Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice.
Publisher:
W.B. Saunders,
Frequency: Three no. a year
Country: United States
Language: English
Start Year:1985 -
ISSN:
0749-0739 (Print)
1558-4224 (Electronic)
0749-0739 (Linking)
1558-4224 (Electronic)
0749-0739 (Linking)
Impact Factor
1.1
2022
| NLM ID: | 8511904 |
| (DNLM): | SR0053812(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 11078671 |
| LCCN: | sn 84006968 |
| Classification: | W1 VE929F |
Dental corrective procedures. This article explains what is needed for successful extraction of diseased cheek teeth and how to realign the occlusal surface. Incisor teeth procedures and correcting abnormalities of cheek tooth crown wear are also discussed along with wolf and floating teeth.
Thermoregulation. Base mechanisms and hyperthermia. Metabolic HP is extremely high during exercise in horses. Thermoregulation in horses is primarily dependent on evaporative heat loss from sweating in particular. Under thermoneutral conditions, these mechanisms are sufficient to allow horses to perform high-intensity exercise for long periods. Under thermally stressful conditions, particularly in high ambient humidity, the efficiency of evaporative heat loss mechanisms is compromised and may result in horses developing hyperthermia. Early recognition and vigorous treatment are essential to limit the consequences of heat stress in horses. Metic...
Treatments affecting fluid and electrolyte status during exercise. A number of feeding and management practices, dietary electrolyte supplements, and medications may affect fluid and electrolyte status in resting and exercising horses. The contents of the gastrointestinal tract of the equine athlete, unlike its human counterpart, are responsible for more than 10% of body weight. Although ingesta traditionally has been considered dead weight for the sprinting horse, it is a valuable reservoir of fluid and electrolytes that may be used during endurance exercise. Numerous strategies for hyperhydration of the equine athlete and for replacement of fluid and electr...
Sweating. Fluid and ion losses and replacement. In the horse, sweat is produced by apocrine glands which are present over most haired and nonhaired skin. Although sweat secretion is initiated under a number of circumstances, the central drive for sweating in response to a thermal stimulus is the primary mechanism for its production. Sweating is an essential and primary mechanism for heat dissipation during exercise or exposure to hot ambient conditions. The rate of sweat production will reflect the interaction of numerous factors, including exercise intensity, ambient conditions, state of hydration, and the training or heat acclimation stat...
Fluid and electrolyte balance in endurance horses. In horses, fluid losses of 10L to 15L per hour can occur during endurance exercise under hot environmental conditions. The horse's sweat is hypertonic with respect to plasma, and large amounts of sodium, chloride and potassium are lost during prolonged exercise. Horses that reach exhaustive syndrome often show pronounced increases in plasma protein concentration. This could be an indication of failure of the compensatory fluid shift from the intracellular compartment caused by severe dehydration. Thorough physical examination by the ride veterinarian allows early recognition of dehydration and...
Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances in three-day, combined-training horses. Horses competing in 3-day, combined-training events develop a metabolic acidosis that is partially compensated for by a respiratory alkalosis immediately after phases B and D. By the end of phase C and 30 minutes to 2 hours after phase D, the acidosis is resolved by the oxidation of lactate, and a metabolic alkalosis prevails. A reduction in TBW and cation content occurs, which often is not replenished 12 to 24 hours after the event, even though the serum or plasma concentration of various constituents may be within normal limits. Hypochloremia and hypocalcemia, however, may persist 12 or more...
Thermoregulatory adaptations associated with training and heat acclimation. The large metabolic heat load generated as a consequence of muscular work requires activation of thermoregulatory mechanisms in order to prevent an excessive and potentially dangerous rise in body temperature during exercise. Although the horse has highly efficient heat dissipatory mechanisms, there are a number of circumstances in which the thermoregulatory system may be overwhelmed, resulting in the development of critical hyperthermia. The risk for development of life-threatening hyperthermia is greatest when (1) the horse is inadequately conditioned for the required level of physical perfo...
Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base responses to exercise in racehorses. During both high-intensity and short-distance exercise, the high rate of expended energy is met by anaerobic oxidation of glucose to lactic acid; this is the main cause of metabolic acidosis observed during racing. In addition, plasma volume decreases because water moves from the vasculature to the intracellular and interstitial spaces at the onset of intense exercise. These fluid shifts, together with active ion-exchange between blood and tissue, cause marked changes in electrolyte concentrations. This article reviews the mechanisms of acid-base disturbances, fluid shifts, and electrolyte cha...
