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Topic:Animal Science
Animal Science and horses encompass the study of equine biology, physiology, and management practices aimed at understanding and improving horse health, welfare, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines, including genetics, nutrition, reproduction, and behavior, to address the needs of horses in diverse contexts such as sports, work, and companionship. Research in this area often focuses on optimizing feeding strategies, enhancing breeding programs, and developing effective health management protocols. Additionally, studies explore the genetic factors influencing traits such as athleticism and disease resistance, as well as the impact of environmental and management conditions on horse behavior and welfare. This page gathers peer-reviewed research and scholarly articles that investigate the scientific principles underpinning equine science and their practical applications in horse care and management.
Comparison of ELY-2.1 with blood group and ELY-1 markers in the horse. The distribution of ELY-2 was compared to the distribution of blood group factors Aa, Ab, Ac, Ae, Ca, Da, Db, Dc, Dd, De, Df, Dh, Dk, Ka, Pa, Pb, X, Qa, Qc, Ua, and W in 2465 American Standardbred horses and to ELY-1 in 193 American Standardbred horses. The distribution patterns were different in each case. The segregation of ELY-2.1 and factors at the A, C, D, K, P, Q, U and T (W) blood group loci and at the ELA locus indicated that ELY-2.1 is not a product of any of those loci. No segregation data were available for the ELY-1 locus. Family studies indicated that the gene for ELY-2.1 is not s...
[Nucleus motorius medialis in the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord in horses]. The studies carried out on 2 spinal cords of horses showed that cells of the medial motor nucleus (nucleus motorius medialis) are present in all neuromers of the lumbar and sacral segment of the spinal cord. It lies in the medial part of grey matter of the ventral column, neighbouring laterally and ventrally with cells of the lateral motor nucleus, whereas dorsally with cells of the nucleus of the ventral commissural horn. Along the nucleus numerous constrictions and intervals are found, which are connected with various numbers of nerve cells in particular cross-sections.
Horse haemoglobin phenotyping by agarose gel isoelectric focusing comparison of Thoroughbreds with other Equidae. By using isoelectric focusing in thin agarose slab gels 1049 Thoroughbred, 82 Nooitgedachter, 45 Percheron and 244 horses of other breeds were examined. The numbers of other Equidae tested were 107 donkeys, 50 mules, 4 common zebras (Equus burchelli boehmi) and 8 mountain zebras (Equus zebra hartmannae). Phenotypic data are presented for all tested animals and gene frequencies are calculated for the horses.
[Nucleus motorius lateralis in the lumbosacral segment of the spinal cord in horses]. Two medullae oblongatae of horses were cut into 15 microns cross-sections and stained according to the modified method of Nissel. The lateral motor nucleus lies in the lateral and median part of the ventral column of spinal cord grey matter. It adjoins medially nucleus motorius medialis of the spinal ventral column. Cells of this nucleus occur both along the whole lumbar and sacral segment of the spinal cord. In the lateral motor nucleus three cell groups are distinguished-median, basal and lateral. The latter is divided in some segments into subgroups-dorsal and ventral. Along the nucleus qui...
A giant congenital pigmented nevus in a horse. Pigmented nevi have not been widely recognized in domesticated animals. We describe, for the first time, a giant congenital pigmented nevus in a horse. Because of a prominent neuroid component within the lesion, neurofibromatosis was the major differential diagnosis.
Genetic linkage in the horse. II. Distribution of male recombination estimates and the influence of age, breed and sex on recombination frequency. In the present study an extensive amount of data, comprising more than 30,000 offspring in total, was analyzed to evaluate the influence of age and sex on the recombination frequency in the K-PGD segment of the equine linkage group (LG) I and the influence of age, breed and sex on recombination in the Al-Es segment of LG II. A highly significant sex difference is reported for both segments. Male and female recombination values in the K-PGD segment were estimated at 25.8 +/- 0.8 and 33.3 +/- 2.5%, respectively. Similarly, recombination was less frequent in the male (36.6 +/- 0.7%) than in the f...
