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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.
Publisher:
[American Veterinary Medical Association,. Schaumburg, Ill. : American Veterinary Medical Association (1975)
Frequency: Semimonthly
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
American Veterinary Medical Association.
Start Year:1915 -
Identifiers
| ISSN: | 0003-1488 (Print) 1943-569X (Electronic) 0003-1488 (Linking) |
| NLM ID: | 7503067 |
| (OCoLC): | 01084791 |
| (DNLM): | J12340000(s) |
| Coden: | JAVMA4 |
| LCCN: | 16022549 |
| Classification: | W1 JO911J |
Use of ventral cervical stabilization for treatment of a suspected articular facet fracture in a horse. A 3-year-old Thoroughbred filly examined because of poor performance after a fall was found to be ataxic. Radiography revealed a linear defect in the right dorsal cranial articular facet of the fifth cervical vertebra. The defect was thought to be a fracture or a developmental defect. Arthrodesis and stabilization were achieved by ventral implantation of a Bagby basket in the articulation between the fourth and fifth cervical vertebrae. The ataxia resolved within 4 months, and the filly was able to resume full race training.
Repair of a proximal metatarsal Salter type-II fracture in a foal. Bilateral radiographically persistent proximal third metatarsal physes and concurrent cuboidal bone immaturity were identified in a foal. Repair of a Salter type-II fracture of the left proximal third metatarsal physis was accomplished by use of lag screw fixation. A 6-day-old Arabian foal, intended for use as a show horse, was referred because of severe unilateral hind limb lameness and valgus deformity. A Salter type-II fracture of the proximal portion of the third metacarpal bone was identified radiographically and repaired by use of cancellous lag screws. The fractured limb was further sup...
Summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease in horses: 21 cases (1983-1991). Medical records of 21 horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease were reviewed, and history, signalment, clinical signs, radiographic signs, clinicopathologic data, and therapeutic response were determined. Most affected horses were used as pleasure horses, and for the most part, remained at pasture when not in use. The mean age (+/- SD) was 13.7 +/- 3.6 years. Clinical signs included intermittent nasal discharge, cough, tachypnea, labored expiratory effort, and crackles and wheezes on auscultation. Radiography frequently revealed interstitial patterns in the lung fiel...
Lesions of the caudal aspect of the femoral condyles in foals: 20 cases (1980-1990). Medical records and radiographs were reviewed from 20 foals with caudal femoral condylar lesions. Osseous lesions were classified radiographically into 3 categories. Type-I lesions were characterized by a discrete area of radiolucency within the subchondral bone of the caudal aspect of a femoral condyle and were associated with septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. Type-II lesions had localized, osseous irregularities involving < 50% of the femoral condyle. Type-III lesions had widespread irregularities involving a large area of the condyle, and in 5 foals with type-III lesions, there was a thin...
Use of esophagoscopy in the diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. Esophagoscopy allowed visualization and biopsy of a lesion within a diverticulum of the esophagus in an adult horse. Although the biopsy specimen obtained was small, diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was possible from histologic examination of the esophageal tissue sample retrieved by use of endoscopy.
Squamous cell carcinoma associated with a chronic wound in a horse. A 13-year-old Belgian stallion developed a squamous cell carcinoma at the site of a neck laceration that had been treated topically with various irritating chemicals for 18 months. Orthovoltage treatments at 3 times over 5 years controlled the tumor. Eight years after the initial hospitalization, the area was healed and the stallion appeared healthy.
Generalized medullary infarction of the long bones in a horse. Generalized medullary infarction of the long bones was diagnosed in a 12-year-old Tennessee Walking Horse mare. The mare was referred after a 6-week course of shifting weight on her hind limbs, and kicking. Physical examination revealed mild stifle joint distention and withdrawal reactions to digital pressure over the long bones. Radiography revealed patchy areas of medullary sclerosis in the distal portion of each femur and proximal portion of each tibia. A full-thickness cortical and cancellous tibial biopsy revealed infarcted bone marrow, with cortical and periosteal osteonecrosis. The caus...
Chronic selenosis in horses fed locally produced alfalfa hay. Chronic selenosis (alkali disease) was diagnosed in horses of western Iowa, a region associated with marginal to adequate soil selenium. Two locally produced alfalfa hays (Medicago sativa L) were identified as the primary source. Difficulty in selecting diagnostic specimens to evaluate potential chronic selenosis cases is complicated by the wide range of tissue concentrations reported in previous cases, conflicting correlation of sample selenium concentrations in the literature, and different recommendations on specimen selection and diagnostic value. These problems arise form the similarity i...
Uterine tear without a corresponding placental lesion in a mare. A 3-cm full-thickness tear near the tip of the previously gravid uterine horn of a 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare was diagnosed at surgery. The mare had delivered a foal with veterinary assistance 2 days prior to surgery. The mare subsequently developed muscle tremors, anorexia, and signs of depression. Physical examination revealed pyrexia, extended capillary refill time, muscle fasciculations, and fewer-than-normal borborygmi. Abnormalities of the uterus or vagina were not detected by palpation per rectum or per vagina. The chorioallantois underlying the area of the tear was intact. We propos...