Physiology of body fluids in the horse. This article presents a brief overview of the physiology of homeostasis in the horse and discusses the units of measurement by which dissolved electrolytes are assessed. Differences in electrolyte composition between compartments of the body and the manner in which water is exchanged between them are reviewed. The mechanisms by which alterations in osmolality and effective circulating volume are detected and the physiological responses to those alterations are presented.
Effect of exercise on acid-base status of horses. Exercise in horses is associated with a wide variety of physiological changes in fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance. The integration of physiologic and physiochemical mechanisms acts to minimize alterations in pH and enhance removal of carbon dioxide produced by exercising muscles. This article provides a description of the changes that take place during exercise and how these changes affect acid-base balance in the horse.
Effect of exercise on fluid balance and renal function in horses. Exercise places large demands on the equine cardiovascular system which are further complicated by environmental factors. In many respects, performance is limited by fluid and electrolyte stores and the ability to maintain cardiovascular and thermoregulatory stability in the face of severe sweat losses. Studies in the exercising horse have been primarily descriptive or associative, with only a limited number seeking to identify physiologic mechanisms associated with the control of fluid and electrolyte balance. More mechanistic studies are needed to fully understand the integration of the card...
The exhausted horse syndrome. Exhaustion occurs in most equestrian sports, but it is more frequent in events that require sustained endurance work such as endurance racing, three-day eventing, trial riding, and hunting. Exhaustion is also more likely when an unfit, unacclimatized, or unsound horse is exercised. Mechanisms that contribute to exhaustion include heat retention, fluid and electrolyte loss, acid-base imbalance, and intramuscular glycogen depletion. Clinical signs include elevated temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate; depression; anorexia; unwillingness to continue to exercise; dehydration; weakness; stiffne...
Treatment of exercise-induced dehydration. One of the most common consequences of prolonged exercise is fluid and electrolyte depletion. Fluid and electrolyte losses during exercise may limit the horse's performance and, in extreme cases, jeopardize its health. To avoid or treat the deleterious effects of dehydration, fluid and electrolyte supplementation is essential. This article provides recommendations for fluid and electrolyte supplementation for horses involved in endurance-related events.
Antimicrobial therapy for respiratory disease. Antimicrobial treatment is an important component of infectious respiratory disease management. However, across all systems in horses there is substantial deficit in definitive information concerning the efficacy of antimicrobials. This disassociation between laboratory data and antimicrobial efficacy and the obstacles to effective antimicrobial treatment should be understood.
Field examination of the equine patient with nasal discharge. This article describes the field investigation of horses with nasal discharge (serous, purulent, blood and feed). Flow charts on how to evaluate affected horses, and photographs of the examination procedures and of horses affected with nasal discharge are included.
Field imaging of the respiratory tract. Radiology and ultrasonography. This article addresses the current status and clinical opportunities for portable radiography and ultrasonography. Radiology is indicated for imaging the nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx and thin portions of the neck. In young foals, adequate radiographs of the entire respiratory tract may be possible. Ultrasonography is indicated in superficial parts of the head and neck, the pleural space and diseased parts of the lungfields.
Small airway disease as a vanguard for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Equine allergic small airway disease is a highly prevalent respiratory condition among the stabled horse population. With the assistance of new diagnostic tools such as bronchoalveolar lavage, the condition can be recognized in young performing horses. The pathophysiological and clinical features resemble an earlier stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as determined by the appearance of specific inflammatory cells. Although environmental management is paramount in controlling the disease, proper selective therapeutic regimens are as important to reduce the concurrent inflammation and...
Advanced diagnostic imaging modalities available at the referral center. While many equine diagnostic imaging procedures can be done in field, some procedures require specialized facilities, equipment or expertise which are generally only available in referral or specialty practices. As client awareness of the availability and advantages of these diagnostic procedures increases, veterinarians are faced with the increasing opportunity to utilize these services to provide optimal patient care. A working knowledge of the value and limitations of these methods is required to help guide veterinarians and clients in the selection of additional, and sometimes costly, diag...
Evaluation of the equine respiratory system using physical examination and endoscopy. Defining respiratory disease is not always easy in the horse because auscultation with accurate interpretation of lung sounds can be difficult. However, performing a thorough physical examination, including rebreathing auscultation and percussion of the thorax and sinuses, is very useful in elucidating the problem. Endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory system is also critical for definitively diagnosing certain conditions.
Inhaled medications and bronchodilator usage in the horse. The advantages of aerosol medications include the direct, topical application to the target organ (airways); rapid effect; and low systemic availability. There are now more efficient methods for aerosol delivery that facilitate the use of increasingly sophisticated aerosol drugs. This article reviews the principles of aerosol deposition and the pharmacology of current medications.
