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American journal of veterinary research.
Publisher:
American Veterinary Medical Assn.. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association
Frequency: Monthly
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
American Veterinary Medical Association.
Start Year:1940 -
Identifiers
| ISSN: | 0002-9645 (Print) 1943-5681 (Electronic) 0002-9645 (Linking) |
| NLM ID: | 0375011 |
| (DNLM): | A25065000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01480202 |
| Coden: | AJVRAH |
| LCCN: | 42050041 |
| Classification: | W1 AM53 |
Rapid and specific serodiagnosis of western equine encephalitis virus infection in horses. Paired sera from 28 nonvaccinated horses with serologically confirmed western equine encephalitis (WEE) virus infections were evaluated for immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG directed against WEE virus, by use of enzyme immunoassay. Twenty-one of the horses developed greater than or equal to 4-fold increases or decreases in serum IgM titers in paired serum samples, confirming the diagnosis of WEE in these horses. Of the remaining 7 horses, 1 had stable IgM titers, 1 had a 2-fold increase in IgM titer between paired sera, 2 had 2-fold decreases in IgM titer, and for 3 horses adequate volumes were not...
Immunofluorescent evaluation of the lower respiratory tract of healthy horses and of horses with chronic bronchiolitis. Pulmonary parenchymal tissues from 6 healthy horses and from 9 horses with chronic bronchiolitis were evaluated by use of an indirect immunofluorescent technique. In horses of both groups, the diffuse interstitial immunofluorescence was most intense for immunoglobulin (Ig)G, moderate for IgA, and minimal for IgM. Intensity of fluorescence was increased markedly in diseased lungs exposed to anti-IgA and anti-IgG. Around small bronchi and large bronchioles of healthy horses, IgA-containing cells generally were more numerous than were IgG-Fc fragment (Fc)-containing cells; in small bronchioles, h...
Critical test and safety evaluations of an oral paste preparation of mebendazole and trichlorfon in horses. Critical tests were done on 24 naturally parasitized horses to compare the antiparasitic activity of an oral paste preparation of mebendazole and trichlorfon with that of the marketed powder formulation. Each formulation was administered at the recommended dosages of 8.8 mg of mebendazole and 40 mg of trichlorfon/kg of body weight. Efficacy of the paste formulation ranged from 97.7% to 100% against 2nd- and 3rd-stage Gasterophilus spp, adult Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, Parascaris equorum, small strongyles; and larval and adult forms of Oxyuris equi. Adverse effects were generally limited...
24-hour renal clearance and excretion of endogenous substances in the mare. Urine samples were obtained from 6 healthy mares. During a 2-day acclimation period, mares were kept in stalls, fed sweet feed and mixed grass hay, and allowed free access to water and trace mineral salt. The mares were crosstied in their stalls within reach of hay, salt, and water for 24 hours during which urine was obtained by constant flow via indwelling Foley catheters. Twenty-four-hour urine production was 7,649 to 11,904 ml/day (mean = 9,212 +/- 1,9285) or 14.7 to 25.1 mlĝ/day. (mean = 19.3 +/- 4.1). Urinary excretion and clearance of electrolytes and protein were determined from aliquo...
Activity of ivermectin against natural infections by abomasal nematodes in lambs in controlled tests: evaluation of equine and bovine injectable formulations administered intraorally. The efficacy of 2 injectable formulations of ivermectin, administered intraorally at the dosage of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight, was evaluated against naturally occurring infections by abomasal nematodes in lambs in 2 controlled tests. One test (A) included 17 lambs treated with the equine formulation and 16 nontreated lambs. For the other test (B), 14 lambs were treated with the bovine formulation, and 12 were nontreated. In controlled test A, only mature nematodes were recovered, and removals were 98% to 100% for Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta male, O trifurcata male, Oste...
