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Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)2026; 26(13); 4002; doi: 10.3390/s26134002

Smartphone-Based Technologies in Equine Sports Medicine: Supporting Athlete Management-A Review.

Abstract: Equine sports medicine is increasingly oriented toward objective, field-based monitoring systems that support both performance optimization and welfare assessment. In this context, smartphone-based technologies have emerged as accessible tools capable of integrating data acquisition, processing, and interpretation within a single platform. This narrative review aims to examine the role of smartphones in equine sports medicine, focusing on their function as standalone sensing devices and as gateways for wearable and external sensor systems. The analysis is based on a structured synthesis of current literature addressing technological foundations, including embedded sensors, connectivity architectures, and artificial intelligence-driven data processing, as well as their clinical applications across locomotor, cardiovascular, respiratory, behavioural, and thermoregulatory domains. Evidence indicates that smartphone-based systems improve the feasibility of longitudinal monitoring and facilitate real-time decision-making in field conditions, while enhancing communication between veterinarians, trainers, and owners. However, their performance remains influenced by acquisition conditions, system variability, and algorithmic constraints, requiring careful validation and contextual interpretation. In addition, challenges related to data governance, privacy, and ethical use remain insufficiently addressed. Overall, smartphone-based technologies represent enabling tools that support a transition toward more integrated, data-driven, and welfare-oriented management of the equine athlete, while highlighting the need for standardisation and regulatory development.
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Publication Date: 2026-06-24 PubMed ID: 42451249PubMed Central: PMC13364340DOI: 10.3390/s26134002Google Scholar: Lookup
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  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

Overview

  • This review examines the use of smartphone-based technologies in equine sports medicine, highlighting how these tools help monitor and manage horse athletes to improve performance and welfare.
  • It discusses the technology behind smartphones as sensing devices, their integration with wearables, and the clinical applications across various physiological and behavioral areas.

Introduction to Smartphone Technologies in Equine Sports Medicine

  • Equine sports medicine is moving towards objective, field-based monitoring systems for better performance optimization and welfare assessment.
  • Smartphones have become accessible, multifunctional platforms combining data acquisition, processing, and interpretation in one device.
  • They support continuous and real-time monitoring that helps in making informed decisions regarding athlete management.

Technological Foundations

  • Embedded Sensors: Smartphones typically include accelerometers, gyroscopes, cameras, and GPS, which enable tracking of movement, location, and physiological metrics.
  • Connectivity Architectures: Smartphones can connect with external sensors and wearables via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, acting as hubs for comprehensive data collection.
  • Artificial Intelligence: AI algorithms process complex sensor data to provide actionable insights, detect abnormalities, and predict outcomes related to equine health and performance.

Clinical Applications Across Domains

  • Locomotor System: Monitoring gait, stride length, symmetry, and movement irregularities to detect lameness or optimize training regimens.
  • Cardiovascular Monitoring: Measuring heart rate variability and arrhythmias for cardiovascular health assessments.
  • Respiratory System: Using acoustic sensors and AI to assess breathing patterns, detect respiratory distress, or performance-limiting conditions.
  • Behavioural Assessment: Tracking activity patterns, stress indicators, and behavioral changes to inform welfare and training adjustments.
  • Thermoregulatory Monitoring: Temperature sensors and infrared imaging help to track heat stress and inflammation.

Benefits of Smartphone-Based Systems

  • Allow longitudinal, continuous monitoring in field settings without the need for bulky equipment.
  • Facilitate real-time decision-making by delivering immediate feedback to veterinarians, trainers, and owners.
  • Improve communication and coordination among stakeholders through shared data platforms.
  • Enable integration of multiple sensor types for a holistic view of equine athlete health and performance.

Limitations and Challenges

  • Performance depends heavily on acquisition conditions such as environment, sensor placement, and movement artifacts.
  • System variability due to differences in hardware, software, and calibration affects reliability and repeatability.
  • Algorithmic constraints, including AI model generalizability and accuracy, need thorough validation.
  • Issues around data governance, privacy protection, and ethical considerations related to data use are currently under-addressed.

Future Directions and Recommendations

  • Emphasize the need for standardization of protocols and validation to ensure consistent and accurate measurements.
  • Develop regulations for data management, privacy safeguarding, and ethical application of technology in equine sports medicine.
  • Encourage collaboration across technological developers, veterinarians, trainers, and regulatory bodies to maximize the benefits of smartphone integration.
  • Promote further research to explore novel sensor technologies, AI advancements, and new clinical applications.

Conclusion

  • Smartphone-based technologies are promising tools that enable more integrated and data-driven management of equine athletes.
  • They support welfare-oriented approaches while improving feasibility of monitoring in real-world sports settings.
  • Successful adoption relies on overcoming technological, ethical, and regulatory challenges through multidisciplinary efforts.

Cite This Article

APA
Meistro F, D'Angelo P, Spadari A, Rinnovati R. (2026). Smartphone-Based Technologies in Equine Sports Medicine: Supporting Athlete Management-A Review. Sensors (Basel), 26(13), 4002. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26134002

Publication

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 1424-8220
NlmUniqueID: 101204366
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 26
Issue: 13
PII: 4002

Researcher Affiliations

Meistro, Federica
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
D'Angelo, Paola
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
Spadari, Alessandro
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
Rinnovati, Riccardo
  • Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.

MeSH Terms

  • Animals
  • Smartphone
  • Horses / physiology
  • Sports Medicine / methods
  • Monitoring, Physiologic / methods
  • Athletes
  • Wearable Electronic Devices
  • Humans

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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