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American journal of veterinary research.
Publisher:
American Veterinary Medical Assn.. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association
Frequency: Monthly
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
American Veterinary Medical Association.
Start Year:1940 -
Identifiers
| ISSN: | 0002-9645 (Print) 1943-5681 (Electronic) 0002-9645 (Linking) |
| NLM ID: | 0375011 |
| (DNLM): | A25065000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01480202 |
| Coden: | AJVRAH |
| LCCN: | 42050041 |
| Classification: | W1 AM53 |
Safety of ceftiofur sodium administered intramuscularly in horses. Ceftiofur sodium, a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, was evaluated for safe use in horses. Male or female horses were allotted to groups and were given either saline solution (control), or 2.2, 6.6, or 11 mg of an aqueous solution of ceftiofur sodium/kg of body weight/d, IM, for 30 or 31 days. These dosages are expressed in terms of the ceftiofur free acid, and represent 1 to 5 times the proposed therapeutic dosage (2.2 mg/kg/d) administered for 3 times the maximal recommended duration of 10 days. Some of the horses were euthanatized and necropsied on day 31 or 32. The other horses wer...
Ultrasonographic and quantitative histologic assessment of sequelae to testicular biopsy in stallions. A sample of testicular parenchymal tissue, approximately 2 x 7 x 7 mm, was aseptically removed from 1 testis in each of 9 stallions on day 0. Slight to moderate hemorrhage from the tunica albuginea was observed in 8 stallions, but bleeding from the parenchyma was detected in only 2 stallions. Stallions were castrated 27 days later. Normal development of granulation tissue was evident at the biopsy site, but hematomas were not observed. In situ measurement of the widths of the right and left testes, total scrotal width, and evaluation of testicular echogenicity during ultrasonography were varia...
Cross-reactivity between a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a tumor-associated antigen on bovine lymphosarcoma cells and blood lymphocytes from various mammalian species. Tumor-associated antigens that are expressed in lymphosarcoma B cells of cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis had been analyzed in terms of their reactivity with 13 monoclonal antibodies (MAB). By use of flow cytometry and radioimmunoprecipitation, 1 of the MAB (c143) that recognized a tumor-associated antigen cross-reacted with blood lymphocytes (BL) from various mammalian species. By use of flow cytometry, the c143 MAB reacted with 10 to 49% of BL derived from human beings, mice, dogs, horses, pigs, llamas, sheep, goats, and cattle. Titer of the c143 MAB with BL from horses, pigs, human bein...
Additive and synergistic pharmacologic inhibition of equine fibrinoligase (factor XIIIa*-like) biochemical activity. A selected group of pharmaceutical compounds were evaluated for the ability to inhibit the biochemical activity of fibrinoligase (coagulation factor XIIIa*) in pooled equine plasma. Criteria for the pharmaceuticals selected were based on the mechanism of the transglutamination biochemical reaction mediated by coagulation factor XIIa*. These criteria were complemented by recognition of the molecular configuration and chemical composition of amino acid residue side chains involved in the process of covalent fibrin monomer polymerization (cross-linking, transglutamination) mediated by this enzyme...
Anatomy of the prepubic tendon in the horse, cow, sheep, goat, and dog. Analyses of the fibers in the prepubic tendon of the horse and ruminants have shown that it is composed of the crossed and uncrossed tendons of origin of the pectineus muscles, the pelvic tendons of the rectus and obliquus abdominis muscles, and the tendons of origin of the cranial parts of the gracilis muscles. Pelvic attachments of the linea alba and the yellow abdominal tunic are incorporated in it. It is not a transverse ligament, and it is not homologous to the human superior (cranial) pubic ligament. The dog differs in 4 respects: (1) the pectineus tendons do not cross, but each originat...
Ultrastructural mucosal injury after experimental ischemia of the ascending colon in horses. The ultrastructural injury that develops sequentially in the ascending colon during experimentally induced ischemia was examined in 6 halothane-anesthetized horses. Colonic ischemia was created by 2 types of vascular occlusion 24 cm proximal and distal to the pelvic flexure. In all horses, transmural vascular compression was created. The colonic venous circulation was obstructed in 3 horses, whereas in the other 3 horses, arterial and venous circulation was obstructed. Two additional horses were anesthetized as controls for determination of any morphologic alterations associated with the exper...
Epidermal growth factor-like activity in mares’ milk. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like activity was measured in mares' colostrum and milk by radioreceptor assay. Milk samples were collected from 22 mares 1 or more times during early lactation. Samples of colostrum were taken after parturition and before the foal first suckled (presuckle), within 6 hours after the foal first suckled (postsuckle), and on days 1, 2, 4, and 8 of lactation. In the 5 mares from which milk samples were obtained at each sampling time, presuckle colostral mean EGF-like activity (17.8 ng/ml) was greatest (P less than 0.05). The mean values for EGF-like activity at all ot...
