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Topic:Athletic Performance

Athletic performance in horses refers to the physical capabilities and endurance of horses in various equestrian activities, including racing, dressage, show jumping, and eventing. This topic encompasses the study of physiological, biomechanical, and genetic factors that influence a horse's ability to perform athletically. Research in this area often focuses on aspects such as muscle function, cardiovascular capacity, and respiratory efficiency, as well as training methods and nutritional strategies that can enhance performance. This page collates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the determinants, assessment, and enhancement of athletic performance in horses.
The use of sports medicine techniques in evaluating the problem equine athlete.
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice    April 1, 1990   Volume 6, Issue 1 239-274 doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30565-5
Seeherman HJ, Morris E, O'Callaghan MW.Discovering the cause of poor performance in racehorses can often represent a considerable challenge eluding the more common diagnostic techniques available at the racetrack. Application of sports medicine techniques to these problem cases can aid in the diagnosis of poor performance. Central to the development of this capability has been the use of highspeed treadmills, allowing the racehorse to be evaluated in the controlled laboratory setting, at exercise intensities equivalent to those of racing. Video and cinematographic gait analysis can be used in the diagnosis of subtle lameness condit...
Upper airway function during maximal exercise in horses with obstructive upper airway lesions. Effect of surgical treatment.
Veterinary surgery : VS    March 1, 1990   Volume 19, Issue 2 142-147 doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.1990.tb01156.x
Williams JW, Meagher DM, Pascoe JR, Hornof WJ.Upper airway pressure was measured during maximal exercise in 10 Thoroughbred racehorses with naturally occurring upper airway obstruction. Left laryngeal hemiplegia and arytenoid chondropathy resulted in substantial increases (30-40 cm H2O) in inspiratory upper airway pressure (Pl), whereas complicated aryepiglottic entrapment and subepiglottic cysts produced only modest increases (15 cm H2O) in Pl. Uncomplicated aryepiglottic entrapment and grade IV pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia produced only slight increases (3-5 cm H2O). In general, surgical procedures restored airway pressures to within...
Synchronization of locomotion and respiration in trotting ponies.
Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe A    March 1, 1990   Volume 37, Issue 2 95-103 doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1990.tb00880.x
Art T, Desmecht D, Amory H, Lekeux P.The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the hypothesis that there is a respiration-locomotion coupling in trotting equines. Therefore the respiratory airflow (V), the gastric pressure (Pga) and pleural pressure (Ppl) changes and the step frequency (SF) were simultaneously recorded in 5 trotting ponies (body weight: 255 +/- 15 kg; age: 3.5 +/- 0.4 years). Airflow was measured using a Fleisch pneumotachograph fixed on a face mask. Esophageal and gastric balloon catheters coupled to pressure transducers allowed the recording of Ppl and Pga. The exercise was performed on a treadmill a...
Effect of sodium bicarbonate on racing Standardbreds.
Journal of animal science    March 1, 1990   Volume 68, Issue 3 673-677 doi: 10.2527/1990.683673x
Lawrence L, Kline K, Miller-Graber P, Siegel A, Kurcz E, Fisher M, Bump K.Twenty-two Standardbred horses in race training were used in a crossover experiment to determine the effect of oral sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) administration on performance and metabolic responses to a 1.6-km (1-mile) race. Horses were paired and one horse in each pair was treated with either NaHCO3 (300 mg/kg BW) or a placebo, 2.5 h before they raced against each other. Each horse was scheduled to compete in two races, approximately 1 wk apart, one on each treatment. Horses always raced in the same pairs. Fourteen horses successfully completed both races. Jugular blood samples were obtained ...
Endoscopic evaluation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in association with poor performance in racing Standardbreds.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    February 1, 1990   Volume 196, Issue 3 443-445 
MacNamara B, Bauer S, Iafe J.Endoscopic examinations were performed on 965 Standardbred racehorses competing at Yonkers Raceway between June 16 and Aug 3, 1988, to demonstrate an association between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and poor racing performance. Findings suggested that both exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease adversely affect performance, whereas a combination of the 2 conditions more severely affects racing performance than do either of the conditions individually.
Medical treatment and costs of sports-related injuries in a total population.
International journal of sports medicine    February 1, 1990   Volume 11, Issue 1 66-72 doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024765
de Loës M.A prospective study of acute injuries from sports and physical exercise was carried out during 1 year in a total population of a municipality with 31,620 inhabitants. The medical treatment and the services required for the injuries have been calculated and related to the total consumption of medical care in the municipality. A total of 571 injuries (17% of all injuries) occurred in 28 different sports: 65% of the injured were males. Sports injuries accounted for 3% of all acute visits and there were altogether 1,083 outpatient visits, which yields a mean of 1.9 visits per injury. Related to th...
