14129Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
- Journal Article
Summary
This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.
The research article presents a discussion on whether omeprazole, a medication used to treat gastric ulcers in horses, should be permitted during equestrian competitions. Considering the ethical implications and welfare of the animals, the study concludes that as long as horses are being treated with the drug outside of competition, its use on the day of competition should be allowed.
Research Methodology
- The researcher conducted an ethico-legal, desk-based study.
- They used Campbell’s Ethical Framework for the Use of Horses in Sport to guide the study and answer the ethical question raised.
- This Framework was applied in a stepwise manner: defining the ethical question, analyzing the evidence base, considering the stakeholders’ interests, conducting a harm:benefit analysis, applying the three core principles of the framework, and drawing conclusions and recommendations.
Results of the Study
- The researchers found that stakeholders in equine sports have varied, and often conflicting, interests. However, a common focus on equine welfare was identified amongst all.
- One of the key findings is that the incidence of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) in competition horses is high and omeprazole is considered a primary treatment for this condition.
- The study discussed discrepancies in current regulations around the use of omeprazole during competitions, highlighting the need for more uniform rules.
- Recent scientific evidence presented in this study suggests holding off omeprazole treatment for two clear days prior to a competition allows the recurrence of squamous EGUS. In contrast, withholding treatment on the competition day alone does not have the same effect.
Conclusions from the Study
- The article concludes that, given the current scientific understanding of omeprazole’s use in horses, the treatment should be permitted on the day of competition for welfare reasons if the horses are being treated with the drug outside of competitions.
- However, the analysis did not consider potential health or welfare effects as a result of omeprazole treatment outside of competition.
- Ultimately, the research calls for a revision of governing bodies’ regulations around the use of omeprazole during competition. This is seen as a necessary step towards ensuring the ethical treatment of horses in sport.
Cite This Article
APA
Campbell MLH, Sykes BW.
(2024).
Should the use of omeprazole be allowed during equestrian competition?
Equine Vet J, 57(3), 555-562.
https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.14129 Publication
Researcher Affiliations
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK.
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
MeSH Terms
- Animals
- Omeprazole / therapeutic use
- Omeprazole / administration & dosage
- Omeprazole / adverse effects
- Horses
- Sports / ethics
- Horse Diseases / prevention & control
- Horse Diseases / drug therapy
- Animal Welfare / ethics
- Anti-Ulcer Agents / therapeutic use
- Anti-Ulcer Agents / administration & dosage
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
Grant Funding
- World Horse Welfare
Conflict of Interest Statement
Madeleine L. H. Campbell declares no conflict of interest. Benjamin W. Sykes has active consultancies with Kelato and Mayo Health, who have products in the EGUS space. He has also, within the past 3 years, worked, for, or received funding from, the following companies with commercial interests in the EGUS space: Abbey Laboratories, A‐Vet, Equestra Australia, Health Food Symmetry, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Norbrook UK, Salfarm Denmark, and Troy Australia. None of the aforementioned companies had any input into this manuscript.
References
This article includes 26 references
- Douglas J, Owers R, Campbell MLH. Social licence to operate: what can equestrian sports learn from other industries?. Animals 2022;12(15):1987.
- Campbell MLH. An ethical framework for the use of horses in competitive sport: theory and function. Animals 2021;11(6):1725.
- Sykes BWW, Hewetson M, Hepburn RJJ, Luthersson N, Tamzali Y. European College of Equine Internal Medicine—consensus statement equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in adult horses. J Vet Int Med 2015;29:288–1299.
- Murray MJ, Schusser GR, Pipers FS, Gross SJ. Factors associated with gastric lesions in thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 1996;28:368–374.
- Sykes BW, Sykes KM, Hallowell GD. Comparison of 3 doses of omeprazole in EGUS treatment. Equine Vet J 2015;47:285–290.
- Campbell MLH. The role of veterinarians in equestrian sport: a comparative review of ethical issues surrounding human and equine sports medicine. Vet J 2013;197(3):535–540.
- Miltiadis P, Ioannis A, Michalis P, Fotis M. Management of ethical problems in sport within the justice framework. IJSMaRT 2013;11:42–62.
- nn https://www.britishhorseracing.com/regulation/anti‐doping‐medication‐control/prohibited‐substances/
- Ward S, Sykes BW, Brown H, Bishop A, Penaluna LA. A comparison of the prevalence of gastric ulceration in feral and domesticated horses in the UK. Equine Vet Educ 2015;27:655–657.
- Shan R, Steel CM, Sykes B. The impact of two recommended withholding periods for omeprazole and the use of a nutraceutical supplement on recurrence of equine gastric ulcer syndrome in thoroughbred racehorses. Animals 2023;13:1823.
- . Animal Welfare Act. United Kingdom 2006.
- Brown B, Cardwell JM, Verheyen KLP, Campbell MLH. Testing and refining the ethical framework for the use of horses in sport. Animals 2023;13:1821.
- Clark B, Steel C, Vokes J, Shan JR, Gedye K, Lovett A. Evaluation of the effects of medium‐term (57‐day) omeprazole administration and of omeprazole discontinuation on serum gastrin and serum chromogranin A concentrations in the horse. J Vet Intern Med 2023;37(4):1537–1543.
- Vokes J, Lovett A, Sykes B. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome: an update on current knowledge. Animals 2023;13(7):1261.
- McKeever JM, McKeever KH, Albeirci JM, Gordon ME, Manso Filho HC. Effect of omeprazole on markers of performance in gastric ulcer‐free standardbred horses. Equine Vet J 2006;38(36):668–671.
- Sykes BW. A free ride: is long‐term omeprazole therapy safe and effective?. Equine Vet Educ 2021;33:556–560.
- Vatistas NJ, Snyder JR, Carlson G, Johnson B, Arthur RM, Thurmond M. Cross‐sectional study of gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa in thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 1999;31:34–39.
- Jonsson H, Egenvall A. Prevalence of gastric ulceration in Swedish Standardbreds in race training. Equine Vet J 2006;38:209–213.
- Sykes BW, Bowen M, Habershon‐Butcher JL, Green M, Hallowell GD. Management factors and clinical implications of glandular and squamous gastric disease in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33:233–240.
- Helgadottir H, Bjornsson ES. Problems associated with deprescribing of proton pump inhibitors. Int J Mol Sc 2019;20:1–17.
- Waldum HL, Arnestad JS, Brenna E, Eide I, Syversen U, Sandvik AK. Marked increase in gastric acid secretory capacity after omeprazole treatment. Gut 1996;39:649–653.
- Campbell MLH, McNamee MJ. Ethics, genetic technologies and equine sports: the prospect of regulation of a modified therapeutic use exemption policy. Sport Ethics Philos 2020;15(2):227–250.
- Dunn WR, George MS, Churchill L, Spindler KP. Ethics in sports medicine. Am J Sports Med 2007;35(5):840–844.
- Campbell MLH. Ethical justifications for the use of animals in competitive sport. Sport Ethics Philos 2023;17(4):403–421.
- . FEI Equine Ethics and Wellbeing Commission. The Equestrian Charter. 2023.
- . Omeprazole (Losec) Datasheet. 2023.
Use Nutrition Calculator
Check if your horse's diet meets their nutrition requirements with our easy-to-use tool Check your horse's diet with our easy-to-use tool
Talk to a Nutritionist
Discuss your horse's feeding plan with our experts over a free phone consultation Discuss your horse's diet over a phone consultation
Submit Diet Evaluation
Get a customized feeding plan for your horse formulated by our equine nutritionists Get a custom feeding plan formulated by our nutritionists