Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Equine veterinary journal.
Publisher:
Equine Veterinary Journal, Ltd. Hobokken, NJ : Wiley (2009)
Frequency: 8 issues per year, 2009-
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
British Equine Veterinary Association.
Start Year:1968 -
ISSN:
0425-1644 (Print)
2042-3306 (Electronic)
0425-1644 (Linking)
2042-3306 (Electronic)
0425-1644 (Linking)
Impact Factor
2.2
2022
| NLM ID: | 173320 |
| (DNLM): | E11740000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01568146 |
| Coden: | EQVJAI |
| LCCN: | sn 83005310 |
| Classification: | W1 EQ967 |
The forelimb in walking horses: 2. Net joint moments and joint powers. The objective was to measure the net joint moments and joint powers for the joints of the equine forelimb during the walk. Videographic and force data were combined with morphometric information using an inverse dynamics method. During stance phase the predominant joint moment was on the palmar aspect of all forelimb joints except the shoulder, where the peak moment was considerably higher than at any other joint. The entire forelimb showed net energy absorption in both stance and swing phases. The elbow was the only joint that showed net generation of energy, which was used to maintain the li...
Clinical studies on daily low dose oxytocin in mares at term. The aim of this study was to test whether low dose oxytocin i.v. injection once a day to mares diagnosed as being ready for birth by mammary secretion calcium strip test measurements could be used as a reliable method to induce parturition and/or predict the mare would not foal during the following night if parturition did not occur within 2 h of treatment. Fifty-one near-term Haflinger mares were used and a single injection of 2.5 iu oxytocin was given between 1700 and 1900 h, including 10 mares used as controls which were administered a placebo. Administration of oxytocin resulted in the del...
The effects of treadmill inclination and speed on the activity of two hindlimb muscles in the trotting horse. Electromyographic activity (EMG) was used to determine how hindlimb muscle activation patterns vary with speed and incline in the horse. EMG was recorded using surface electrodes over the gluteus medius and tensor fasciae latae muscles during treadmill locomotion at trot for different combinations of speed (3.5 to 6 m/s) and inclination (0, 3 and 6%). Raw EMG signals were processed to determine stride duration, activity onset and end, and integrated EMG (IEMG). Stride and stance phase duration decreased linearly with increasing speed. Stride duration was not influenced by the slope. Onset and ...
A comparison of the haemodynamic effects of isoflurane and halothane anaesthesia in horses. The purpose of this study was to compare the haemodynamic effects of equipotent isoflurane and halothane anaesthesia. Six adult horses were investigated on two separate occasions at least 4 weeks apart. On both occasions anaesthesia was induced by ketamine 2.2 mg/kg bwt given 5 min after i.v. administration 100 microg/kg bwt romifidine. Anaesthesia was maintained either by halothane or isoflurane (end-tidal concentrations 0.9-1.0% and 1.3-1.4%, respectively). Horses were ventilated by intermittent positive pressure to maintain PaCO2 between 40-50 mmHg. Haemodynamic variables were measured usin...
Effect of water restriction on equine behaviour and physiology. Six pregnant mares were used to determine what level of water restriction causes physiological and/or behavioural changes indicative of stress. Nonlegume hay was fed ad libitum. During the first week of restriction, 5 l water/100 kg bwt was available, during the second week 4 l/100 kg bwt and, during the third week, 3 l/100 kg bwt. Ad libitum water intake was 6.9 l/100 kg bwt; at 3 l/100 kg bwt water intake was 42% of this. Daily hay intake fell significantly with increasing water restriction from 12.9 +/- 0.75 kg to 8.3 +/- 0.54 kg; bodyweight fell significantly for a total loss of 48.5 +/- 8...
Medical treatment of cholangiohepatitis and cholelithiasis in mature horses: 9 cases (1991-1998). The medical approach to treatment of cholangiohepatitis and cholelithiasis in 9 horses is described. Seven horses were treated successfully and returned to normal use, with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. Long-term antimicrobial therapy was believed to be critical in those cases that survived, with a median treatment duration of 51 days (range 17-124 days). Treatment failure was associated with severe periportal and bridging hepatic fibrosis from biopsy material obtained at admission in 2 horses, one of whom also presented with hyperammonaemic hepatic encephalopathy. Transabdominal ul...