Evaluation of an automated system for hemoglobin measurement in animals. In veterinary medicine, PCV determined by centrifugation of blood in a microhematocrit tube is the most common clinical test used to initially assess and monitor anemic and polycythemic animals. In contrast, blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, rather than PCV, is generally determined in human patients. One automated system photometrically measures blood Hb concentration after conversion of Hb to azide methemoglobin without dilution and was found to be a simple and accurate instrument for use in human medicine. We evaluated the system for its accuracy in measuring blood Hb concentration in ani...
Effects of xylazine on airway function in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction. The effect of IV administration of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg of body weight) was examined in ponies with recurrent obstructive pulmonary disease, commonly called heaves. Six ponies with the disease (principals) were studied during clinical remission and during an acute attack of airway obstruction precipitated by stabling and feeding of dusty hay. Six control ponies were also studied. In principal ponies with airway obstruction, xylazine administration significantly (P < 0.05) decreased pulmonary resistance and increased dynamic compliance, but did n...
Bronchoscopy of the horse. The endobronchial anatomy of 12 lung specimens from horses and 12 healthy, standing, sedated horses was evaluated, using a 200-cm-long, 9.5-mm-diameter videoendoscope. On the basis of these findings, the nomenclature system of Amis and McKiernan was modified for identification of airways of horses during bronchoscopy. Lobar bronchi are identified on the basis of the side of the bronchial tree on which they were found and the order in which they originated from the primary bronchus. Thus, RB1, RB2, and RB3 referred to right cranial lobar bronchus, respectively. On the left side, the designation...
Evaluation of clinical signs of disease, bronchoalveolar and tracheal wash analysis, and arterial blood gas tensions in 13 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with prednisone, methyl sulfonmethane, and clenbuterol hydrochloride. We evaluated the efficacy of 3 treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses: prednisone (400 mg/horse, PO, daily; n = 7), methyl sulfonmethane (10 g/horse, PO, q 12 h; n = 6), and clenbuterol hydrochloride (0.4 mg/horse, PO, q 12 h; n = 7). A fourth group acted as controls (n = 6) and was not treated. The treatment period lasted 10 days. Each horse was a member of 2 different groups for 10 days, separated by an 18-day interval of no treatment. All horses were housed together in an outdoor pen without bedding. Horses were fed alfalfa/grass hay mix ad libitum from a large feede...
Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole and its concentration in body fluids and endometrial tissues of mares. Serum concentrations of metronidazole were determined in 6 healthy adult mares after a single IV injection of metronidazole (15 mg/kg of body weight). The mean elimination rate (K) was 0.23 h-1, and the mean elimination half-life (t1/2) was 3.1 hours. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 0.69 L/kg, and the clearance was 168 ml/h/kg. Each mare was then given a loading dose (15 mg/kg) of metronidazole at time 0, followed by 4 maintenance doses (7.5 mg/kg, q 6 h) by nasogastric tube. Metronidazole concentrations were measured in serial samples of serum, synovia, peritoneal flui...
Keratin and associated proteins of the equine hoof wall. In this study, we described water-insoluble proteins extracted from the germinative regions (stratum internum and coronary band epithelium) and the cornified outer surface (stratum medium) of the equine hoof wall. Two major types of polypeptides were identified: the intermediate filaments (IF) and the IF-associated proteins. The IF, including keratins, composed a major portion of this fraction, had electrophoretic mobilities on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the range of 40 to 80 kDa, and reacted with acidic or basic keratin-specific monoclonal antibodies. Differe...
Effect of hypertonic and isotonic saline solutions on plasma constituents of conscious horses. Blood constituents and vascular volume indices were determined in 5 standing horses by use of 2-period crossover experimental design. Horses were either administered hypertonic (2,400 mosm/kg of body weight, i.v.) or isotonic (300 mosm/kg, i.v.) saline solution. Each solution was administered at a dosage of 5 ml/kg (infusion rate, 80 ml/min). Samples for determination of PCV, plasma volume, blood volume, plasma osmolality, total amount of plasma protein and plasma concentrations of protein, Na, K, and Cl were collected at 0 hour (baseline, before fluid infusion) and 0.5 hour (at the end of flu...
