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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.
Publisher:
[American Veterinary Medical Association,. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association (1975)
Frequency: Semimonthly
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
American Veterinary Medical Association.
Start Year:1915 -
Identifiers
| ISSN: | 0003-1488 (Print) 1943-569X (Electronic) 0003-1488 (Linking) |
| NLM ID: | 7503067 |
| (OCoLC): | 01084791 |
| (DNLM): | J12340000(s) |
| Coden: | JAVMA4 |
| LCCN: | 16022549 |
| Classification: | W1 JO911J |
Causes of poor performance of horses during training, racing, or showing: 348 cases (1992-1996). To determine results for horses undergoing a high-speed treadmill examination, including videoendoscopy of the pharynx and larynx before and during exercise, echocardiography before and after exercise, and electrocardiography before, during, and after exercise, because of poor performance. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 348 horses. Results: A definitive diagnosis was obtained for 256 (73.5%) horses. One hundred forty-eight horses had dynamic obstruction of the airway during exercise, 33 had clinically important cardiac arrhythmias alone, 22 had a combination of dynamic airway obstructi...
Risk factors for disease associated with influenza virus infections during three epidemics in horses. To identify risk factors associated with respiratory tract disease in horses during 3 epidemics caused by influenza virus infections. Methods: Cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal observational studies. Methods: 1,163 horses stabled at a Thoroughbred racetrack. Methods: Investigations were conducted during a 3-year period. An epidemic of respiratory tract disease caused by influenza virus infections was identified in each year. Routine observations and physical examinations were used to classify horses' disease status. Data were analyzed to identify factors associated with development ...
Descriptive epidemiologic study of disease associated with influenza virus infections during three epidemics in horses. To describe 3 epidemics of respiratory tract disease caused by influenza virus infections in a large population of horses. Methods: Cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal observational studies. Methods: All horses stabled at a Thoroughbred racetrack. Methods: During a 3-year period, descriptive information was collected as horses arrived at the racetrack and throughout race meetings. Routine observations and physical examinations were used to classify horses' disease status. Cause of epidemics was established by use of serologic testing and identification of influenza virus in nasal secr...
Squamous cell carcinoma of the urethral process in a horse with hemospermia and self-mutilation behavior. A 14-year-old Arabian stallion was examined because of acute hemospermia. The stallion was used in an artificial breeding program and had a 6-year history of low-grade hemospermia and a 4-year history of self-mutilation behavior. During previous examinations, minor irritation of the urethral process was identified as the source of the bleeding. Physical examination revealed a mucosal ulceration in the distal portion of the urethra. Histologic examination of a biopsy specimen from this area revealed low-grade squamous cell carcinoma. The urethral process was excised, and the hemospermia resolve...
Effect of long-term administration of an injectable enrofloxacin solution on physical and musculoskeletal variables in adult horses. To evaluate clinical safety of administration of injectable enrofloxacin. Methods: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Methods: 24 adult horses. Methods: Healthy horses were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups that received placebo injections (control) or IV administration of enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb], 15 mg/kg [6.8 mg/lb], or 25 mg/kg [11.4 mg/lb] of body weight, q 24 h) for 21 days. Joint angles, cross-sectional area of superficial and deep digital flexor and calcaneal tendons, carpal or tarsal osteophytes or lucency, and midcarpal and tarsocrural articular cartilage lesions wer...
Treatment of granular cell tumor via complete right lung resection in a horse. A 7-year-old warmblood mare was referred because of a respiratory tract disorder; pulmonary granular cell tumor was diagnosed. Pulmonary granular cell tumor is a locally invasive but rare type of tumor with low metastatic potential. The entire right lung was resected to ensure removal of all neoplastic tissue. The horse recovered well and has minimal difficulties functioning with one lung. Most of these tumors are diagnosed during postmortem examination. To our knowledge, this is the first report of pulmonary granular cell tumor treated by complete lung resection in a horse.
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1998. During 1998, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 7,961 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a decrease of 6.5% from 8,509 cases in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings reported in 1997. More than 92% (7,358 cases) were in wild animals, whereas > 7.5% (603 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93% in wild animals and 7% in domestic species in 1997). Decreases were evident in all of the major contributing species groups, with the exception of skunks and bats. The relative cont...
