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Topic:Animal Health
Animal Health encompasses a broad range of topics focused on maintaining and improving the well-being of equine species. This field addresses various aspects of horse care, including disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of health conditions. Key areas of interest include equine nutrition, vaccination protocols, parasite control, dental care, and the management of chronic conditions such as laminitis and colic. Additionally, animal health research in horses investigates the impact of exercise and training on physical health, the role of genetics in disease susceptibility, and the development of new therapeutic approaches. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the latest advancements, challenges, and best practices in preserving and enhancing the health of horses.
Haematological correlates of phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation in horses. The purpose of these investigations was to assemble and compare data which might illustrate a functional relationship between phytohaemagglutinin-induced transformation of equine lymphocytes in vitro and the haematological profiles of the lymphocyte donors. Statistically significant correlation between transformation and a haematological parameter was taken as evidence that both may be part of a common regulatory system. There was no evidence that transformation in vitro was affected by artefactual variation in the cellular composition of the cultures. Transformational behaviour of lymphocytes...
Contagious equine metritis in Australia. Contagious equine metritis (CEM) was first diagnosed in Australia in August 1977 and it has since been found on 6 farms in 3 states, having been isolated from about 24 mares and 2 stallions. Details are given of the epidemiology and control procedures used to combat CEM on one farm. Difficulty was experience in successfully treating one infected stallion; this was thought to be associated with inadequate cleaning and treating of the diverticulum of the urethral fossa. Introduction of the disease has had far-reaching consequences and may well result in the adoption of routine bacteriological te...
Induction of follicular development and ovulation in seasonally acyclic mares using gonadotrophin-releasing hormones and progesterone. Deeply acyclic (seasonally anovulatory) mares were treated with GnRH or a GnRH analogue to induce follicular development and ovulation. Courses of GnRH (3--4) were administered at approximately 10-day intervals to reproduce the gonadotrophin surges which precede ovulation in the normal cycle. Exogenous progesterone was administered in an attempt to reproduce the luteal phase pattern. Induced serum FSH concentrations were comparable to those causing follicular development in the normal cycle, but induced LH levels were lower and of shorter duration than those of the periovulatory surge. Three o...
The characterization of equine prealbumin (Pr) proteins by antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis. Acta vet. scand. 1979, , 180–190. — Selected equine Pr phenotypes from a total of 55 horses of mixed breeds were investigated. The horse sera were subjected to acid starch gel electrophoresis at pH 4.8, followed by right angle electrophoresis in agarose gels containing rabbit-produced anti-Pr protein. This technique gives peaks in the agarose gels corresponding to the Pr zones in acid gels. The investigation revealed patterns of the Pr protein which were more complex than those seen when using ordinary acid starch gel electrophoresis. The phenotypes FF, II and LL showed a total of eight p...
Treatment of ringworm in horses with natamycin. A suspension based on the antibiotic, natamycin, was applied by sponging to 83 horses of various breeds and ages with signs of clinical ringworm. A number of different causative agents were involved of which Trichophyton equinum was the most common. Treatment successfully eliminated the disease within 4 weeks. After treatment the recovered animals did not show any evidence of re-infection for up to 6 months. The mycological clearance rate was 97 per cent and apart from the efficacy against ringworm, the preparation had the advantage of being non-irritant and odourless. It was also useful for t...
Morphology of spermatozoa in semen from stallions of normal fertility. Semen samples were collected from 3 fertile stallions by means of an 'open' artificial vagina and examined under scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The stallion spermatozoon has many features in common with that of other mammals but differs specifically in that it has an asymmetric head, an abaxial position of the tail and an acrosome of small volume. The presence of microtubules in the neck is also a characteristic of stallion spermatozoa.
An outbreak of contagious equine metritis in 1977 and its effect the following season. An outbreak of contagious equine metritis occurred in Newmarket in 1977. This survey records the effect on fertility of 20 of the stallions which were infected. Swabbing of mares since then has detected 37 carrier mares harbouring the organism, most frequently in the clitoral area. This swabbing programme reduced the incidence of new cases in 1978 to 3 mares and 1 stallion.
Radiographic evidence of impaired pulmonary function in laterally recumbent anaesthetised horses. Studies in conscious and anaesthetised ponies demonstrated that starvation, anaesthesia and changes in body position influence the radiographic appearance of the lungs in the lateral and dorsoventral views. Radiographic appearances could not be closely correlated with blood gas values, but they suggested that the volume of the lowermost lung of the laterally recumbent animal is greatly reduced.