Effects of acetylpromazine on the hemodynamics of the equine metatarsal artery, as determined by two-dimensional real-time and pulsed Doppler ultrasonography. Heart rate, blood velocity, volumetric blood flow, and arterial diameter for 10 horses given acetylpromazine were determined from measurements of the dorsal metatarsal artery 3 (the great metatarsal artery), using 2-dimensional real-time and gated pulsed Doppler ultrasonography. Acetylpromazine induced significant increases in arterial diameter (P less than 0.01) and volumetric flow rate (P less than 0.05)--all compatible with adrenergic blockade. There was a trend indicating that there was increased blood velocity. Heart rate was unchanged.
Evaluation of leukapheresis and thrombocytapheresis in the horse. Continuous-flow centrifugation leukapheresis techniques were used to collect 300-ml volumes of leukocyte-rich plasma from 5 nonmedicated horses and from 5 corticosteroid-stimulated horses. White blood cell counts and differential counts were performed on the horses before (base line) and up to 48 hours after leukapheresis. Systemic administration of hydrocortisone increased numbers of total WBC and neutrophils and improved harvest of these cells. Nonmedicated horses had a mean yield of 3.38 X 10(10) leukocytes in the 300-ml volume. Stimulated horses yielded a mean of 6.88 X 10(10) leukocytes. ...
Effects of spontaneous, assisted, and controlled ventilatory modes in halothane-anesthetized geldings. Cardiopulmonary effects of spontaneous, assisted, and controlled ventilatory modes were determined with 6 young, healthy geldings anesthetized with halothane at a constant dose (1.3 minimum alveolar concentration). All horses were in lateral recumbency, and all modes of ventilation were studied at least once during each anesthetic exposure. Cardiac output did not differ between spontaneous and assisted ventilation modes, but both modes were associated with significantly (P less than 0.05) higher cardiac output than that with controlled ventilation. The PaCO2 differed significantly (P less than...
Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of atracurium in ponies anesthetized with halothane. Atracurium besylate, a recently developed, intermediate-duration acting, neuromuscular-blocking agent, was given to 15 halothane-anesthetized ponies to produce surgical relaxation (95% to 99% reduction of hoof twitch). All 15 ponies were given 3 injections; 8 of the 15 ponies were given 2 additional injections. Initial dosage of 0.11 +/- 0.01 mg/kg (mean +/- SD) and all subsequent injections of 0.052 mg/kg produced desired relaxation. Paralysis phase (maximum twitch reduction to 10% twitch recovery) lasted 24 +/- 5 minutes for the initial injection. Paralysis from subsequent injections lasted ...
Induction of ovulation in anestrous mares with pulsatile administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Four seasonally anestrous mares (Standardbred), housed under a nonstimulatory photoperiod of 8 hours light:16 hours dark, were administered gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in a pulsatile pattern (50 or 250 micrograms of GnRH/hour) for 8 to 18 days during February and March 1985. Treatment with GnRH, irrespective of dose or month, induced an increase in serum luteinizing hormone from a mean pretreatment value typical of anestrus (0.58 +/- 0.02 ng/ml +/- SE) to 10.84 +/- 1.27 ng/ml on day 8 of GnRH treatment. Ovulation in the 4 mares occurred 8.8 +/- 0.7 days after the initiation of pulsat...
Gentamicin tissue concentrations in equine small intestine and large colon. Gentamicin sulfate (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, IV) was given to anesthetized horses. Jejunal and large colon tissue samples (1 g), serum, and urine were collected over a 4-hour period. Maximum gentamicin concentrations in serum (10.06 +/- 2.85 micrograms/ml) occurred at 0.25 hours after injection. Maximum gentamicin concentrations in the large colon (4.13 +/- 1.80 micrograms/ml) and jejunum (2.26 +/- 1.35 micrograms/ml) occurred in horses at 0.5 and 0.33 hours, respectively. Tissue concentrations decreased in parallel with serum concentrations and were still detectable at the end of the 4-hour ...
