Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Body Weight
Body weight in horses is a fundamental parameter that influences various aspects of equine management and health. It is a measure of the horse's mass, often assessed using scales or estimated through body condition scoring and weight tapes. Body weight is integral for determining appropriate feed rations, medication dosages, and workload capacities. Variations in body weight can indicate changes in health status, nutritional adequacy, or fitness levels. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies for assessing body weight, its implications on equine health and performance, and its role in management practices.
Blood volume and rate of growth in Standardbred foals. Blood volume and parameters of body size were studied in 45 Standardbred foals during their first 400 days of life. Bodily dimensions, including body weight (bwt), depth of chest, girth and length (distance from point of shoulder to caudal aspect of croup), increased curvilinearly with age. There was a much faster growth rate noted for the first 100 days of life. Bwt could be predicted from girth and length much more precisely than from age alone. The total blood volume increased proportionately with age and, consequently, the plasma and red cell volumes as functions of bwt were high at birth ...
Phenylbutazone toxicosis in equidae: a biochemical and pathophysiological study. Toxic effects of phenylbutazone (PBZ) in ponies and horses were studied, using a variety of biochemical, pathophysiologic, and pathologic methods. At dosage levels of 10 to 12 mg/kg of body weight/day for 8 to 10 days, ponies frequently developed clinical signs of toxicosis characterized by hypoproteinemia. Studies using 51CrCl3 demonstrated that PBZ caused a protein-losing gastroenteropathy. The plasma loss was usually associated with gastrointestinal ulceration, but sometimes occurred without obvious lesions in mildly affected animals. Similar studies (8.2 mg/kg/day for 13 days) in Thoroughb...
Clinical toxicosis and erythrocyte cholinesterase inhibition of trichlorfon combined with mebendazole in horses. Thirty adult horses were used to compare the toxicity and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition of various dosages of a combination anthelmintic, trichlorfon + mebendazole. Single oral doses of up to 5 times the effective dosage (39.7 mg of trichlorfon and 8.8 mg of mebendazole/kg of body weight) did not result in deaths. Horses given a placebo and horses treated at the recommended dosage rate showed few or no side effects, whereas horses given higher dosages showed dosage-related increases in the severity of clinical signs of organophosphate toxicosis. Dosage-related inhibition of erythrocyte ChE a...
Pharmacokinetic analysis of intravenously and orally administered quinidine in horses. A pharmacokinetic study was made, using 7 healthy adult horses (weighing between 400 and 560 kg) given quinidine gluconate IV and quinidine sulfate orally. The apparent volume of distribution of quinidine base was 3.10 +/- 0.79 L/kg, total body clearance was 5.49 +/- 2.40 ml/minute/kg, and plasma half-life was 6.65 +/- 3.00 hours. The systemic availability of quinidine sulfate after oral administration of a 10 mg/kg dose was 48.5 +/- 20.4%. Oral administrations of quinidine sulfate in doses of 10 mg/kg and 10 g produced peak plasma concentrations of 0.79 microgram/ml at 146 minutes and 1.47 mi...
Aqueous procaine penicillin G in the horse: serum, synovial, peritoneal, and urine concentrations after single-dose intramuscular administration. Six adult mares were given a single dose of aqueous suspension procaine penicillin G (300,000 IU/ml) IM at a dosage of 22,000 IU/kg of body weight (15.4 mg of penicillin G/kg). Serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine penicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 48-hour period. The mean peak serum penicillin concentration was 1.42 microgram/ml at 3 hours. Penicillin was detected in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid, which obtained mean peak penicillin concentrations of 0.62 microgram/ml and 0.58 microgram/ml, at 4 hours and 3 hours, respectively. These concentrations ste...
Intravascular neutrophilic granulocyte kinetics in horses. Intravascular granulocyte kinetics in 4 healthy horses were determined with chromium-51 as the cell label. The disappearance rate of labeled granulocytes was an exponential function. Mean total blood granulocyte pool (+/- 1 SD) was 5.65 +/- 1.514 X 10(8) granulocytes/kg of body weight, of which 2.71 +/- 0.715 X 10(8) granulocytes/kg were circulating and 2.94 +/- 0.876 X 10(8) granulocytes/kg were marginated along blood vessel walls. The mean disappearance half-life (T1/2) was 10.5 +/- 1.33 hours and the mean granulocyte turnover rate was 8.84 +/- 1.495 X 10(8) granulocytes/kg/day. A granulokin...
Toxic effects of lasalocid in horses. Lasalocid was given to horses in a series of sequentially increasing single oral doses ranging between 5 and 30 mg/kg of body weight, with an appropriate washout period between treatments. One of the 5 horses died after a dosage of 15 mg/kg, 1 of 3 horses died after 21 mg/kg, 1 of 3 horses died after 22 mg/kg, and 1 of 2 horses died after 26 mg/kg. The LD50 of lasalocid for horses was estimated to be 21.5 mg/kg. Monensin was given to horses in a similar manner at dosages of 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg of body weight. One of the 2 horses died after a dosage of 2 mg/kg and 1 horse died after a dosage of 3...
Vitamin A nutrition of the equine: growth, serum biochemistry and hematology. Four diets were fed to pony fillies for 40 weeks. One group received a basal diet low in carotene, designated mildly deficient. Other groups were fed basal diet plus vitamin A propionate equivalent to 12 (control), 1,200 (mildly intoxicated) or 12,000 (severely intoxicated) microgram retinol/kg body weight/day. The mildly deficient group exhibited impairment of growth and hematopoiesis with decreased serum concentrations of iron, albumin and cholesterol prior to depletion of liver vitamin A. Growth was depressed in mildly intoxicated and severely intoxicated fillies. The latter became debilita...
