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American journal of veterinary research.
Publisher:
American Veterinary Medical Assn.. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association
Frequency: Monthly
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
American Veterinary Medical Association.
Start Year:1940 -
Identifiers
| ISSN: | 0002-9645 (Print) 1943-5681 (Electronic) 0002-9645 (Linking) |
| NLM ID: | 0375011 |
| (DNLM): | A25065000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01480202 |
| Coden: | AJVRAH |
| LCCN: | 42050041 |
| Classification: | W1 AM53 |
Effect of intra-articular gentamicin sulfate on normal equine synovial membrane. Gentamicin sulfate (3 ml; 50 mg/ml) was administered intra-articularly into 30 normal equine radiocarpal joints after arthrocentesis. Arthrocentesis alone was performed on 10 normal radiocarpal joints. Synovial fluid evaluations and gross and microscopic examinations were performed on synovial fluid and synovial membrane of designated joints at selected daily intervals over a period of 10 days. Synovial fluid from gentamicin-injected joints had greater turbidity, higher RBC and WBC counts, and higher refractive indices than did joints not injected with gentamicin. The largest increases develop...
Theophylline and dyphylline pharmacokinetics in the horse. The pharmacokinetics of theophylline and dyphylline were determined after IV administration in horses. In a preliminary experiment, the usual human dosage (milligram per kilogram) of each drug was given to 1 horse. Results were used to calculate dosages for a cross-over study, using 6 horses for each drug. Theophylline plasma concentrations decreased triexponentially in 5 of 6 healthy horses after IV infusion of 10 mg of aminophylline/kg of body weight for 16 to 32 minutes. In the 6 horses, total body elimination rate constants were variable, and the half-life of theophylline was 9.7 to 19.3 h...
Effects of plasma sample storage on blood ammonia, bilirubin, and urea nitrogen concentrations: cats and horses. Ten horses, a pony, and 13 cats were used to evaluate base-line blood ammonia, bilirubin, and urea nitrogen concentrations and to determine The effects of prolonged cold storage (-20 degrees C) before assay. Base-line plasma ammonia concentrations in cats (0.992 +/- 0.083 [SE] micrograms/ml) did not change significantly after 48 hours of storage (0.871 +/- 0.073 micrograms/ml); however, they were increased 4.2- and 13-fold after 168 and 216 hours of storage, respectively. In contrast to base-line plasma-ammonia values in cats, those of horses were significantly (0.265 +/- 0.044 micrograms/ml) ...
Morphologic features of the cervical intervertebral disks and adjacent vertebral bodies of horses. The intervertebral disks and adjacent vertebral bodies of the 2nd to 7th cervical vertebrae from 17 horses (3 months to 19 years of age) were examined grossly and by light microscopy. In each specimen, the disk tissue was fibrocartilagenous centrally and became more fibrous peripherally, but without a distinct demarcation between the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus. Demarcation between the anulus fibrosus and the dorsal longitudinal ligament was not apparent. With increasing age of the horses, cellularity of the central fibrocartilagenous portion of the disk decreased. The caudal end plat...
Erythrogram and red cell distribution width of Equidae with experimentally induced anemia. The erythrogram (erythrocyte histogram) and red cell distribution width (RDW) were evaluated in 5 purebred horses and 1 pony of mixed breeding with experimentally induced anemia. Four horses were studied for 6 weeks after 20% of their estimated blood volume was removed on each of 2 consecutive days (40% total blood loss; acute blood-loss group). Two horses were given acetylphenyl hydrazine IV daily, until acute Heinz body hemolytic anemia was induced; the 2 horses were then evaluated for 6 weeks. One horse and the pony had 20% of their estimated blood volume removed via phlebotomy once each we...
Mononuclear phagocytes of transport-stressed horses with viral respiratory tract infection. Twelve horses comprised 3 treatment groups; all horses in 2 of the groups had recently been transported and had clinical and laboratory evidence of respiratory tract infection, with equine influenza type 2 virus being the principal pathogen. Mononuclear phagocytes and other leukocytes from blood, lung, and peritoneal cavity were studied in phagocytosis and erythrocyte-antibody (EA) rosette assays. Total numbers of pulmonary alveolar macrophages were increased over control values in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of group 3 horses after recovery from influenza (P less than 0.02), whereas th...