Inspiratory and expiratory muscle perfusion in maximally exercised ponies.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)    February 1, 1990   Volume 68, Issue 2 544-548 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1990.68.2.544
Manohar M.The present study was carried out on seven healthy ponies to examine the extent of blood flow in various inspiratory and expiratory muscles at rest and during maximal exertion as well as to determine the proportion of cardiac output needed to perfuse respiratory muscles during these conditions. Tissue blood flow was studied with 15 micron-diameter radionuclide-labeled microspheres injected into the left ventricle during steady conditions. The inspiratory and expiratory muscles comprised 2.41 and 3.05% of body weight, respectively, and received 6.17 and 3.75% of the cardiac output at rest. With...
Changes in muscle free carnitine and acetylcarnitine with increasing work intensity in the Thoroughbred horse.
European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology    January 1, 1990   Volume 60, Issue 2 81-85 doi: 10.1007/BF00846025
Harris RC, Foster CV.Treadmill exercise in Thoroughbred horses of 2 min duration and increasing intensity resulted in increased formation and accumulation of acetylcarnitine in the working middle gluteal muscle. At high work intensities a plateau in acetylcarnitine formation was reached corresponding to approximately 70% of the total carnitine pool (approx. 30 mmol.kg-1 dry muscle). Formation of acetylcarnitine was mirrored by an equal fall in the free carnitine content, which stabilised, at the highest work intensities, at around 8 mmol.kg-1 dry muscle. Acetylcarnitine and carnitine reached their point of maximum...
Injuries in intercollegiate rodeo athletes.
The American journal of sports medicine    January 1, 1990   Volume 18, Issue 1 87-91 doi: 10.1177/036354659001800114
Meyers MC, Elledge JR, Sterling JC, Tolson H.Collegiate rodeo athletes (N = 156) in the National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association (NIRA) Southern Region, were examined for injuries during a 7 month (10 rodeo) season from 1987 to 1988. Sixty-two athletes sustained a total of 138 acute injuries resulting from 3292 exposures. One hundred twenty-seven injuries (92% of total injuries) occurred in the roughstock and steer wrestling events, and 11 injuries (8%) occurred in the roping and female events. When calculating opportunity for injury, rodeo athletes face an 89% potential for injury per season. Ninety-one of the injuries incurred were u...
The effect of high-intensity exercise on the respiratory capacity of skeletal muscle.
Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology    January 1, 1990   Volume 415, Issue 4 407-413 doi: 10.1007/BF00373617
Gollnick PD, Bertocci LA, Kelso TB, Witt EH, Hodgson DR.The effect of high-intensity exercise on the respiratory capacity of skeletal muscle was studied in horses which ran five 600-m bouts on a track with 2 min of rest between exercise bouts, or once to fatigue on a treadmill at an intensity that elicited the maximal oxygen uptake. Venous blood and biopsy samples of the middle gluteal muscle were collected at rest, after each exercise bout, and 30 and 60 min post-exercise. Blood samples were analyzed for lactate concentration and pH and muscle samples for metabolites, pH, and respiratory capacity. Venous blood and muscle pH declined to 6.91 +/- 0....
Heart weight and running ability.
Journal of anatomy    December 1, 1989   Volume 167 225-233 
Gunn HM.The weight of the heart as determined by dissection techniques was compared with liveweight and total muscle weight in different types of horses and dogs as adults and during growth. With increasing body size both within and between species, heart weight forms a lesser proportion of liveweight and of total muscle weight. Heart weight forms a greater proportion of liveweight in Thoroughbreds and Greyhounds (breeds noted for high speed running) than in other less fleet members of their species and Greyhounds have greater heart weights relative to total muscle weight than other dogs.
Tendon strains in horses.
American journal of veterinary research    November 1, 1989   Volume 50, Issue 11 1989 
Riemersma DJ.No abstract available
Altered sarcoplasmic reticulum function after high-intensity exercise.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)    November 1, 1989   Volume 67, Issue 5 2072-2077 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1989.67.5.2072
Byrd SK, McCutcheon LJ, Hodgson DR, Gollnick PD.This study examined the effects of acute high-intensity exercise on the rate and capacity of Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-stimulated adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the reversibility of these effects. Thoroughbred horses were run at maximal O2 uptake on a high-speed treadmill until fatigued. Muscle temperatures and biopsy samples were collected at rest, immediately after exercise, and 30 and 60 min after exercise. Blood samples were collected at rest and 5 min after exercise. Muscle and blood (lactate concentration) were three- and fivefold greater than pre-...