Equine endothelial cells in vitro. Certain in vitro culture conditions were determined for equine endothelial cells obtained from the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Cells were enzymatically isolated from the vessel lumen, using clostridial collagenase (2.5 mg/ml of Hanks's balanced salt solution) incubated at 37 C for 30 minutes. Cells were cultured in alpha minimum essential medium supplemented with plasma-derived and nonplasma-derived bovine fetal sera, endothelial cell-growth supplement, heparin, and antibiotics. Smooth muscle cell growth was not inhibited with nonplasma-derived animal sera, plasma-derived equine serum, or he...
Onchocerca spp: frequency in Thoroughbreds at necropsy in Kentucky. Examination of the ligamentum nuchae for Onchocerca spp was completed in 523 Thoroughbreds (1 to 29 years old) at necropsy in Kentucky during a 13-month period (1984 to 1985). Onchocerca spp were found in 306 (59%) of the horses. Frequencies of this parasite were 3%, 17%, 40%, 43%, and 42% in 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old horses, respectively. For 6- to 29-year-old horses, frequency varied from 71% to 100%, except for 26-year-old horses (50%); 87% of the 304 horses examined in the 6- to 29-year-old age groups was infected. The suspensory ligaments and flexor tendons from fetlocks (thoracic li...
Pharmacokinetics and body fluid and endometrial concentrations of cephapirin in mares. Six healthy adult horse mares were each given a single injection of sodium cephapirin (20 mg/kg of body weight, IV), and serum cephapirin concentrations were measured serially over a 6-hour period. The mean elimination rate constant was 0.78 hour-1 and the elimination half-life was 0.92 hours. The apparent volume of distribution (at steady state) and the clearance of the drug were estimated at 0.17 L/kg and 598 ml/hour/kg, respectively. Each mare was then given 4 consecutive IM injections of sodium cephapirin (400 mg/ml) at a dosage level of 20 mg/kg. Cephapirin concentrations in serum, synovi...
Anti-strongyle activity of a propylene glycol-glycerol formal formulation of ivermectin in horses (mares). Four groups of 10 horses (mares) each were treated with a 1% solution of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of body weight) in a propylene glycol-glycerol formal base orally, a 1% solution of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) in a propylene glycol-glycerol formal base via nasogastric tube, a 1.87% paste of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) orally, or a 22.7% paste of oxibendazole (10 mg/kg) orally. Fecal examinations were done before treatment and on posttreatment days (PTD) 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70. Strongyle egg per gram counts and sugar flotation fecal examinations were performed. Results of fecal exami...
Equine thyroid function assessment with the thyrotropin-releasing hormone response test. The effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on equine thyroid function was determined by quantifying serum thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) before and after TRH administration. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone was administered IV to adult horses (n = 5) and ponies (n = 6) at a dose of 1 mg or 0.5 mg, respectively. Serum T4 and T3 concentrations were determined before and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after TRH administration. Serum T4 increased from a basal concentration of 24.4 +/- 8.7 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) to a maximum value of 48.2 +/- 10.2 by 4 hours after TRH ...
Antithrombin III activity in horses with large colon torsion. A chromogenic peptide substrate assay was used to determine serially plasma antithrombin III (AT III) activity in 4 groups of horses. Group I consisted of healthy, mature horses in which AT III activity was determined twice daily for 7 consecutive days. Groups 2 and 3 contained healthy horses in which AT III activity was monitored for 7 days after controlled, but varying, conditions of general anesthesia and surgery (median celiotomy). Group 4 was made up of patients with a presurgical diagnosis of colonic torsion. In healthy awake horses (group I), there was no difference in AT III values ove...