Changes in mammary development and composition of secretion during late pregnancy in the mare. Small samples of mammary secretion were taken for analysis from Thoroughbred mares during the last 3 weeks of pregnancy up to the time of foaling. The concentrations of sodium and chloride decreased while those of lactose, potassium, citrate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium and protein increased. The time-course of these changes showed marked variation between animals. The concentration of whey proteins began to increase about 10 days before parturition. The appearance of the secretion and the size of the mammary glands increased in the last few days of pregnancy. It is suggested that the concen...
Fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in thoroughbred foals. Eighteen cases of fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in Thoroughbred foals are described. Most of the fractures were in foals under 2 months old and all but one occurred in the forelegs. The bones commonly fractured when the foal galloped to exhaustion trying to keep up with its dam in the paddock. The types of fracture varied but a simple fracture of the medial sesamoid was most frequent and the majority were towards the base of the bone. Six foals sustained a fracture of more than one sesamoid bone and one foal fractured all 4 proximal sesamoid bones in its front legs. Treatment includ...
The critical period for the maternal recognition of pregnancy in pony mares. Two experiments were performed to deterine the critical time at which the equine blastocyst must be present within the uterus of the mare to prevent regression of the corpus luteum, and thus establish the critical time for the maternal recognition of pregnancy. A non-surgical blastocyst collection technique was developed to study this relationship between the blastocyst and the maternal ovary. Results from these experiments demonstrated that the cyclic life-span of the corpus luteum is not affected by the presence of the blastocyst within the mare's uterus until after Day 14 after ovulation. L...
Alteration of seasonal reproductive patterns in mares following superior cervical ganglionectomy. Oestrous behaviour, ovarian follicular development, ovulation and changes in hair coat were observed in Pony mares which were unoperated, sham-ganglionectomized control or bilaterally superior cervical ganglionectomized. Surgery was performed during the winter anoestrus (1975--1976). Reproductive patterns in all groups were similar during the first breeding season (1976) after operation but in ganglionectomized mares the onset of the next breeding season (date of first ovulation in 1977), the pattern of follicular development, date of first oestrus and pattern of hair coat changes were all sig...
Resistance of animal helminths to anthelmintics. This chapter discusses the resistance of animal helminths to anthelmintics. Resistance is defined as a significant increase in the ability of individuals within a strain to tolerate doses of a compound, which would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of the same species. The introduction of phenothiazine and the benzimidazole broad-spectrum anthelmintics, has unfortunately led to the selection of drug-resistant strains of important parasitic helminths. The emergence of an increasing number of resistant helminths is associated with the widespread use and misuse of...
Effects of synchronization and frequency in insemination on fertility. Fifty-four normally cycling, non-lactating mares were given 2 injections (i.m.) of PGF-2 alpha (10 mg) 14 days apart without regard to stage of the oestrous cycle. At 19 days after the first PGF-2 alpha treatment, a single i.m. injection of either hCG (3300 i.u.) or a GnRH-analogue (500 micrograms) was administered. Each mare was inseminated with 100 X 10(6) motile spermatozoa at one of the following frequencies: once only on Day 20; every other day during oestrus or at least on Days 19 and 21; or daily during oestrus or at least on Days 19, 20, 21 and 22. Eighteen control mares received salin...
Serum and liver lipid composition and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in horses, Equus caballus. 1. The lipid composition of serum and liver and some properties of serum lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase of the horse were investigated. 2. Phospholipids and cholesterol were the major components of serum lipids and the concentration of triglyceride was considerably low. The concentration of liver lipids was comparable with that of other mammals. 3. Fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol ester resembled that of the 2-position of lecithin, except palmitic acid. 4. The activity of serum cholesterol esterifying enzyme was found to be 0.03-0.09 mumol/hr per ml. There was an equimolar de...
Comparative studies on serum arginase and transaminases in hepatic necrosis in various species of domestic animals. Serum concentrations of arginase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep and pigs were determined before and after oral administration of CCl(4) at doses known to cause hepatic necrosis. Following CCl(4) administration, serum concentration of arginase and SGOT increased to a level of diagnostic significance in all animals. SGPT increased markedly in dogs and cats and marginally in 1 of 3 cattle and 2 of 3 pigs. In the surviving animals, the serum concentration of arginase returned to normal range much earlier than ...