Exercise-induced hypercapnia in the horse.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)    November 1, 1989   Volume 67, Issue 5 1958-1966 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1989.67.5.1958
Bayly WM, Hodgson DR, Schulz DA, Dempsey JA, Gollnick PD.The effects of exercise intensity and duration on blood gases in thoroughbred horses were studied to characterize the apparent exercise-induced failure in pulmonary gas exchange that occurs in these animals. In response to 2 min of exercise, arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) decreased in mild and moderate exercise, returned to normocapnic levels in moderate to heavy exercise, and rose 5-10 Torr above resting values during very heavy exercise when CO2 production (VCO2) exceeded 20 times the resting value, and mixed venous CO2 tension approximated 140 Torr. Exercise-induced hypoxemia occurred at the ...
Effects of N,N-dimethylglycine on cardiorespiratory function and lactate production in thoroughbred horses performing incremental treadmill exercise.
The Veterinary record    September 2, 1989   Volume 125, Issue 10 268-271 doi: 10.1136/vr.125.10.268
Rose RJ, Schlierf HA, Knight PK, Plummer C, Davis M, Ray SP.In a crossover study, either a placebo paste or N,N-dimethylglycine was administered orally at a dose rate of 1.2 mg/kg twice daily for five days to six thoroughbred horses, with bodyweights ranging from 424 to 492 kg. Using previously determined regression equations for oxygen uptake (VO2) against speed for each horse, a standardised exercise test was given with speeds equivalent to fixed percentages of the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). The test consisted of two minutes at speeds equivalent to approximately 40 per cent and 50 per cent VO2max, and one minute at speeds that produced approxima...
Kinematic analysis of cutting horses working a mechanical flag.
American journal of veterinary research    August 1, 1989   Volume 50, Issue 8 1418-1422 
Clayton HM.High-speed cinematography was used to record the movements of 12 cutting horses performing a standard test with a mechanical flag. Based on their previous competitive performances, horses were classified into 2 groups: group 1, composed of 5 moderately successful or average performers that had won less than $35,000 in purse money; and group 2, composed of 7 highly successful or elite performances that had amassed greater than $35,000 in competition earnings. Analysis of the results indicated that, compared with horses of the average group, the elite horses had faster reaction times in response...
More cardiac dressage: galop, gallop, gal(l)opitty glop.
JAMA    July 21, 1989   Volume 262, Issue 3 352 
Herder SL.No abstract available
Blood and muscle metabolic responses to draught work of varying intensity and duration in horses.
Research in veterinary science    July 1, 1989   Volume 47, Issue 1 102-109 
Gottlieb M, Essén-Gustavsson B, Skoglund-Wallberg H.Three standardbred trotters performed treadmill exercise at a velocity of 2 m s-1 with a draught load of both 34 kiloponds (kp) (test 1) and 80 kp (test 2), and also at 7 m s-1 with 34 kp (test 3). The heart rate increased to average values of 111 (+/- 5), 157 (+/- 10) and 197 (+/- 7) beats min-1 in tests 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Plasma free fatty acids increased only during tests 1 and 2. Blood lactate and muscle glucose-6-phosphate and lactate concentrations were low after tests 1 and 2, but high after test 3, where also muscle glycogen utilisation was greatest. Muscle creatine phosphate a...
Treatment of a comminuted middle phalangeal fracture in a horse by use of a broad dynamic compression plate.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    June 15, 1989   Volume 194, Issue 12 1731-1734 
Bukowiecki CF, Bramlage LR.Comminuted middle phalangeal fractures, extending into the proximal and distal portions of the interphalangeal joint, are associated with a poor prognosis for return to athletic performance. An 11-year-old horse with this type of fracture was treated successfully by use of a broad dynamic compression plate.
Blood chemistry and skeletal muscle metabolic responses during and after different speeds and durations of trotting.
Equine veterinary journal    March 1, 1989   Volume 21, Issue 2 91-95 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02102.x
Valberg S, Gustavsson BE, Lindholm A, Persson SG.Eight standardbred horses trotted on a treadmill for 55 mins at a sub-maximal speed of 5m/sec and subsequently performed an exercise test consisting of 2 min intervals at increasing speed. Heart (HR) and respiratory (Rf) rates and venous blood samples were obtained before, during and for 5 mins after exercise. Gluteus medius muscle biopsies and rectal temperatures were taken before and after exercise. The mean HR was 132/min and the mean Rf was 156/min during the 5m/sec trotting. With 5m/sec exercise, plasma free fatty acids (FFA), glucose, creatinine and cortisol concentrations increased mark...
Sustained supraventricular tachycardia in a horse.
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association    March 1, 1989   Volume 60, Issue 1 46-47 
Guthrie AJ, Nichas E, Viljoen FV, Hartmann AM, Killeen VM.A case of sustained supraventricular tachycardia of unknown aetiology in a two-year-old Thoroughbred filly is reported. The cardiac dysrhythm was successfully treated by the oral administration of quinidine sulphate. Conversion of the dysrhythm to sinus rhythm occurred approximately 80 min after the initial dose of 5 g of quinidine sulphate. The horse returned to training approximately 2 months after treatment and has since successfully returned to racing.