Effects of phenobarbital treatment on 3-methylindole toxicosis in ponies. To study the role of cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxidase reactions in equine 3-methylindole (3MI) toxicosis, ponies were given 20 mg of phenobarbital/kg of body weight at 72, 60, 48, 36, and 24 hours before 100 mg of oral 3MI/kg to induce cytochrome P-450 or no treatment (controls). Maximal 3MI plasma concentration was decreased and clearance was faster in phenobarbital-treated ponies. Plasma 3MI was still detectable 12 and 36 hours after dosing in phenobarbital-treated and control ponies, respectively. Phenobarbital treatment induced a distribution phase with transition from a 1...
In vitro interference between equine herpesvirus types 1 and 2. Interference between equine herpesvirus types 1 (EHV-1) and 2 (EHV-2) was studied in equine dermis (ED) monolayer cell cultures and equine lymphocyte cultures. Cell cultures were infected with EHV-2, and after a short incubation period, the cultures were superinfected with EHV-1. At various intervals, different measurements of EHV-1 expression in dually infected cultures, compared with those in cultures infected with EHV-1 alone, were studied. In dually infected ED cell cultures, the EHV-1 cytopathic effect, EHV-1 titer, and EHV-1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigen titer were maximally ...
Pathologic findings in the oviducts of mares. Oviducts from 325 mares were evaluated macroscopically, and oviducts from 124 mares were evaluated microscopically. Two hundred and eighty-five (87.69%) of the mares had at least 1 macroscopic lesion and 116 (93.54%) had at least 1 microscopic lesion. The most frequently seen macroscopic lesions were adhesions, paraovarian cysts, and thick fibrous bands. Microscopically, intraepithelial cysts, slight, focal lymphocytic infiltration in the infundibular-ampullary region, and proteinoid material in the oviductal lumen were the most common findings. In general, the proximal segments of the oviduct...
Endotoxemia in horses: protection provided by antiserum to core lipopolysaccharide. An equine antiserum to core lipopolysaccharide was produced by inoculation of 6 horses with a boiled cell bacterin made from the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli O111:B4. The antiserum immunoglobulin G titer to J-5 mutant E coli, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was 1:15,006. Pooled serum prepared before inoculation (preimmune serum) had a J-5 immunoglobulin G titer of 1:350. The J-5 antiserum was tested for its protective efficacy in sublethal endotoxemia in 14 horses. Four horses served as nontreated controls and were given nothing before endotoxin challenge exposure (10 mic...
Effectiveness of oxfendazole against early and later 4th-stage Strongylus vulgaris in ponies. Twenty pony foals (reared worm free), 6.5 to 10 weeks of age, were inoculated with Strongylus vulgaris and allocated to 5 groups, each with 4 foals. One week after inoculation, 1 group of 4 foals was given oxfendazole (OFZ) at a dosage rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight, another group was given 2 such treatments 48 hours apart, and a 3rd group was given a placebo. All treatments were administered by stomach tube. Three weeks later, foals were euthanatized and necropsied in a test for efficacy against early 4th-stage larvae. Oxfendazole was 80% and 94.9% effective against early 4th-stage S vulgari...
Anatomic distribution of encysted cyathostome larvae in the horse. The large intestines of 6 horses were divided by length into 12 segments, and each segment was washed and weighed. At least 5% by weight of each segment was examined by mural transillumination, and encysted cyathostome larvae were counted. Total numbers of larvae in each segment were calculated. Encysted larvae (98%) were present in the proximal 7 segments of the large intestine (cecum and proximal 75% of the ventral colon), and 2% were present in the distal 25% of the ventral colon and entire dorsal colon. Encysted larvae (6%) were located in the dorsal colon of 1 heavily infected horse. Larv...
Equine intravenous glucose tolerance test: glucose and insulin responses of healthy horses fed grain or hay and of horses with pituitary adenoma. Intravenous glucose tolerance testing (0.5 g/kg of body weight) was done on 2 groups of healthy horses maintained with hay (group 1, n = 5) and with hay plus grain supplementation (group 2, n = 5) and on a group of horses with clinically diagnosed pituitary adenoma (group 3, n = 10). Healthy horses showed an immediate increase of plasma glucose concentration after the IV glucose injection, with return of values to base line in 1 hour. Group 3 horses showed resting hyperglycemia and a delayed return of glucose values to base line (3 hours). Group 3 horses showed resting hyperinsulinemia and a f...