Immune therapy in respiratory disease. Pharmacologic manipulation of pulmonary immunity plays an important role in primary and adjunct therapy for equine respiratory disease. Frequent exposure to respiratory viral pathogens, strenuous exercise, long distance transport, and inhalation of harmful substances destroy various aspects of the pulmonary defense system and predispose performance horses to development of infectious and noninfectious respiratory disease. Pulmonary immunity may be bolstered by nonspecific immunostimulants to combat primary or secondary immunodeficiency. State of the art technology improves active and passive-s...
Techniques for sampling the respiratory tract of horses. Field diagnostic tests for respiratory diseases are constantly evolving. With each new application, equine patients with sinusitis, acute and chronic bacterial and fungal pneumonia SAID, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pleuropneumonia or poor performance are managed with greater proficiency. All of these problems can be investigated adequately in the field. This article is a guide to sampling techniques relevant to the ambulatory clinician.
Cytology of the respiratory tract. Cytology can be a rewarding diagnostic technique in equine practice. The respiratory tract readily lends itself to sampling for cytologic evaluation from the upper to lower regions of the system. This article discusses preservation and staining techniques that will allow the practitioner to present satisfactory samples to the laboratory. General considerations for cytologic analysis are discussed as well as the specific findings for individual disorders of the respiratory tract. The proper use of cytologic findings in conjunction with other diagnostic techniques for the respiratory tract are a...
Poor performance and field evaluation of the respiratory system. A thorough examination of the respiratory system is an important part of the work-up for poor performance in horses. This article provides a systematic approach to field evaluation of horses with poor performance due to respiratory system dysfunction. The information is organized to help the reader evaluate pertinent historical and physical examination findings so that a list of differential diagnoses can be generated. Also, pertinent ancillary diagnostic modalities that can help further characterize and localize causes for respiratory dysfunction in horses presented for poor performance are d...
Surgery of the small intestine. Although earlier reports describe a poor prognosis for small intestinal surgery in the horse, there is growing evidence that the short-term survival rate can exceed 80%. In addition to advancements in surgery and aftercare, early referral contributes considerably to the improved prognosis. Surgical procedures that restore anatomic and physiologic continuity to close to normal can minimize postoperative complications. Jejunojejunostomy carries a better prognosis than jejunocecostomy, probably because the latter involves anastomosis between two intestinal segments with dissimilar functions. Care...
Diseases and surgery of the large colon. Displacements and intraluminal obstructions of the large colon carry a good to excellent prognosis for long-term recovery, and surgery for these diseases is rarely followed by short-term or long-term complications. Entrapment of the large colon over the renosplenic ligament is amenable to medical therapies so that surgery can be avoided in many cases. However, preoperative diagnosis of all nonstrangulating diseases of the large colon can be difficult. Vascular diseases of the large colon, such as thromboembolic diseases and large colon volvulus, are more difficult to treat and carry a poorer p...
Diseases and surgery of the small colon. Diseases of the small colon are numerous and they can affect horses of any age. Diseases can be simple obstructions, nonstrangulating obstructions, strangulating obstructions, and congenital defects. American Miniature Horses appear prone to luminal obstruction with impacted intestinal contents, and some ischemic diseases are more common in postpartum mares. Enterotomy and enterectomy have a high success rate in the small colon, provided the affected portion can be exteriorized. The beginning and terminal portions of the small colon can be involved in many diseases and are not readily accessib...
Diseases and surgery of the cecum. The cecum is an important site of water and electrolyte absorption, as well as microbial digestion of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates. These functions of the cecum and ascending colon require that ingesta be mixed constantly and retained long enough to complete the digestion of cellulose. Parasites, changes in regional blood flow, diet, and various pharmacologic agents are associated with alterations in normal cecal motility patterns.
Advances in diagnostic techniques for horses with colic. Recent advances in the use of abdominal ultrasound, endoscopy, laparoscopy, radiography, and peritoneal fluid analysis have contributed to the evaluation of horses with colic. Improved diagnostic capabilities allow earlier surgical intervention when necessary, and this should improve survival rates and the economic aspects of case management.
Epidemiology of colic. Understanding the epidemiology of equine colic is directly relevant to the management of individual horses with colic. In this article, the epidemiology of colic is reviewed with emphasis on epidemiologic studies that have identified specific factors associated with increased risk of colic and epidemiologic studies that are designed to predict the need for surgery and prognosis in horses with colic. Despite the magnitude of the problem of equine colic, much remains to be learned about the epidemiology of this disease.