Transmission of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, using naturally infected aquatic insects and helminth vectors: preliminary report. Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever (PHF), has been recently detected in trematode stages found in snail secretions and in aquatic insects. Based on these findings, horses could conceivably be exposed to E. risticii by skin penetration with infected cercariae, by ingestion of infected cercariae in water or via metacercariae in a second intermediate host, such as an aquatic insect. In order to test this hypothesis, horses were challenged with infectious snail secretions and aquatic insects collected from a PHF endemic region in northern California. Two horses stood with their f...
Pleuropulmonary and cardiovascular consequences of thoracoscopy performed in healthy standing horses. Six healthy, awake, and pharmacologically restrained mature horses were studied in order to define the changes in cardiopulmonary function during and after exploratory thoracoscopy and to determine the presence of postoperative complications occurring 48 hours after thoracoscopy. In a randomised 3 x 3 latin square design with 2 replications, 18 procedures were performed: 6 right (RTH) and 6 left thoracoscopies (LTH) and 6 sham procedures (STH). Prior to each procedure a physical examination and a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis were performed. During thoracoscopy and sham protocols, hors...
The forelimb in walking horses: 1. Kinematics and ground reaction forces. Video (60 Hz) and force (2000 Hz) data were collected from 5 sound horses during walking. Forelimb data were analysed for 8 strides (4 left, 4 right) per horse to determine sagittal plane kinematics and ground reaction forces (GRFs). The results suggested that brachial rotation was responsible for protraction and retraction of the limb as a whole, while rotations of the scapula and antebrachium elevated the distal limb during breakover and early swing then lowered it in preparation for ground contact. The coffin joint was flexed maximally at the time of peak longitudinal braking force, which o...
Influence of bacitracin on microbial functions in the gastrointestinal tract of horses. This study investigated the influence of zinc bacitracin on the intestinal flora of horses. The functionally active intestinal flora was examined in 6 horses during treatment with zinc bacitracin. Utilising gas chromatography, spectrophotometry, gel electrophoresis and paper chromatography, samples were analysed on biochemical markers reflecting the action of parts of the intestinal flora. The following 5 flora-related functions were studied in faecal samples and intestinal samples from different sections of the hindgut: conversion of cholesterol to coprostanol and of bilirubin to urobilinogen...
The effects of frusemide on racing times of Standardbred pacers. Seven hundred and eighty-eight Standardbred pacers competing in 8378 races at one racetrack were analysed to determine the effects of the administration of prerace frusemide on racing times (RT). Frusemide was administered i.v. 4 h before the race to pacers diagnosed with exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Of the pacers, starting in the 1997 racing season, 32.5% received prerace frusemide. This study demonstrated that administration of frusemide prior to racing significantly decreased RT. There was an overall significant decrease (P<0.00001) in RT of 0.67 s. The overall RT for h...
Cytotoxicity of stimulated equine neutrophils on equine endothelial cells in culture. We studied the interactions of isolated equine neutrophils with endothelial cells in culture, mimicking a situation of acute inflammation. Our main purpose was to demonstrate that the supernatant of activated neutrophils was sufficient to damage endothelial cells. Equine endothelial cells (from carotid arteries) were covered either with increased numbers of equine neutrophils stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate, or with the supernatant collected after an in vitro stimulation of the neutrophils. Cytotoxicity was estimated by the release of preincorporated 51Cr, and by light microscopy obser...
Headshaking in horses: possible aetiopathogenesis suggested by the results of diagnostic tests and several treatment regimes used in 20 cases. Twenty mature horses with typical headshaking of 2 week-7 year duration were studied. Clinical examinations included radiography of the head and nasopharyngeal endoscopy. All were assessed at rest and at exercise, both before and after fitting an occlusive nasal mask, application of tinted contact lenses and the perineural anaesthesia of the infraorbital and posterior ethmoidal branches of the trigeminal nerve. Infraorbital anaesthesia had no effect in 6/7 cases but 11/17 (65%) cases showed a 90-100% improvement following posterior ethmoidal nerve anaesthesia. Tinted contact lenses had no appa...