[Intersexuality in the horse. Morphologic, hormone analytic and cytogenetic studies in an Arabohaflinger horse]. A case of intersexuality in an arabo-haflinger horse is described. The external genitalia consisted of mammary gland, vulva and hypertrophic clitoris; the inner genitalia of rudimental testes. The sexual behaviour was typically male-like. The chromosome analysis showed the female karyotype 64,XX. The presence of testes in a genetically female animal is explained by translocation of an Y-chromosome fragment bearing the gene for the H-Y-antigen.
Acupuncture for treatment of chronic back pain in the horse. Fifteen horses with chronic back pain for 1/2 to 9 years, who could not function normally, who did not obtain any lasting improvement from other previous treatments, were treated with acupuncture. The treatments were 20 minutes of manual acupuncture. The average number of treatments was 7.9 times administered at weekly intervals. After the acupuncture treatments were completed, 13 of the 15 horses were able to function normally.
Structures of the dienoic lactones of horse sebum. The C34, C36, and C38 dienoic omega-lactones were isolated from sebum of the horse (Equus caballus) and the double bond positions were determined by stepwise chemical dissection and analysis of the fragments. The structures found could be formed by delta 9-desaturation at the C18-stage of fatty acid biosynthesis followed by a second delta 9-desaturation when the chains reached C24, C26, C28, C30, or C32 and then addition of one to seven 2-carbon units. These findings provide insight into the dimensions and organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in cells of the sebaceous glands.
Interrelationships of constituents and partition of salts in milk samples from eight species. Skim-milk samples from rat, rabbit, pig, sheep, goat, horse and man were analysed for lactose, casein and the total and ultrafilterable concentrations of the main salts. Results are compared with data for the cow. The ultrafiltrate concentrations of Ca and Mg were positively correlated with that of citrate and the colloidal concentrations of Ca, Mg and citrate were positively correlated with that of Pi, suggesting that common, general, principles determine the partition of salts in milks. Casein concentration in the skim-milks was inversely related to that of lactose in accordance with a recen...
Inhibition of equine S-adenohomocysteine hydrolase by 2′-deoxyadenosine. 2'-Deoxyadenosine and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (ARA) are apparent suicide inhibitors for equine S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. In initial velocity studies of the synthetic reaction converting adenosine and homocysteine to S-adenosylhomocysteine, adenine, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine were found to be competitive inhibitors with Kis of 3.8 microM, 1.1 mM, and 30 microM, respectively. In contrast, linear mixed inhibition was observed for 2'-deoxyadenosine, indicating that 2'-deoxyadenosine must bind in more than one fashion to the enzyme.
[A fixed dressing with a rubber sole for horses and cattle]. A synthetic fixed dressing for great animals is described, which is worked up in such a manner that it is possible to fix on its soles a non-abrasive rubber plate.
The plasma protease inhibitor system (Pi) of Standardbred horses. The plasma protease inhibitor system (Pi) of Standardbred horses was studied by thin-layer, high-voltage, acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (pH 4.6) followed by protein staining and staining for trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibition. In addition to the eight Thoroughbred alleles (PiF, G, I, L, N, S1, S2, U), another 10 alleles, designated PiH, J, K, O, P, Q, R, V, X, Z, were postulated to account for the 98 Pi types which were observed in Standardbreds. Detailed inhibitory spectra of the 'new' alleles were determined and further exceptions to the Pi1, Pi2 classification of Juneja et al. (1...
Transfer of gamma-glutamyltransferase from mother colostrum to newborn goat and foal. In goat and mare colostrum, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity is relatively low (mean values are, respectively, 900 and 350 U/l). In the serum of newborns before suckling, GGT is also low (less than or equal to 28 U/l in goats and less than or equal to U/l in foals); then in goats GGT is much increased on the 1st day (mean = 127 U/l), and it decreases during the following days. In foals, serum GGT slowly but regularly increases for the first 5 days, then decreases. Such differences can be attributed to intestinal protein absorption capabilities which are selective in newborn foals and u...