Capillary tortuosity in skeletal muscles of mammals depends on muscle contraction.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)    March 1, 1989   Volume 66, Issue 3 1436-1442 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.3.1436
Mathieu-Costello O, Hoppeler H, Weibel ER.Capillary orientation (anisotropy) was compared in hindlimb muscles of mammals of different size and/or different aerobic capacity (dog, goat, pony, and calf). All muscles were fixed by vascular perfusion at sarcomere lengths ranging from 1.5 to 2.7 micron. The ratios of capillary counts per fiber cross-sectional area on two sets of sections (0 and 90 degrees) to the muscle fiber axis were used to estimate capillary anisotropy and the coefficient c(K,0) relating 1) capillary counts on transverse sections (a commonly used parameter to assess muscle capillarity) and 2) capillary length per volum...
Nutrition and the growth and racing performance of Thoroughbred horses.
The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society    January 1, 1989   Volume 48, Issue 1 141-152 doi: 10.1079/pns19890017
Frape DL.No abstract available
Carnosine content of the middle gluteal muscle in thoroughbred horses with relation to age, sex and training.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A, Comparative physiology    January 1, 1989   Volume 93, Issue 3 629-632 doi: 10.1016/0300-9629(89)90023-6
Marlin DJ, Harris RC, Gash SP, Snow DH.1. Muscle biopsies were collected from 85 thoroughbred horses and analysed for carnosine content by an automated HPLC method. 2. No significant sex difference was found between colts, geldings and fillies. 3. There was a trend towards lower muscle carnosine contents with age, which was only significant between 1-year-old untrained horses and 4+ year-old horses (P less than 0.002).
The use of enzyme profiles in the training and racing of horses: a review.
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association    December 1, 1988   Volume 59, Issue 4 213-214 
Gummow B, Reyers F.The effects of age, training, racing and endurance riding on serum enzyme profiles in the horse are reviewed and discussed.
Circulatory and muscle metabolic responses to draught work compared to increasing trotting velocities.
Equine veterinary journal    November 1, 1988   Volume 20, Issue 6 430-434 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01567.x
Gottlieb M, Essén-Gustavsson B, Lindholm A, Persson SG.Circulatory and muscle metabolic responses were studied in 10 horses which all performed incremental draught work at a low trotting speed on a treadmill (D-test) and also exercise with gradually increasing velocities (S-test). Exercise was continued until the horses could no longer maintain the weights above the floor or maintain speed trotting without changing gait to a gallop. Muscle biopsies were taken from the gluteus and the semitendinosus muscles before, and immediately after, exercise. The heart rate (HR) increased linearly with both increasing draught resistance and velocity and reache...
Are racehorses becoming faster?
Nature    October 27, 1988   Volume 335, Issue 6193 773 doi: 10.1038/335773a0
Eckhardt RB, Eckhardt DA, Eckhardt JT.No abstract available
The gait of pacers. 1: kinematics of the racing stride.
Equine veterinary journal    September 1, 1988   Volume 20, Issue 5 341-346 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01542.x
Wilson BD, Neal RJ, Howard A, Groenendyk S.Standardbred pacers have been studied under race conditions to describe the gait of the pacer, and to determine relationships between stage of the race, finish order and selected gait kinematics. Overlap increased with the stage of the race while pacing speed decreased marginally for low order pacers and increased for high order finishers. High order finishing pacers appear to have greater stance and stride lengths than do low order finishers. Pacers could be separated into low order and high order groups on the basis of their movement patterns. High order pacers exhibited greater ranges of li...
Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait?
The Journal of experimental biology    September 1, 1988   Volume 138 301-318 doi: 10.1242/jeb.138.1.301
Heglund NC, Taylor CR.In this study we investigate how speed and stride frequency change with body size. We use this information to define 'equivalent speeds' for animals of different size and to explore the factors underlying the six-fold difference in mass-specific energy cost of locomotion between mouse- and horse-sized animals at these speeds. Speeds and stride frequencies within a trot and a gallop were measured on a treadmill in 16 species of wild and domestic quadrupeds, ranging in body size from 30 g mice to 200 kg horses. We found that the minimum, preferred and maximum sustained speeds within a trot and a...
The gait of pacers. 2: factors influencing pacing speed.
Equine veterinary journal    September 1, 1988   Volume 20, Issue 5 347-351 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01543.x
Wilson BD, Neal RJ, Howard A, Groenedyk S.Standardbred pacers were studied at four different nominated speeds and selected gait kinematics were analysed to determine factors which contribute to pacing speed. A deterministic model is proposed in which pacing speed is a function of stride length and stride timing variables. Stance length and suspension time remained relatively constant over the different pacing speeds. Variables which discriminated best between pacing speeds were suspension length and overlap time. At near maximal speed, the pacers increased speeds with increased stride length. This was attributed to an increased suspen...
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