Cyclical endometrial steroid hormone receptor expression and proliferation intensity in the mare. The aims of this study were to investigate the steroid hormone receptor expression and the proliferation intensity during the equine endometrial cycle by immunohistological methods, established for routine examination of formalin-fixed, paraplast-embedded specimens. Endometrial biopsy specimens were obtained during one cycle from 7 mares. In comparison with the blood steroid hormone levels the quantity and distribution of oestrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and the proliferation marker Ki-67 antigen expression were investigated. Rising 17beta-oestradiol concentrations in preoestrus ...
Repeatability of Doppler ultrasound measurements of hindlimb blood flow in halothane anaesthetised horses. The purpose of this study was to determine the repeatability of femoral blood flow recorded using Doppler ultrasound in anaesthetised horses. Doppler ultrasound of the femoral artery and vein was performed in 6 horses anaesthetised with halothane and positioned in left lateral recumbency. Velocity spectra, recorded using low pulse repetition frequency, were used to calculate time-averaged mean velocity (TAV), velocity of component a (TaVa), velocity of component b (TaVb), volumetric flow, early diastolic deceleration slope (EDDS) and pulsatility index (PI). Within-patient variability was deter...
Functional adaptation of equine articular cartilage: the formation of regional biochemical characteristics up to age one year. Biochemical heterogeneity of cartilage within a joint is well known in mature individuals. It has recently been reported that heterogeneity for proteoglycan content and chondrocyte metabolism in sheep develops postnatally under the influence of loading. No data exist on the collagen network in general or on the specific situation in the horse. The objective of this study was to investigate the alterations in equine articular cartilage biochemistry that occur from birth up to age one year, testing the hypothesis that the molecular composition of equine cartilage matrix is uniform at birth and b...
Respiratory responses of mature horses to intravenous lobeline bolus. The respiratory stimulant lobeline has been used in equine clinical practice to increase inspiratory and expiratory airflow rates at rest in order to facilitate investigation of both lower and upper airway function. Some of the responses to lobeline in the pony have been reported, but the detailed time course, effect of dose, possible side effects and reproducibility associated with lobeline administration have not been described in the horse. Respiratory airflow rates and oesophageal pressure were measured with a Fleisch No. 5 pneumotachometer and lightweight facemask and a microtip pressure ...
An in vitro study to compare 5 different techniques for injection of the navicular bursa in the horse. Numerous different techniques for injection of the navicular bursa have been described but there is little conformity between these descriptions. A literature review was performed and techniques for injection of the navicular bursa were categorised into 5 approaches. This study was performed to evaluate the reproducibility of each technique and to assess which technique was consistently most successful. Five inexperienced operators performed each technique on 5 cadaver forelimbs. Once a needle had been placed, a radiograph was taken to confirm placement was in accordance with the description o...
Cross-sectional study of faecal shedding of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum among packstock in the Sierra Nevada Range. Faecal specimens from 305 horses and mules used as packstock at one of 17 commercial or governmental (National Park Service, US Forest Service) operations were examined for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium parvum using immunofluorescent microscopy. Fourteen packstock (4.6%) were shedding G. duodenalis cysts, with herd-level prevalences ranging 0-22%. Number of packstock in the corral, size of corral and density of packstock in the corral were associated with the odds of shedding G. duodenalis cysts. None of the horses had detectable C. parvum oocysts. Assuming a sensitivity of at least 4...
Effect of age and training on murmurs of atrioventricular valvular regurgitation in young thoroughbreds. Cardiac auscultation was carried out on 111 Thoroughbred horses age 2-5 years to test the hypothesis that athletic training might influence the development of atrioventricular (AV) valve regurgitation in young Thoroughbreds. Murmurs of valvular regurgitation were identified and graded on a 1-6 scale. There were 2 sources of auscultation data: 1) 55 2-year-old horses that were examined by auscultation before training commenced and 9 months later when at race fitness; 2) 56 horses age 2-5 years that were examined on one occasion only (25 2-year-olds, 23 3-year-olds, five 4-year-olds and five 5-y...