Effects of endotoxin on lung water, hemodynamics, and gas exchange in anesthetized ponies. Effects of endotoxemia on lung water, hemodynamics, and gas exchange were determined in ponies breathing a mixture of halothane and 100% O2. Escherichia coli endotoxin was infused IV at 20 micrograms/kg of body weight for 1 hour followed by 10 micrograms/kg/hr the subsequent 4 hours. By 0.25 hour, endotoxin increased mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance; this was followed by a return to base-line values by 0.5 and 1 hour, respectively. A 2nd increase in pulmonary vascular resistance occurred by 5 hours of endotoxemia. During the last 2 hours of endotoxin infusion, c...
Passive transfer failure in horses: incidence and causative factors on a breeding farm. A prospective study was performed to determine the incidence and associated maternal and managemental factors of failure of passive transfer (FPT) in foals on a breeding farm. The zinc sulfate turbidity test (ZSTT) and latex agglutination test (LAT) were compared for accuracy in estimating serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G of foals, as determined by single radial immunodiffusion (SRID). Complete past and present foaling histories of 136 Standardbred mares were obtained. All foalings were witnessed by farm attendants, and colostral samples were collected from mares within 2 hours after parturition. Fo...
Hepatobiliary transport of indocyanine green and sulfobromophthalein in fed and fasted horses. Fasting is associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in several species, including the horse. Studies in ponies showed that a 3-day fast decreased plasma clearance of bilirubin, cholic acid, and sulfobromophthalein (BSP). Since these organic anions are conjugated with different substrates, it is possible that observed differences in plasma clearance result from a general decrease in hepatic conjugating capacity during the animals' fasting. To test this hypothesis, the effects of a 3-day fast on plasma clearance of IV injected BSP (4.4 to 5.1 mg/kg), which is conjugated to glutathione, an...
Effects of multiple intramuscular injections and doses of dexamethasone on plasma cortisol concentrations and adrenal responses to ACTH in horses. Adrenocortical function was assessed in horses given multiple IM doses of dexamethasone to determine the duration of adrenocortical suppression and insufficiency caused by 2 commonly used dosages of dexamethasone (0.044 and 0.088 mg/kg of body weight). Dexamethasone was administered at 5-day intervals for a total of 6 injections. Daily blood samples were collected. The plasma was frozen and later assayed for cortisol. An ACTH response test was determined 2 days before the first injection of dexamethasone and again 8 days after the last dexamethasone injection. Maximum suppression of plasma cor...
Serologic response and lesions in goats experimentally infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis of caprine and equine origins. Fifteen goat kids were experimentally inoculated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Five were given a strain of caprine origin (nitrate-negative biotype) intradermally, 5 were given a strain of equine origin (nitrate-positive biotype) intradermally, and 5 were inoculated intranasally with the caprine-origin strain. Animals were monitored for 127 days. The goats given the inocula intradermally developed abscesses; those given caprine-origin strain had multiple lesions both peripherally and in visceral locations (primarily endothoracic abscesses), whereas those given the equine-origin stra...
Visceral analgesia: effects of xylazine, butorphanol, meperidine, and pentazocine in horses. The visceral analgesic, cardiorespiratory, and behavioral effects induced by xylazine, butorphanol, meperidine, and pentazocine were determined in 9 adult horses with colic. Colic was produced by inflating a balloon in the horses' cecum. Heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and cardiac output increased after cecal balloon inflation. Xylazine and butorphanol decreased the hemodynamic response to cecal balloon inflation. Meperidine and pentazocine had minimal effects on the cardiorespiratory changes induced by cecal balloon inflation. Xylazine produced the most pronounced ...
Healing of surgically created defects in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon: collagen-type transformation and tissue morphologic reorganization. Full-thickness defects were surgically created in the superficial digital flexor tendons of the front limbs of 20 horses. Tissues formed within the defect were evaluated histologically, and the collagen composition of the tissue was determined by immunofluorescence. Transformation occurred from loose fibrillar areas of types I and III collagen and pericellular types IV and V collagen to dense bundles of type I collagen fibers. Loose fibrillar areas of types I and III collagen were present after 24 weeks. Histologically, in horses killed after 2 weeks, the tissue within the defect was a randoml...
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi infection in foals. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to diagnose Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi infection in foals. In tests done with different antigen-extraction procedures (sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium deoxycholate, polyoxy-ethylene [9] p-tert-octylphenol, polyoxy-ethylene [9-10] p-tert-octylphenol, sonification, homogenization, and heat treatment at 121 C), Tween 20 was a satisfactory reactive antigen. Using hyperimmune rabbit sera or infected foal sera, we investigated the specificity and the sensitivity of the ELISA with the Tween 20 antigen of the different serotypes or of the is...