Effects of physical activity and other types of stress on catecholamine metabolism in various animal species. The investigation of catecholamine (CA) metabolism in animals subjected to various types of stress (different pain syndromes; cranial trauma; immobilization; cooling) and physical exercise shows considerable similarity among species in the sequence of changes, leading from the activation to the depletion of the sympathoadrenal system. The changes caused by physical exercise tend to be more pronounced in individuals with a genetic predisposition to greater stress responses. Stress adaption, induced by special training or by long-duration exposure to hypoxia, can substantially prevent the change...
Two-dimensional electrophoresis of horse serum proteins: genetic polymorphism of ceruloplasmin and two other serum proteins. Two-dimensional agarose gel (pH 8.6)-horizontal polyacrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis of horse serum proteins revealed genetic polymorphism of ceruloplasmin (Cp) and two unidentified serum proteins tentatively designated serum protein 1 (SP1) and serum protein 2 (SP2). Family data were consistent with the hypothesis that the observed Cp and SP1 phenotypes were each controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles. The three common SP2 phenotypes were shown to be controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles. Population data and limited family data indicated the occurrence of two additio...
Effects of environmental control on pulmonary function of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The effects of environmental control on horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was assessed by clinical examination and pulmonary function tests, ie, maximum change in intrathoracic pressure, tidal volume, minute volume, non-elastic work of breathing, dynamic compliance, inspiratory and expiratory flow rates and arterial blood gas analysis. A controlled environment (ie, bedding horses on shredded paper and feeding a complete cubed diet) caused symptomatic COPD affected horses to become asymptomatic within four to 24 days (mean +/- sd 8.4 +/- 4.8 days). When asymptomatic, th...
Lymphocyte alloantigens of the horse. III. ELY-2.1: a lymphocyte alloantigen not coded for by the MHC. A new polymorphic locus of the horse which has several unusual properties is described. The suggested name for the locus is ELY-2. The gene product of one allele at this locus, designated ELY-2.1, has been identified with antisera raised as a result of pregnancy. Antibody to ELY-2.1 was first detected on day 55 after conception in the serum of a mare in first pregnancy. This early onset of antibody is similar to that seen for antibody to ELA antigens, and suggests that the source of the antigenic stimulus may be the tissue of the equine endometrial cups. The antisera identifying ELY-2.1 are cy...
Heterogeneity of horse transferrin: the role of carbohydrate moiety. Homozygous horse transferrin (Tf O) is highly heterogeneous. In starch gel electrophoresis it gives at least 9 zones. Two main components (2a and 4b) were purified by rivanol and ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and SP-Sephadex chromatography. Molecular weights of 75 200 and 80 500 for components 2a and 4b, respectively, were determined by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation. Amino acid compositions of the two components were similar, and there were no differences in the N-terminus (glutamic acid followed by glutamine) and the C-terminus (valine). Differe...
Investigations of the in situ bag technique and a comparison of the fermentation in heifers, sheep, ponies and rabbits. Fiber fermentation using the in situ bag technique was studied in a hay-fed cow. Entry of fine particles into bags of varying pore size, the effect of sample size, rumen contractions, bag porosity and rumen contraction (bags suspended in vitro or in situ) and obstruction of liquid flow through the bag cloth were investigated (Exp. 1). In Exp. 2 fiber degradation in vitro and in situ with 5- and 37-micron pore size bags was measured utilizing six fistulated heifers (four large: 610 kg and two small: 243 kg), two sheep and two goats (30 kg), three ponies (130 kg) and four rabbits (3.2 kg). Degra...
[Monoclonal antibodies directed against equine blood group antigens]. The chief application of blood typing in domestic animals is in the verification of parentage. However, the acquisition of good standardized reagents in sufficient quantity remains an obstacle for the development of this work. The production of monoclonal antibodies directed against blood group determinants offers an attractive means of improving both the quality and quantity of serological reagents, and could facilitate the definition of new specificities. Fusions between a mouse myeloma line and splenocytes from mice immunized with horse red cells have resulted in four hybridomas producing a...