Regional brain blood flow during prolonged submaximal exercise in ponies. Experiments were carried out on 8 healthy ponies to examine the effects of prolonged submaximal exercise on regional distribution of brain blood flow. Brain blood flow was ascertained by use of 15-microns-diameter radionuclide-labeled microspheres injected into the left ventricle. The reference blood was withdrawn from the thoracic aorta at a constant rate of 21.0 ml/min. Hemodynamic data were obtained with the ponies at rest (control), and at 5, 15, and 26 minutes of exercise performed at a speed setting of 13 mph on a treadmill with a fixed incline of 7%. Exercise lasted for 30 minutes and w...
Furosemide-induced electrolyte depletion associated with echinocytosis in horses. Echinocytes have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of exertional diseases in horses. To evaluate the hypothesis that echinocytes are dehydrated erythrocytes, we decreased blood sodium and potassium concentrations in 4 horses by administering furosemide (1.0 mg/kg of body weight, q 12 h) for 2 days and we monitored CBC, serum and erythrocyte sodium and potassium concentrations, and echinocyte numbers. Serum sodium concentration decreased progressively over the 48 hours of furosemide administration, then returned to near baseline concentration at 168 hours. A statistically significant decrea...
Retrospective evaluation of factors associated with the risk of seropositivity to Ehrlichia risticii in horses in New York State. A retrospective study was designed to determine the distribution of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis among the equine population in New York state, and to identify factors associated with risk of disease. Serum samples submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of the university during the period from January 1985 through December 1986 were examined for antibodies to Ehrlichia risticii, using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Factors evaluated included geographic origin and date of submission of the sample, and age, breed, and sex of the horse. Logistic regression analysis was used to iden...
Effects of ketamine infusion on halothane minimal alveolar concentration in horses. Eight adult horses were used in a study to determine ketamine's ability to reduce halothane requirement. To obtain steady-state plasma concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 micrograms/ml, loading doses and constant infusions for ketamine were calculated for each horse on the basis of data from other studies in which the pharmacokinetic properties of ketamine were investigated. Blood samples for determination of plasma ketamine concentrations were collected periodically during each experiment. Plasma ketamine concentrations were determined by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectromet...
Effect of the somatostatin analogue octreotide on gastric fluid pH in ponies. The effect of the somatostatin analogue, octreotide, on gastric fluid pH was investigated in 4 ponies. Gastric fluid pH was determined after SC administration of octreotide or physiologic saline solution (control). A baseline sample of fluid was obtained, the agent was given, and 8 additional samples were collected hourly. Administration of octreotide at all dosages tested (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 micrograms/kg of body weight) increased gastric pH to > 5.0. Baseline values were consistently 4.0 for 2.4 +/- 1.2, 4.8 +/- 0.8, 5.7 +/- 1.3, and 5.4 +/- 2.6 (mean +/- SD) continuous hours, respec...
Arteriovenous differences for glutamine in the equine gastrointestinal tract. Glutamine has been shown to be an important metabolic substrate of enterocytes in many animals, including cats, dogs, hamsters, human beings, monkeys, rabbits, rats, and sheep. To determine whether glutamine is important in the metabolism of cells of the equine gastrointestinal tract, we examined transintestinal differences in glutamine concentrations in the arterial and venous circulation, and measured activity of the major glutamine catabolizing enzyme, glutaminase. Arteriovenous differences provide an index of the amount of a given substrate removed by the tissue across which the measuremen...
Hemodynamic and respiratory responses to variable arterial partial pressure of oxygen in halothane-anesthetized horses during spontaneous and controlled ventilation. Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to variable PaO2 were measured in 6 horses anesthetized only with halothane during spontaneous (SV) and controlled (CV) ventilation. The minimal alveolar concentration (MAC) for halothane in oxygen was determined in each spontaneously breathing horse prior to establishing PaO2 study conditions--mean +/- SEM, 0.95 +/- 0.03 vol%. The PaO2 conditions of > 250, 120, 80, and 50 mm of Hg were studied in each horse anesthetized at 1.2 MAC of halothane and positioned in left lateral recumbency. In response to a decrease in PaO2, total peripheral resistance a...
Effect of protein source in liquid formula diets on food intake, physiologic values, and growth of equine neonates. The effects of 2 liquid formula diets differing in protein source were evaluated in orphan foals. The response of 7 foals fed a diet containing casein as the protein source, and 6 foals fed a diet containing a combination of whey and casein, was compared with the response in a reference group of 8 mare-raised foals. Orphaned foals were fed 150 kcal/kg of body weight/d, divided into 6 equal feedings of 25 kcal/kg. Formula intake was comparable among the experimental groups, and foals fed the liquid formula diet grew as well as mare-raised foals. There was no difference among groups in mean dail...