Choledocholithiasis attributable to a foreign body in a horse. Cholelithiasis is the most common cause of biliary obstruction in horses. Proposed mechanisms include ascariasis, biliary stasis, ascending biliary infection, and changes in bile composition. In this horse, a foreign body acted as the nidus for bile-salt deposition and ascending cholangitis. Clinical signs (intermittent abdominal pain, icterus, and pyrexia) in conjunction with high serum activity of enzymes indicative of obstructive biliary disease led to a tentative diagnosis of cholelithiasis. Ultrasonography was used to confirm the diagnosis. Postmortem examination revealed a 7-cm wooden st...
Intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin in oily emulsion in horses. Twenty horses with 30 lesions were studied to evaluate the effects of intratumoral chemotherapy with cisplatin in sesame oil on equine sarcoids (n = 19), squamous cell carcinomas (n = 7), and squamous cell papillomas (n = 4). Treatment consisted of 4 sessions of intratumoral cisplatin chemotherapy at 2-week intervals. A controlled-release formulation of cisplatin in sesame oil was used to limit drug egress from the injection site. Mean dosage per session was 0.97 (+/- 0.17, SEM) mg of cisplatin/cm3 of tumor tissue treated for tumor volumes ranging from 10 to 20 cm3. Dosage tended to be slightl...
Segmental ischemic necrosis of the small intestine in two postparturient mares. Two mares developed segmental ischemic necrosis of the small intestine after parturition. In one mare, the mesentery of the small intestine apparently tore during parturition, after which necrosis developed in a 52-cm segment of the distal portion of jejunum. In the other mare, a 52-cm segment of the proximal portion of ileum tore during parturition. Three weeks later, a 40-cm segment of the distal portion of jejunum became incarcerated in the mesenteric rent and twisted 360 degrees on its mesentery. Both mares recovered after resection of affected intestine and are functioning as broodmares.
Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses. The relative toxicity of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen was studied in healthy adult horses. Sixteen horses were randomly assigned to receive 10 ml of physiologic saline solution, or ketoprofen (2.2 mg/kg of body weight), flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg), or phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg) IV, every 8 hours, for 12 days. Results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and fecal occult blood tests were monitored. On day 13, all horses were euthanatized and complete necropsy examinations were performed. Mean CBC values remained within normal limits for all groups. Phenylbutazone-treated...
Treatment of smoke inhalation in five horses. Five horses were admitted for treatment of smoke-inhalation injuries sustained in a barn fire. Three of the horses were mildly affected, with high respiratory rates (24 to 36 breaths/min) and normal to low arterial oxygen tensions (77.0 to 94.1 mm of Hg), and responded well to administration of diuretics, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. The 2 remaining horses were severely affected. Both were in respiratory distress, with markedly low arterial oxygen tensions (50.4 and 57.1 mm of Hg) and cyanosis. These 2 horses required fluid resuscitation in addition to the treatments give...
Jejunal intussusception in adult horses: 11 cases (1981-1991). Medical records of 11 adult horses with jejunal intussusception examined at 5 veterinary teaching hospitals between 1981 and 1991 were reviewed. Nine of 11 horses had signs of acute abdominal discomfort for < 24 hours, whereas 2 horses had a history of chronic signs. Five of 11 horses had an intraluminal or intramural mass associated with the jejunal intussusception. Two horses died or were euthanatized prior to surgery. Partial jejunal resection and jejunojejunal anastomosis were performed in 9 horses. One horse died during surgery and 2 were euthanatized prior to hospital discharge because o...
Small intestinal incarceration through the lateral ligament of the urinary bladder in a horse. Small intestinal incarceration through the lateral ligament of the urinary bladder was diagnosed in a 14-year-old, 569-kg, castrated Quarter Horse. The incarceration was corrected by ventral midline celiotomy. Approximately 70 cm of the middle portion of the jejunum was resected and end-to-end, single-layer anastomosis was performed. After surgery, the horse developed signs of adynamic ileus and lameness in the right forelimb. The horse developed laminitis in all 4 feet within 24 hours of surgery. The horse was euthanatized because of poor prognosis for survival. At necropsy, a 4.5-cm rent was...
Motor neuron degeneration in a horse. A 9-year-old Quarter Horse mare was examined because of progressive weight loss, weakness, muscle atrophy and tremors, and behavioral change. Selenium and glutathione peroxidase assays, blood lead analysis, erythrocyte transketolase analysis, pseudorabies and Borrelia burgdorferi serology, electromyography, and CSF analysis were performed. Motor neuron degeneration was diagnosed by microscopic examination of neural tissues. The cause of the disease was not substantiated, but several possibilities were excluded via diagnostic testing. Diagnosis of motor neuron degeneration in horses may be made...