Management factors affecting the risk for vesicular stomatitis in livestock operations in the western United States. To identify management factors affecting the risk of animals developing vesicular stomatitis (VS). Methods: Case-control study. Methods: Horses, cattle, and sheep with suspected vesicular stomatitis on 395 premises in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. Methods: Data were collected during the VS outbreak of 1997. Diagnosticians interviewed livestock owners and completed a supplemental questionnaire. Cases were defined as those premises that had a completed questionnaire and had > or = 1 animal positive for VS. Control premises were all premises investigated that had a completed questionna...
Measurements of reproductive function in stallions treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine. To evaluate the effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine treatment on various measures of reproductive function in healthy pony stallions. Methods: Randomized complete block study. Methods: 12 healthy, mature pony stallions. Methods: Stallions were assigned to treatment and control groups balanced for age and various characteristics of reproductive function. The treated group received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pyrimethamine for 90 days during summer and fall; the control group was not treated. Semen characteristics, sexual behavior, testicular volume, and sperm produc...
Treatment response and athletic outcome of foals with tarsal valgus deformities: 39 cases (1988-1997). To evaluate the response to various treatments and long-term outcome of foals with tarsal valgus deformities. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 39 foals with tarsal valgus deformities. Methods: Data collected from medical records, included signalment, history, reason for admission, and clinical findings. Radiographic views of the tarsus were evaluated for incomplete ossification of tarsal bones and were classified as normal in appearance, type-I incomplete ossification, or type-II incomplete ossification. Treatment and athletic outcome were documented for each foal. Results: Radiographic ...
High intraosseous pressure as a cause of lameness in a horse with a degloving injury of the metatarsus. A 6-year-old Paint mare undergoing treatment for a degloving injury of the right metatarsus developed a non-weight-bearing lameness 19 days after admission. Diagnostic nerve blocks localized the source of pain to the area between the tarsus and the metatarsophalangeal joint. Radiography of the metatarsus and metatarsophalangeal joint, arthrocentesis of the metatarsophalangeal joint, and ultrasonography of the flexor tendons, flexor tendon sheath, and suspensory ligament failed to identify the cause of the lameness. The horse was anesthetized and intraosseous pressure was measured in the left a...
Survey of veterinary extension in the United States. To assess veterinary extension in the United States as perceived by veterinary extension personnel. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: Extension veterinarians in the United States. Methods: 2 surveys were designed and mailed to extension veterinarians listed by the USDA and the American Association of Extension Veterinarians. Results: 34 states had > or = 1 extension veterinarian. The majority (> 60%) of extension veterinarians did not commit time to resident education and were not involved in research activities. Paradoxically, 23% of responding extension veterinarians did not re...
Repeated manual evacuation for treatment of rectal tears in four horses. Horses with tears that involve all layers of the rectum except the mesocolon (grade IIIb) have a poor prognosis for survival because of the difficulty in treating these wounds and the propensity for them to progress to full perforations (grade IV). Most treatments for grade-IIIb rectal tears involve surgery of some kind, but not all grade-IIIb rectal tears require surgical intervention. We report on 4 horses with grade-IIIb rectal tears that were evaluated via palpation per rectum and endoscopy. Two of 4 horses were admitted with signs consistent with shock and endotoxemia, and evaluation of a...
Prevalence of gastric ulcers in show horses. To determine prevalence and risk factors for gastric ulcers in show horses. Methods: Field survey. Methods: 50 horses in active training that had been transported to at least 1 event in the 30 days prior to endoscopy. Methods: Interview of owner, physical examination, serum biochemical analysis, CBC, and gastric endoscopy were performed. Results: Gastric ulceration was detected in 58% of the horses. Horses with a nervous disposition were more likely to have ulceration than quiet or behaviorally normal horses. Horses with gastric ulceration had significantly lower RBC counts and hemoglobin conc...
Serologic prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in horses in Brazil. To determine serologic prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in horses in Brazil. Methods: Prevalence survey. Methods: 101 Thoroughbreds in Brazil. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from horses and tested for serum antibodies against S neurona by use of an immunoblot procedure with culture-derived S neurona merozoites as antigen, and for serum antibodies against T gondii and N caninum by use of a modified agglutination test with formalin-preserved tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol. Results: Antibodies against S neurona and T gondii were detected in 36 and ...