Potential use of simple manganese salts as antioxidant drugs in horses. The scavenging of superoxide radicals by endogenous and therapeutically administered superoxide dismutases may prevent superoxide-mediated oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation, membrane lysis, and cell death in a wide variety of normal and pathologic states. Simple inorganic manganous salts such as MnCl2 also have superoxide dismutase-like activity and are extremely inexpensive, compared with enzymatic superoxide dismutase preparations. In this study, we explored the use of Mn salts as antioxidant drugs. We used the percentage of inhibition of nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by super...
Effect of xylazine on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in conscious horses. Lumbosacral CSF pressure was measured in 6 horses via a catheter inserted through the lumbosacral space. Heart rate, facial artery pressure, central venous pressure, and CSF pressure were measured before IV injection of a saline solution control, for 15 minutes after saline solution injection, and for 60 minutes after the IV injection of 1.1 mg of xylazine/kg of body weight. Arterial pH and blood gases were analyzed before saline solution injection, 15 minutes after saline solution injection, and at 15, 30, and 60 minutes after xylazine injection. Constant craniocervical posture was maintained...
Kinetics of healing of grafted and nongrafted wounds on the distal portion of the forelimbs of horses. Full-thickness, circular, cutaneous wounds (5 cm in diameter) were created on the distal portion of the forelimbs of 6 horses. One wound on each horse was treated with 6 full-thickness punch grafts that were obtained from the horse's neck with a 6-mm skin biopsy punch and inserted in the graft sites on day 14 after wounding. The wound on the contralateral limb was not grafted. A combination of ticarcillin disodium and clavulanate potassium was applied to the wounds when bandages were changed to control bacterial infection. Areas of each wound were measured on days 1, 7, 9, 11, 13 through 15, 1...
Effects of split-thickness and full-thickness skin grafts on secondary graft contraction in horses. Full-thickness, circular (4-cm diameter) cutaneous wounds were created on the metacarpi and metatarsi of 6 horses. Immediately after wounding, 1 wound on each horse received a meshed, split-thickness skin graft (0.64 mm) obtained from the ventrolateral aspect of the horse's thorax by use of a pneumatic dermatome, whereas a second wound received a meshed, full-thickness skin graft obtained from the pectoral area. In addition, sections of split-thickness and full-thickness grafts were refrigerated in a solution of McCoy's 5A medium, to which equine serum (10%) and gentamicin sulfate solution (16...
Comparison of standard and radionuclide methods for measurement of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal blood flow in female horses. Comparison of standard and radionuclide methods for measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal blood flow (ERBF) was performed in 8 healthy female horses. Inulin and p-aminohippurate solutions were administered IV as a bolus, followed by sustained administration. Urine and plasma inulin and p-aminohippurate concentrations and urine volume were measured. Glomerular filtration rate and ERBF were calculated on the basis of these measurements. Glomerular filtration rate and ERBF were measured on the basis of plasma clearance of the radiopharmaceuticals, 99mTc-labeled diethylene...
Effect of head and neck position on respiratory mechanics in horses sedated with xylazine. We studied the temporal changes in respiratory mechanics associated with xylazine administration (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, IV) in standing horses (experiment 1), and determined the effects of head and neck position (experiment 2) and atropine administration (experiment 3) on the observed changes. Thoroughbred geldings, 3 to 5 years old (5 in experiment 1, 4 in experiments 2 and 3) were used. Flow rates were obtained from a pneumotachograph and a differential transducer attached to a tight-fitting mask. Electronic integration of the flow signal gave tidal volume. Total pulmonary pressure (PL) ...
Influence of wound shape on wound contraction in horses. Three sets of paired circular and square full-thickness skin wounds were made on the dorsum of the metacarpus (n = 48) of 8 horses. Each wound was 6.25 cm2 in area. The wounds were treated topically with an ointment, nonadherent dressing, and bandaged with a snug elastic wrap. Wounds were photographed every other day until healing was complete. Wound areas were measured and exponential and linear wound healing models were applied to the wound healing data generated. Wound healing variables measured for each wound were: number of days to healing, maximal size attained, rate of wound contraction...
Long-term cannulation of the ovarian vein in mares. A cannulation technique was developed to collect blood samples from the ovarian vein of mares over an extended period. Ovarian venous cannulae placed in 4 mares remained patent for a mean (+/- SEM) duration of 36.8 (+/- 6.2) days. During mid-diestrus, concentrations of progesterone in the ovarian vein ipsilateral to the corpus luteum (1,663.8 +/- 238.8 ng/ml) were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than concentrations measured in paired samples from the jugular vein (6.1 +/- 0.3 ng/ml). Concentration of estradiol in the ovarian vein ranged from a mean of 1,053.2 +/- 303.1 pg/ml during di...