Enhanced biliary bilirubin excretion after heparin-induced erythrocyte mass depletion. The effect of large-dose heparin therapy on erythrocyte mass depletion in ponies was investigated to determine whether stimulation of reticuloendothelial cell activity and catabolic function would be evidenced by enhanced catabolism of heme to bilirubin. Ponies with chronic external biliary fistula were used to examine biliary excretion of bilirubin both before and after heparin loading (107 U/kg, IV, plus 320 U/kg, subcutaneously) and at maintenance dosages of 320 U/kg given (subcutaneously) at 12 and 24 hours after initial loading with heparin. Results indicated that by 48 hours after ponies...
Healing of surgically created defects in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon: effects of pulsing electromagnetic field therapy on collagen-type transformation and tissue morphologic reorganization. The effect of pulsing electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy on the healing of surgically created defects in equine superficial digital flexor tendons was evaluated. Defects were created in both front superficial digital flexor tendons of 20 horses. The defect in 1 limb was exposed to a PEMF for 2 hours daily. The other limb served as a control. Histologic and immunofluorescent evaluations were done in horse killed at postsurgical weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24. Therapy with the PEMF significantly (P less than 0.05) delayed the maturation of the tissue formed within the defect at postsurgical weeks 8...
Duration of maternally derived antibodies against equine influenza in newborn foals. Serum antibody concentrations against influenza A-equi-1 virus and A-equi-2 virus were measured in a group of 18 foals from birth to 4 months of age. More than 50% of the foals were seronegative to A-equi-1 virus infection by 4 weeks of age, with titers of less than or equal to 1:16. For A-equi-2 virus, more than 50% of the foals were seronegative by 2 weeks of age, with titers of less than or equal to 1:8. Passively derived antibodies against influenza A-equi-1 virus and A-equi-2 virus in foals obtained from recently vaccinated mares and from mares not vaccinated within 6 months before foalin...
Oral lactose tolerance test in foals: technique and normal values. Oral lactose tolerance tests were evaluated in 25 healthy foals (principals) assigned to 4 groups of approximately 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks of age. Lactose monohydrate (1 g/kg of body weight [in a 20% water solution]) was administered via nasogastric tube after a 4-hour fast. Plasma glucose concentrations were monitored before dosing (0 minutes) and sequentially for 300 minutes. Six control foals were given a volume of water equivalent to the volume of lactose monohydrate administered to principal foals. After oral lactose loading, mean plasma glucose concentrations of all princi...
Comparison of suture materials and suture patterns for inverting intestinal anastomosis of the jejunum in the horse. In 7 horses, 4 anastomoses were done in the small intestine in each, using the combinations of synthetic absorbable monofilament and multifilament suture materials with continuous- and interrupted-suture patterns in the serosubmucosal layer of a 2-layer inverting-suture technique. Horses were evaluated 30 days after the operation for adhesion formation, lumen diameter, evidence of chronic obstruction, and suture tract inflammation at the anastomosis. Postoperative obstruction occurred in 5 of the 7 horses, and 6 horses survived. One horse was euthanatized on postoperative day 6 after 48 hours ...
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cephalothin in horse mares. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cephalothin given to 6 horse mares at a dosage level of 11 mg/kg of body weight IV or IM were investigated. The disposition of cephalothin given IV was characterized by a rapid disposition phase with a mean half-life of 2.89 minutes and a subsequent slower elimination phase with a mean half-life of only 14.7 minutes. The mean residence time of cephalothin was 10.6 +/- 2.11 minutes. The total plasma clearance of cephalothin averaged 13.6 ml/min/kg and was caused by metabolism and renal elimination. Renal clearance of cephalothin averaged 1.32 ml/min/k...
Effect of intrauterine infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin in postpartum pony mares. Fifteen pony mares were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups after foaling: Group 1, 35 ml of sterile saline solution was infused into the uterine lumen within 24 hours after parturition (6 mares); group 2, 300 mg of Escherichia coli endotoxin was infused into the uterine lumen within 24 hours after parturition (6 mares); and group 3, 300 mg of E coli endotoxin was infused into the uterine lumen between 72 and 96 hours after parturition (3 mares). Rectal temperatures were taken at -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours after treatment. Venous blood samples were also taken at these times...
In vitro phagocytosis and killing of Corynebacterium equi by alveolar macrophages of foals. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed 5 times, sequentially, on 3 healthy foals while each foal was 6 to 63 days of age. Phagocytosis and bactericidal assays were performed on recovered alveolar macrophages. Corynebacterium equi and alveolar macrophages at a ratio of 10:1 were incubated for 1 hour in medium containing 1% heat-inactivated rabbit anti-C equi serum. After incubation, greater than 90% of the alveolar macrophages contained at least 1 ingested bacterium and each alveolar macrophage contained 9.4 +/- 1.0 bacteria (mean +/- SE). After alveolar macrophages and C equi were incubated for ...
