Topic:Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis in horses is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen. This hypersensitive response involves the sudden release of mediators from mast cells and basophils, leading to symptoms such as respiratory distress, cardiovascular collapse, and gastrointestinal upset. Common triggers include insect bites, medications, and vaccines. Anaphylaxis requires immediate veterinary intervention to prevent fatal outcomes. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of anaphylaxis in equines, as well as strategies for prevention and risk assessment in horses.
Increase of Adverse Events After Intravenous Injection of Gentamicin in Horses Between 2015 and 2017-From Marketing Authorization Holder’s Point of View. Between 2015 and 2017, a marked increase of anaphylactic-like reactions after intravenous administration of gentamicin was observed first in horses and, later, also in humans. This worldwide issue led to safety measures including product recalls and safety warnings. Here, a German Marketing Authorization Holder (MAH) of an early and intensely affected veterinary product containing gentamicin describes the clinical approach of the company to analyze the root cause and identify the causative agent in the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The pharmacovigilance data of the MAH are presented,...
Effect of Meperidine on Equine Blood Histamine, Tryptase, and Immunoglobulin-E Concentrations. To evaluate changes in immunological parameters following subcutaneous (SC) and intramuscular (IM) administration of meperidine in horses through quantitative analysis of plasma tryptase, histamine, and IgE levels. Six adult horses were enrolled in a prospective randomized crossover design. Horses were administered one treatment per day, with a seven day washout period: (a) meperidine 1 mg/kg IM, saline 6 mL SC; (b) saline 6 mL IM, meperidine 1 mg/kg SC; (c) saline 6 mL SC, saline 6 mL IM. Blood samples were obtained for plasmatic histamine (baseline, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min) via LC-MS/MS ...
Adverse Reactions to Vaccination: From Anaphylaxis to Autoimmunity. Vaccines are important for providing protection from infectious diseases. Vaccination initiates a process that stimulates development of a robust and long-lived immune response to the disease agents in the vaccine. Side effects are sometimes associated with vaccination. These vary from development of acute hypersensitivity responses to vaccine components to local tissue reactions that are annoying but not significantly detrimental to the patient. The pathogenesis of these responses and the consequent clinical outcomes are discussed. Overstimulation of the immune response and the potential rela...
The controversial role of food allergy in infantile colic: evidence and clinical management. Food allergies (FAs) are an increasing problem in Western countries, affecting up to 10% of young children. FAs are frequently associated with gastrointestinal manifestations. The role of FAs as a potential causative factor for infantile colic (IC) is still controversial. We report the most recent evidence on the pathogenesis, clinical and diagnostic aspects of FA-induced infantile colic (IC) and suggest a stepwise diagnostic approach. We selected articles on clinical and immunologic features, pathogenesis and management of FAs and IC from of 1981 to 2015. Original and review articles were ide...
Anaphylaxis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome induced by inadvertent intravenous administration of mare’s milk in a neonatal foal. To describe the diagnostic procedures, therapeutic management and successful outcome of a case of anaphylaxis induced by the inadvertent intravenous (IV) administration of mare's milk to a neonatal foal. Methods: A 3-day-old Thoroughbred colt was presented for treatment of bilateral flexural limb deformities of the forelimbs. Because the foal was unable to ambulate initially, mare's milk was administered via nasoesophageal tube feedings during treatment of the musculoskeletal disorder. Anaphylaxis resulted after unintentional administration of a bolus of 150mL of mare's milk through a jugular ...
Longitudinal study of an outbreak of Trypanosoma evansi infection in equids and dromedary camels in Israel. An outbreak of trypanosomoasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi involving horses, camels and donkeys occurred in a farm in Israel. A longitudinal study of two outbreak phases was conducted which included clinical monitoring, blood smears, packed cell volume (PCV), serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by reverse dot blot (RDB) for the molecular detection of infection. This was the first reported T. evansi outbreak in domestic animals in Israel. Most of the camels on the farm (8/10; 80%) were diagnosed with T. evansi infection whereas infection was less prevalent in the horses (3/7;...
[Recombinant antibodies: a new application in scorpion envenomation?]. Serotherapy is the only specific treatment for envenomation. The antibodies are obtained after the purification of serum from hyperimmunised horses and are used after fragmentation in the form of polyclonal Fab or F(ab)'2. The anti-venom sera are heterogeneous, and their protective effect is often weak. The administration of these preparations induces risks of immediate or delayed side effects: hypersensitivity reactions, anaphylactic shock and serum sickness. This observation led us to develop new forms of antibodies produced by molecular engineering, capable of specifically neutralizing the ...