Hypertrophic osteopathy in three horses and a pony. Hypertrophic osteopathy was diagnosed in 3 horses and in a pony, ranging in age from 8 to 21 years. There were 2 females, 1 sexually intact male, and 1 gelding. In 3 animals, hypertrophic osteopathy was associated with pulmonary abscesses, bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma, and ovarian granulosa-cell tumor, respectively, and resulted in death or euthanasia. Duration of the condition ranged from 1 to 4 months. In 1 horse, hypertrophic osteopathy was believed to be secondary to pregnancy, and resolved following uncomplicated delivery of a live foal.
Epididymal swelling attributable to generalized lymphosarcoma in a stallion. Aspermia was diagnosed in a 12-year-old Thoroughbred stallion with generalized lymphosarcoma. Invasion of the epididymus by neoplastic cells caused thickening and enlargement of both epididymes. The testes were not affected. The nodular ultrasonographic architecture was similar to that in previously reported cases of infectious epididymitis.
Stress reactions and stress fractures of the proximal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone in horses: 58 cases (1980-1990). The case records, radiographs, and nuclear bone scans of 58 horses with stress reactions or stress fractures of the proximal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) were reviewed. There were 47 Standardbreds, 4 Quarter Horses, 3 Thoroughbreds, 2 Arabians, 1 Oldenburg, and 1 Pony of America. Fifty-six of the horses were racehorses or performance horses. The mean and median ages of affected horses were 4 and 3 years, respectively. Lameness ranged from mild to severe. Physical findings were usually subtle and included signs of pain on deep palpation of the proximal palmar aspect of MC3 a...
Obstructive enterolith in an 11-month-old miniature horse. An obstructive enterolith was diagnosed in an 11-month-old 68-kg miniature horse with a 24-hour history of mild, intermittent colic. Abdominal radiography revealed gas distention of the cecum and the right and left ascending colon, and a radiodense elliptical structure in the area of the left kidney. During exploratory laparotomy, the right dorsal colon was noticed to contain ecchymotic hemorrhage and generalized discoloration in the portion proximal to the location of the enterolith. While exteriorizing the ascending colon, it ruptured caudal to the diaphragmatic flexure in the right dorsal c...
Effects of blood contamination on equine peritoneal fluid analysis. Peritoneal fluid and blood was collected from 8 healthy adult horses. Four 1-ml aliquots of peritoneal fluid from each horse were then contaminated with 0 ml (normal), 0.05 ml (1 drop), 0.10 ml (2 drops), and 0.20 ml (4 drops) of blood from the same horse. Samples were analyzed for RBC count, nucleated blood cell count, total protein concentration, and nucleated cell differential count. Statistical analysis revealed no significant changes in nucleated cell number, nucleated cell differential, or total protein concentration in peritoneal samples contaminated with blood. The RBC count significan...
Cryptococcal pneumonia and abortion in an equine fetus. Cryptococcus neoformans was the causative agent of pneumonia in a 9-month-old equine fetus aborted by a healthy American Paint mare. Endometritis was diagnosed on biopsy, and vaginal specimens obtained for culture were Cryptococcus-positive 1 month following abortion but not 5 months after abortion. Infection resolved without treatment between 1 and 5 months after abortion, and the mare was bred the following year and delivered a live premature foal without evidence of Cryptococcus infection.
Idiopathic, aseptic, effusive, fibrinous, nonconstrictive pericarditis with tamponade in a standardbred filly. A Standardbred filly was admitted for evaluation of pleuritis and pneumonia. Heart rate was 80 to 120 beats/min, and the pulse was barely palpable. Thoracic and abdominal ultrasonography and echocardiography revealed substantial pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade, fibrinous pericarditis, pleural effusion, and ascites. Initial electrocardiography revealed normal sinus rhythm with decreased amplitude of the QRS complexes consistent with pericardial effusion. Following thoracentesis, echocardiogram-guided pericardiocentesis was performed. Bacterial culture yielded no growth from any of t...
Actions of isoflurane and halothane in pregnant mares. Eighteen healthy, pregnant mares scheduled for laparotomy and uterine manipulation were randomly allotted to 2 equal groups. After IV administration of xylazine hydrochloride and thiamylal sodium, general anesthesia was maintained with halothane (HALO) or isoflurane (ISO) in oxygen. Results of cardiovascular measurements were similar with both inhalant anesthetics; mean arterial blood pressure was 79 and 82 mm of Hg with HALO and ISO, respectively. Respiratory rate decreased most with ISO (mean frequency was 4 and 9 breaths/min with ISO and HALO, respectively). Partial pressure of arterial CO2...
Renal dysfunction associated with infection of Leptospira interrogans in a horse. Renal failure associated with infection of Leptospira interrogans was detected in a horse. Fever, leukocytosis, pyuria, isosthenuria, and azotemia were suggestive of an inflammatory urinary tract disease. Despite persistent pyuria, no bacteria were found during routine microscopic examinations or bacteriologic culturing of urine. A fluorescent antibody examination of the urine was positive for L interrogans. Serologic testing during a 6-month period, supported an acute infection with L interrogans serovar pomona. Treatment with intravenously administered fluids and antimicrobials resulted in c...