Results of bone scintigraphy in racing standardbred horses: 64 cases (1992-1994). To document anatomic patterns of scintigraphic uptake and related orthopedic disease associated with racing activity in Standardbred horses. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 64 Standardbred horses evaluated for lameness. Methods: Medical records at the time of discharge were reviewed, and information regarding signalment; history; results of lameness examination, scintigraphy, and radiography; diagnosis; and treatment were obtained. Results: 274 areas of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake were identified. Scintigrams of 218 limbs (106 forelimbs, 112 hind limbs) were available for revie...
Evaluation of iodophor skin preparation techniques and factors influencing drainage from ventral midline incisions in horses. To document natural bacterial flora on the ventral aspect of the equine abdomen, to compare 2 preparation techniques, and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to incisional drainage. Methods: Prospective study. Methods: 53 horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy. Methods: Group-1 horses (n = 26) were prepared with povidone-iodine and alcohol. Group-2 horses (27) were prepared with a film-forming iodophor complex. Numbers of bacterial colony-forming units (CFU) were measured before and after surgical scrub, following skin closure, and after recovery from general anesthesia. Sw...
Predictors of arterial oxygen tension in anesthetized horses: 1,610 cases (1992-1994). To identify factors associated with various arterial partial pressures of oxygen (Pao2) in anesthetized horses. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 1,450 horses anesthetized a total of 1,610 times with isoflurane or halothane. Methods: Anesthesia records, particularly results of blood gas analyses, were reviewed, and horses were grouped on the basis of lowest Pao2. Results: For horses with lowest Pao2 < 120 mm Hg, those with low pulse pressure, that underwent anesthesia on an emergency basis, or that were males were more likely to have Pao2 < 80 mm Hg. For horses with lowest Pao2 <...
Factors associated with prognosis for survival and athletic use in foals with septic arthritis: 93 cases (1987-1994). To identify factors affecting the prognosis for survival and athletic use in foals with septic arthritis. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 93 foals with septic arthritis. Methods: Medical records were reviewed to obtain clinical findings, laboratory test results, radiographic findings, treatment method, and outcome. Race records for Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds were evaluated to determine whether foals subsequently raced and whether they raced successfully. Results: 43 foals had 1 affected joint, 44 foals had multiple affected joints, and number of affected joints was not recorded for...
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of periapical infection of the third mandibular molar in five horses. Diagnosis and treatment of periapical infection of the third mandibular molar in 5 horses was assessed. In 4 of 5 horses, there was a recent history of dental work performed. Diagnosis required multiple imaging techniques. Radiography revealed evidence of periapical bone lysis or tooth root lysis of the third mandibular molar in 3 of 5 horses. Sonographic examination was effective in identifying abscesses within the masseter muscle and defects of the lateral cortex of the mandible in 4 of 5 horses. Nuclear scintigraphy was diagnostic in 1 of 2 horses examined. All horses were treated by repuls...
Actinobacillus lignieresii infection in two horses. A 10-year-old pregnant Norwegian Fjord horse was examined for gross swelling of the muzzle of 2 years' duration. Examination of biopsy specimens revealed diffuse dermal fibrosis, micropustule formation, and vascular thrombosis; large numbers of Actinobacillus lignieresii were isolated in pure culture. Prolonged treatment with i.v. administration of sodium iodide and oral administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole caused regression of the swelling and did not induce abortion. A 5-month-old American Paint filly was examined for swelling in the udder region. Bacteriologic culture of purulent...
Small intestine strangulation by components of the spermatic cord in two geldings. Two adult Quarter Horse geldings were evaluated for signs of abdominal pain. Both horses had signs of depression and distended small intestines on abdominal palpation per rectum. Abdominal exploratory surgery was performed on both horses. In each instance, small intestine was found to be strangulated by components of the spermatic cord. Both horses were euthanatized because of a poor prognosis. Although not commonly observed, incarceration of intestine by components of the spermatic cord should be considered as a cause of small intestine strangulation in male horses. Early recognition of this ...