Value of skin testing for predicting reactions to equine rabies immune globulin.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
The high cost of postexposure prophylaxis for rabies is one reason that treatment is inadequate in developing countries. This problem has kindled interest in the use of equine rabies immune globulin, which is a less expensive, yet effective, substitute for human rabies immune globulin. Fatal anaphylaxis is a feared complication of the administration of heterologous serum; therefore, authoritative sources recommend prior skin testing. However, recommendations for methods of administering such a skin test and for its interpretation vary greatly. We embarked on a long-term study to develop guidel... [Intravenous administration of Ivomec in horses]. Now and then cases have been reported where horses died suddenly after intravenous application of Ivomec. Lethal anaphylactic reactions in horses are known to occur incidentially after intravenous application of drug dissolved in propyleneglycol or glycerolformol. Since Ivomec is registered for use in cattle, sheep and pig, its use in horses has to be regarded as 'off label use'. It is concluded that in the treatment of inhibited stages of cyathostomes ivermectin has no effect whether or not it is applied intravenously or orally. Since lethal anaphylactic reactions can occur, intravenous appli...
Adverse reaction to procaine penicillin G in horses. Adverse reactions to intramuscular injections of procaine penicillin G are reported in 11 horses, five of which died. The clinical findings are presented and suggest central nervous involvement in most cases. Post mortem findings in one horse were consistent with anaphylaxis whereas in other cases the clinical findings, duration of treatment, speed of onset and subsequent completion of treatment supports diagnosis of an acute procaine toxicity syndrome.
Effects of tryptamine antagonists on the anaphylactic contractions of the bovine pulmonary smooth muscles. Calves were sensitized with horse plasma (H.P.), 0.2 ml/kg, i.v., and H.P. (0.2 ml/kg) in Freund's complete adjuvant, s.c. The latter injection was repeated 1 week later and the animals were killed 10 days after the second injection. Spirally cut strips of pulmonary artery and vein and the trachealis muscle from the sensitized calves contracted to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and specific antigen (horse plasma). Antigen-induced contractions of the pulmonary smooth muscles were significantly blocked (P less than 0.05) by the 5-HT antagonists, methysergide and ketanserin. The trachea, however, app...
[Myocardial changes following experimental protein sensitization]. Guinea pigs were sensitized by three subcutaneous injections of 0.1 ml native horse serum at 2-day intervals, 21 days after the third injection the animals developed marked sensitization to this antigen which was manifested by anaphylactic reaction to the subcutaneous challenge with this antigen. At this time, the myocardium of the sensitized animals showed signs of extra- and intracellular oedema, a sharp increase in the number of lysosomes, damage of their membranes, 2 1/2 months after sensitization the animals showed no anaphylactic reaction to the challenge dose of the antigen. There were ...
Preliminary studies of pharmacological antigonism of anaphylaxis in the horse. Systemic anaphylaxis was induced in seven groups of ponies. Systemic hypotension, pulmonary hypotension, and apnea were observed in the control group. Suppression of anaphylaxis was achieved most efficiently with sodium meclofenamate followed by acetylsalicylic acid and diethylcarboamazine. Tripelennamine and methysergide reduced anaphylaxis minimally and burimamide not at all. The findings suggest that histamine and serotonin are of relatively low significance in equine anaphylaxis whereas kinins, prostaglandins and slow reacting substance may be more important.
The sensitizing properties of anti-mouse anti-thymocyte horse serum. The authors have compared the anaphylaxis due to active and passive sensitization of mice. In the case of active sensitizing, anti-mouse anti-thymocyte horse serum (ATS), and/or normal horse serum (NHS), whereas in the case of passive sensitizing, plasma, peripheral leukocytes, spleen cells and thymocytes of sensitized animals were used. Provocation of shock was carried out by intravenous administration of ATS or NHS. Irreversible anaphylaxis occurred in a significantly higher rate in the case of ATS than NHS sensitivity, produced either actively, or passively. Differences have been found also...
Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and its enhancement by normal IgG. Rats were injected intradermally with rabbit anti-ovalbumin serum and 3 hours later were challenged intravenously with ovalbumin and Evans Blue dye. Inflammatory lesions were produced within 20 minutes and their size was markedly dose-dependent. Attempts were made to interfere with this passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) by admixture of normal IgG with the rabbit anti-ovalbumin to measure the relative tissue binding affinities of IgG from various species. It was found that normal IgG from any of the species tested had an enhancing effect on PCA in rats. These immunoglobulins serially arranged...
The quantitative determination of the extent of despeciation of modified equine antitoxin. 1. A method is presented for estimating the relative reactivity with respect to horse serum of antitoxins processed from horse plasma, by observing skin reactions of sensitized rabbits.
2. It is feasible to test 4 preparations, each on 3 rabbits, with standard fiducial limits of from 53% to 188% of the true value.
3. As the sensitizing dose was increased, the relative reactivity of a given test material appeared greater. The function was asymptotic at higher dose levels.
4. The greater the sensitizing dose, the smaller was the variance of the relative reactivity within its replicates.
5. M...