Histologic findings in the gastrointestinal tract of horses with colic. Thirty horses were admitted to the University of Georgia Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with colic severe enough to warrant surgery and/or euthanasia. Gastrointestinal tracts of these 30 horses were histologically examined for morphologic changes. The horses were grouped according to cause of the colic (ie, simple obstruction, strangulation obstruction, thromboemboli, and inflammation). Lesions were graded as to severity, and grade scores were correlated with survival or nonsurvival. Mucosal changes developed distal and proximal to the primary lesion site and, although there were some di...
Comparison of two techniques for quantitation of encysted cyathostome larvae in the horse. Haustral portions of intestine of 6 horses were isolated by excising the taeniae coli from the cecum and the ventral colon. Uniform 5-cm X 5-cm sections were cut from the haustra and were illuminated from the serosal side with a strong light source (mural transillumination). Cyathostome larvae encysted in the mucosa and submucosa were observed at 15 X magnification and counted. Two separate counts of the larvae in 80 replicates of tissue by the mural transillumination technique (MTT) revealed no significant (P less than 0.05) difference between sample means. Larvae in tissue sections were coun...
Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in pony foals after a single intramuscular injection. Six healthy pony foals, from 2 to 11 days of age, were given a single IM injection of amikacin sulfate (250 mg/ml) at a dosage rate of 7 mg/kg of body weight. Serum amikacin concentrations were measured serially over a 24-hour period. The mean peak serum concentration was 14.7 micrograms/ml at 0.5 hour. The elimination rate constant for amikacin was 0.24/hour, the elimination half-life was 3.0 hours, and the apparent volume of distribution was 0.58 L/kg.
Eyeworms (Thelazia lacrymalis) in one- to four-year-old Thoroughbreds at necropsy in Kentucky (1984 to 1985). From Mar 1, 1984, to Feb 28, 1985, both eyes from 189 one- to four-year-old Thoroughbreds (88 males, 90 females, and 11 geldings) in Kentucky were examined at necropsy for eyeworms. Thelazia lacrymalis was recovered from 45% of 1-year-old horses, 26% of 2-year-old horses, 45% of 3-year-old horses, and 50% of 4-year-old horses; overall, 43% of 1- to 4-year old horses were infected. Prevalence of eyeworms in horses in the present study was comparable with that in horses of similar ages examined at necropsy in Kentucky in 2 previous studies (1975 to 1976 and in 1979), except for the lower percent...
Effects of lateral recumbency on regional lung function in anesthetized horses. Six horses were anesthetized and placed in lateral recumbency for 1 hour and then were turned to the opposite side for an additional hour. A short-lived radioactive gas, 81mKr, was used to determine the relative spatial distribution of ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) in these horses. Effects of time, side down, and turning on the distribution were evaluated. A consistent gradient of V/Q was found at all times, with the highest V/Q values at the top (non-dependent) portion of the lung field and the lowest at the bottom (dependent). This gradient was also present within each lung, as well as b...
Cross-sectional area of the aditus laryngis and rima glottidis before and after transection of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in the horse. The ventral-to-dorsal height of the rima glottidis was measured from lateral pharyngeal radiographs after correction for magnification. The rima glottidis height was used to enlarge accurately endoscopic photographs of 5 horses taken before and after transection of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Areas of the rima glottidis and aditus laryngis were measured, using a computerized digitizer. Mean area of the aditus laryngis was 1,908 mm2 before neurectomy and 1,346 mm2 after neurectomy (P = 0.025). Mean area of the rima glottidis was 1,198 mm2 before neurectomy and 805 mm2 after neurectomy (...
