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PloS one2021; 16(11); e0257820; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257820

The effect of horseshoes and surfaces on horse and jockey centre of mass displacements at gallop.

Abstract: Horseshoes influence how horses' hooves interact with different ground surfaces, during the impact, loading and push-off phases of a stride cycle. Consequently, they impact on the biomechanics of horses' proximal limb segments and upper body. By implication, different shoe and surface combinations could drive changes in the magnitude and stability of movement patterns in horse-jockey dyads. This study aimed to quantify centre of mass (COM) displacements in horse-jockey dyads galloping on turf and artificial tracks in four shoeing conditions: 1) aluminium; 2) barefoot; 3) GluShu; and 4) steel. Thirteen retired racehorses and two jockeys at the British Racing School were recruited for this intervention study. Tri-axial acceleration data were collected close to the COM for the horse (girth) and jockey (kidney-belt), using iPhones (Apple Inc.) equipped with an iOS app (SensorLog, sample rate = 50 Hz). Shoe-surface combinations were tested in a randomized order and horse-jockey pairings remained constant. Tri-axial acceleration data from gallop runs were filtered using bandpass Butterworth filters with cut-off frequencies of 15 Hz and 1 Hz, then integrated for displacement using Matlab. Peak displacement was assessed in both directions (positive 'maxima', negative 'minima') along the cranio-caudal (CC, positive = forwards), medio-lateral (ML, positive = right) and dorso-ventral (DV, positive = up) axes for all strides with frequency ≥2 Hz (mean = 2.06 Hz). Linear mixed-models determined whether surfaces, shoes or shoe-surface interactions (fixed factors) significantly affected the displacement patterns observed, with day, run and horse-jockey pairs included as random factors; significance was set at p<0.05. Data indicated that surface-type significantly affected peak COM displacements in all directions for the horse (p<0.0005) and for all directions (p≤0.008) but forwards in the jockey. The largest differences were observed in the DV-axis, with an additional 5.7 mm and 2.5 mm of downwards displacement for the horse and jockey, respectively, on the artificial surface. Shoeing condition significantly affected all displacement parameters except ML-axis minima for the horse (p≤0.007), and all displacement parameters for the jockey (p<0.0005). Absolute differences were again largest vertically, with notable similarities amongst displacements from barefoot and aluminium trials compared to GluShu and steel. Shoe-surface interactions affected all but CC-axis minima for the jockey (p≤0.002), but only the ML-axis minima and maxima and DV-axis maxima for the horse (p≤0.008). The results support the idea that hoof-surface interface interventions can significantly affect horse and jockey upper-body displacements. Greater sink of hooves on impact, combined with increased push-off during the propulsive phase, could explain the higher vertical displacements on the artificial track. Variations in distal limb mass associated with shoe-type may drive compensatory COM displacements to minimize the energetic cost of movement. The artificial surface and steel shoes provoked the least CC-axis movement of the jockey, so may promote greatest stability. However, differences between horse and jockey mean displacements indicated DV-axis and CC-axis offsets with compensatory increases and decreases, suggesting the dyad might operate within displacement limits to maintain stability. Further work is needed to relate COM displacements to hoof kinematics and to determine whether there is an optimum configuration of COM displacement to optimise performance and minimise injury.
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Publication Date: 2021-11-23 PubMed ID: 34813584PubMed Central: PMC8610270DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257820Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article focuses on how the choice of horseshoes and surfaces impacts the biomechanics of horse-jockey pairs during galloping by observing changes in their centre of mass (COM) displacements. The three variables considered are different types of horseshoes (aluminium, barefoot, GluShu, and steel), surfaces (turf or artificial track), and the combined effect of both.

Research Methodology

  • The study enlisted thirteen retired racehorses and two jockeys from the British Racing School.
  • Centre of mass (COM) was monitored using iPhones fitted with a specific iOS application, SensorLog, attached to a specific area of both the horse (girth) and the jockey (kidney-belt). The app gathered tri-axial acceleration data.
  • The different shoe-surface combinations were introduced in a random manner, whereas the horse-jockey pairings stayed constant.
  • The tri-axial acceleration data collected from the gallop runs were processed using bandpass Butterworth filters and integrated for displacement.
  • The peak displacement in all directions was evaluated in positive and negative along three axes – cranio-caudal (forwards and backwards), medio-lateral (right and left), and dorso-ventral (up and down).
  • The effect of surfaces, shoe types, and their interactions, on observed displacement patterns were statistically evaluated through linear mixed-models, considering day, run and horse-jockey pairs as random factors.

Results of the Study

  • Surface type significantly affected COM displacements in all directions for both horse and jockey, except for the forward direction in jockeys.
  • Considerably higher differences were registered in the dorso-ventral or vertical axis setup. The displacement was higher downwards by an additional 5.7 mm and 2.5 mm for the horse and jockey, respectively, on the artificial surface.
  • Different shoeing conditions notably impacted all displacement parameters, with maximum differences seen vertically.
  • Shoe-surface interactions also affected the displacement parameters, except for medio-lateral minima for horses and cranio-caudal minima for jockeys.

These results indicate that arrangements related to hoof-surface interface can have substantial effects on horse and jockey displacements. The heightened vertical displacements on artificial track may be due to an increased sink of hooves on impact, combined with augmented push-off during the propulsive phase. Variations associated with shoe-types could result in compensatory COM displacements. The study also encourages further research to link COM displacements to hoof kinematics, and to determine an optimum configuration for performance enhancement and injury minimization.

Cite This Article

APA
Horan K, Kourdache K, Coburn J, Day P, Carnall H, Harborne D, Brinkley L, Hammond L, Millard S, Lancaster B, Pfau T. (2021). The effect of horseshoes and surfaces on horse and jockey centre of mass displacements at gallop. PLoS One, 16(11), e0257820. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257820

Publication

PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
NlmUniqueID: 101285081
Country: United States
Language: English
Volume: 16
Issue: 11
Pages: e0257820
PII: e0257820

Researcher Affiliations

Horan, Kate
  • The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
  • The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
Kourdache, Kieran
  • The British Racing School, Newmarket, United Kingdom.
Coburn, James
  • James Coburn AWCF Farriers Ltd, Newmarket, United Kingdom.
Day, Peter
  • The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
Carnall, Henry
  • James Coburn AWCF Farriers Ltd, Newmarket, United Kingdom.
Harborne, Dan
  • James Coburn AWCF Farriers Ltd, Newmarket, United Kingdom.
Brinkley, Liam
  • James Coburn AWCF Farriers Ltd, Newmarket, United Kingdom.
Hammond, Lucy
  • The British Racing School, Newmarket, United Kingdom.
Millard, Sean
  • The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
Lancaster, Bryony
  • The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
Pfau, Thilo
  • The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.

MeSH Terms

  • Acceleration
  • Animals
  • Biomechanical Phenomena
  • Confidence Intervals
  • Data Analysis
  • Hoof and Claw / physiology
  • Horses / physiology
  • Linear Models
  • Locomotion / physiology

Conflict of Interest Statement

TP is the owner of EquiGait Ltd providing equine gait analysis products and services. JC is the owner of James Coburn AWCF Ltd, which employed JC, HC, DH and LB at the time of the study. JC, PD, HC and DH are currently registered farriers. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

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Citations

This article has been cited 8 times.
  1. Horan K, Price H, Day P, Mackechnie-Guire R, Pfau T. Timing Differences in Stride Cycle Phases in Retired Racehorses Ridden in Rising and Two-Point Seat Positions at Trot on Turf, Artificial and Tarmac Surfaces. Animals (Basel) 2023 Aug 9;13(16).
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