Hormonal response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy horses and in horses with pituitary adenoma. Cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), insulin, and glucose responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were evaluated in 12 healthy, mature horses and in 7 horses and 4 ponies with clinical signs of pituitary adenoma (PA). Within 1 hour after TRH administration, the increase in T3 and T4 was similar in healthy horses and animals with PA. Plasma cortisol in the group with PA increased (P less than 0.05) within 0.25 hours after TRH administration, and remained increased for 1.5 hours. In the control group, a significant increase in plasma cortisol concentrations did not develop a...
Phagocytic and killing capacities of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis. The host defense competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from mares considered resistant (grade I uteri) and susceptible (grade III uteri) to chronic endometritis was evaluated for phagocytic and killing (bactericidal) capacities, using a fluorochrome assay. Peripheral blood PMN from noncategorized mares and from grade I and grade III mares were used as controls. Uterine-derived PMN from mares with grade I uteri were functionally competent for phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans, whereas uterine-derived PMN from mares with grade III uteri had significantly les...
Combined pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in pony mares after a single intravenous and intramuscular administration. Healthy mature pony mares (n = 6) were given a single dose of gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight) IV or IM 8 days apart. Venous blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 40, and 48 hours after IV injection of gentamicin, and at 10, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, and 30 hours after IM injection of gentamicin. Gentamicin serum concentration was determined by a liquid-phase radioimmunoassay. The combined data of IV and IM treatments were analyzed by a nonlinear least-square...
Efficacy of furosemide in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses. The repeatability of endoscopic observations of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) and the efficacy of furosemide as a prophylactic treatment of horses with EIPH were studied in Thoroughbred race horses after consecutive breezes (at or near maximum speed, approx 16 m/s). Of 56 horses examined greater than or equal to 2 times, 21 (38%) had identical EIPH scores, whereas 26 (46%) and 9 (16%) had scores that differed by greater than or equal to 1 grade. In 56 nontreated horses, there was good agreement between 2 consecutive observations (K = 0.59, Z = 4.54, P less than 0.001). Similar c...
Pharmacokinetics of small doses of 3-methylindole given to horses. The pharmacokinetics of 3-methylindole (3MI) given orally in 2 doses (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) to horses were determined. The pharmacokinetic plasma-concentration profiles for 3MI (10- and 20-mg/kg dosages) in horses were represented by a 2-compartment open model with first-order absorption, as determined by nonlinear least-squares regression analysis. Absorption of 3MI at both dosages was rapid. Comparisons of the peak plasma concentrations, the postdistribution half lives, total clearances, and areas under the curve of the plasma-concentration profiles between the 10- and the 20-mg/kg dosages ...
Mechanism of renal excretion of creatinine by the pony. Free-flow and stop-flow procedures conducted on 2 female and 2 testosterone-treated castrated male ponies indicated that [14C]inulin and exogenous creatinine clearance values were the same. These results indicated that creatinine was neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the renal tubules and that exogenous creatinine clearance was an accurate method for determining glomerular filtration rate. As in other species which have been studied, endogenous creatinine clearance probably underestimated glomerular filtration rate because of the presence of noncreatinine chromogens in plasma.
Persistence of encysted Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of equids fed oocysts. Thirteen 6-month- to 13-year-old equids were each inoculated orally with 10,000 infective Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. The equids remained clinically normal. Equids were euthanatized on postinoculation days 33, 45, 90, 104, 120, 140, 162, 183, 197, 204, 211, 294, and 476. Their tissues were bioassayed for viable oocysts by feeding muscles to Toxoplasma-free cats and by inoculation of pepsin digests of 13 organs into mice. Using mouse inoculation, T gondii was recovered from tissues of the 9 equids euthanatized on each of postinoculation days 33, 45, 120, 140, 183, 197, 211, 294, and 476. Toxopla...
Enzyme histochemical features of equine gluteus muscle fibers. Gluteal muscle specimens were taken from 4 horses. From 1 of the 4 gluteal muscles, serial sections were prepared. Individual muscle fibers were identified and studied, using photomicrographs of sections stained by different enzyme histochemical methods. In specimens in which cytoplasmic soluble enzymes were studied, use was made of the semi-permeable membrane technique to hamper enzyme diffusion into reaction fluids. Enzymes involved in glycogenolysis, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, synthesis of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the pentose phosphate cycle, the a...