Six intestinal microflora-associated characteristics in sport horses. The aim of this study was to investigate 6 microflora-associated characteristics (MACs) in faecal samples from horses and to compare the results with baselines previously established in other mammals. A MAC is defined as any anatomical structure, physiological, biochemical or immunological characteristic in a host, which has been acted on by microorganisms. When the active microbes are absent, as in germ-free animals and healthy newborn organisms, the corresponding characteristic is defined as germ-free animal characteristic (GAC). The MACs studied were degradation of mucin, conversion of chol...
Study of intragastric administration of doxycycline: pharmacokinetics including body fluid, endometrial and minimum inhibitory concentrations. The objectives of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of doxycycline after repeated intragastric administration, and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for equine pathogenic bacteria. In experiment 1, 2 mares received a single intragastric dose of doxycycline hyclate (3 mg/kg bwt). Mean peak serum concentration was 0.22 microg/ml 1 h postadministration. In experiment 2, 5 doses of doxycycline hyclate (10 mg/kg bwt), dissolved in water, were administered to each of 6 mares via nasogastric tube at 12 h intervals. The mean +/- s.e. pea...
Frequency domain analysis of heart rate variability in horses at rest and during exercise. The pattern of variation in heart rate on a beat-to-beat basis contains information concerning sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) contributions to autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation of heart rate (HR). In the present study, heart period (RR interval) time series data were collected at rest and during 3 different treadmill exercise protocols from 6 Thoroughbred horses. Frequency and spectral power were determined in 3 frequency bands: very low (VLF) 0-0.01-0.07-< or = 0.5 cycles/beat. Indicators of sympathetic (SNSI = LO/HI) and parasympathetic (PNSI = HI/TOTAL) activity were...
Radiographic and clinical survey of degenerative joint disease in the distal tarsal joints in Icelandic horses. The prevalence of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in the distal tarsal joints and the relation between radiographic and clinical signs compatible with the disease were estimated in a population of Icelandic horses used for riding. The material consisted of 614 horses age 6-12 years (mean age = 7.9 years). Radiographs with 3 projections of each tarsus were made and a clinical examination, including palpation of the medial aspect of the distal tarsus and motion evaluation of the hindlimbs before and after a flexion test of the tarsus, was performed. Radiographic signs of DJD in the distal tarsa...
Equine dental disease part 4: a long-term study of 400 cases: apical infections of cheek teeth. Of 400 horses referred because of equine dental disease, 162 suffered from primary apical infections of their cheek teeth (CT), including 92 with maxillary CT infections and 70 with mandibular CT infections. Maxillary swellings and sinus tracts were more common (82 and 26% incidence, respectively) with infections of the rostral 3 maxillary CT, than with infections of the caudal 3 maxillary CT (39 and 5% incidence, respectively). Nasal discharge was more commonly present with caudal (95%) than rostral (23%) maxillary CT infections. Mandibular CT apical infections commonly had mandibular swellin...
Polycystic kidneys as a cause of chronic renal failure and secondary hypoparathyroidism in a horse. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a well known complication of renal failure in man (Llach 1995), carnivores (Nagode and Chew1992) and rodents (Bover et al.1994). In these species, renal disease results in increased synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathyroid gland hyperplasia. There are 3 main factors involved in the development ofsecondary hyperparathyroidism: a) phosphate (P) retention, dueto reduced glomerular filtration rate; b) decrease in calcitriol(CTR) production, as a consequence of renal mass loss; and c...
Splenic infarction and splenectomy in a jumping horse. Primary splenic disease in the horse is rarely recognised as a
clinical entity. A few cases of splenic abscesses (Swan 1968),
splenic haematoma (Spier et al. 1986; McGorum et al. 1996),
and splenic rupture (Finocchio 1971; Steiner 1981; Dyke and
Friend 1988) have been reported. One case of primary
splenomegaly associated with recurrent colic has been
described in the veterinary literature and a splenectomy was
performed which corrected the problem (Varra and Nelson
1976). We are aware of only one report of splenomegaly
associated with splenic infarction in horses (Scott et al. 1978);
...