Influence of dietary molybdenum on copper metabolism in ponies. The effects of molybdenum ingestion on copper metabolism were investigated in bile duct-cannulated ponies fed diets containing 1.01, 27.4 and 107.3 ppm molybdenum. Copper metabolism was assessed by examination of 64Cu and stable copper excretion in feces, bile and urine. The addition of molybdenum to the diet decreased copper absorption and retention as a consequence of increased excretion of dietary copper in feces and increased excretion of absorbed copper in bile. Only 5% or less of the absorbed copper was excreted in urine regardless of dietary treatment. Biliary molybdenum excretion was o...
Copper metabolism and requirement in mature ponies. The effects of copper intake on stable copper and 64Cu metabolism and on the excretory pathways of absorbed copper were examined in ponies. Bile and feces collected from two bile duct-cannulated ponies following an intravenous dose of 64Cu showed that bile was the main route of endogenous copper excretion. Stable copper and 64Cu metabolism were examined in three intact ponies fed dietary copper to provide 5.6, 16.6 and 25.7 mg Cu/100 kg body weight/day. The amount of copper excreted in urine was not influenced by dietary treatment. Stable copper absorption and 64Cu retention significantly incr...
Effects of copper pretreatment upon toxicity of selenium in ponies. Thirty-four adult ponies were used to determine the effects of single oral doses of copper (Cu) supplements (0, 20, and 40 mg of Cu/kg of body weight) on the toxicity of oral doses of selenium (Se) supplements (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg of Se/kg of body weight) administered 24 hours after the copper was given. Signs of Se toxicosis-sweating, diarrhea, tachycardia, tachypnea, mild pyrexia, lethargy, and colic-developed in ponies given 6 and 8 mg of Se/kg of body weight without Cu pretreatment. Two of 4 ponies given 6 mg of Se/kg and both ponies given 8 mg of Se/kg without Cu pretreatment died within...
Digoxin pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, efficacy, and dosage regimens in the horse. The pharmacokinetics of IV administered digoxin and the bioavailability of intragastrically administered powdered digoxin tables suspended in water were investigated in 6 clinically normal adult horses by 125I radioimmunoassay. The effect of 3 to 5 sequential IV doses of 5 micrograms of digoxin/kg of body weight at 2-hour intervals on a left ventricular index of contractility (Vmax) was assessed in 5 clinically normal horses. Standard pharmacokinetic equations and mean pharmacokinetic variables were used to derive parenteral and oral (loading and maintenance) doses for digoxin in horses. The c...
Morphometric estimation of pulmonary diffusion capacity in two horse lungs. The lungs of two half-bred geldings were fixed in situ by instillation of a glutaraldehyde solution into the airways during deep anaesthesia. The body weight of both animals was 510 kg and their average lung volume about 38 l. Stratified random samples from 22 regions were morphometrically analysed from electron microscopic films. Eighty-six per cent of the total lung volume was gas exchange parenchyma. It contained 26.9 l air space and 5.6 l interalveolar septa which were composed of equal parts of capillaries and tissue. The average alveolar and capillary surface areas were 2457 m2 and 1663 ...
Effects of furosemide on cardiovascular function and performance when given prior to simulated races: a double-blind study. In a double-blind study under simulated racing conditions, six Standardbred horses, which had been trained for 12 weeks, were given 1 mg of furosemide/kg of body weight or saline solution IV 15 minutes before the first of two warm-up workouts (1.6 km at 60-minute intervals). Sixty minutes later, 135 minutes after drug or placebo injection, these horses were driven 1.6 km at maximum speed. Heart rate, respiratory rate, cardiac output, pulmonary trunk pressure, body temperature, PCV, arterial oxygen, and plasma lactic acid were recorded during and after the first warm-up workout and after a simu...
[Use of trichlorfon as an anthelmintic in horses (author’s transl)]. The use of trichlorfon as an anthelmintic in horses has increased since it was combined with mebendazole and febantel, and became commercially available as Telmin-trichlorfon and Rintal-plus respectively. Field studies showed that these combined preparations frequently gave rise to cases of poisoning. Mild to severe colic was observed up to six hours after treatment, diarrhoea and/or anorexia continuing to be present for one to six days after administration. The 'horse weight measurer' introduced by Janssen Pharmaceutica is not sufficiently accurate to prevent overdosage. It is advisable only ...
Plasma concentration of iditol dehydrogenase (sorbitol dehydrogenase) in ponies treated with aflatoxin B1. Twelve clinically normal Shetland ponies were allocated to one of four treatment groups. Aflatoxin B1 was administered at the dosage level of 2 mg/kg of body weight to group A, 1 mg/kg to group B, and 0.5 mg/kg to group C; a placebo was given to group D (controls). Plasma samples were assayed at 4-hour intervals for iditol dehydrogenase (ID) (sorbitol dehydrogenase) concentrations as an indicator of hepatic damage. One of the ponies in group A died 68 hours after dosing; another pony in group A died 76 hours after dosing. All other animals survived the experiment. The means of peak ID values w...
[The effect of inbreeding on the manifestations of some physiological traits in the Kladrub Black Horse strain]. Inbreeding was used in the regeneration process in the breeding of the Kladrub Black Horse. Inbreeding rate is realized in practice, as related to the manifestation of the selected characteristics of this unique horse population. The evaluation of the effect of inbreeding on conception rate and fertility did not demonstrate any differences between the group of inbred mares and non-inbred mares. The study was conducted in mares used for breeding for 10 years. The results provide evidence that inbreeding causes no depression in this characteristics in the Kladrub Black Horse which would otherwis...
Cardiorespiratory adjustments to tethered-swimming in the horse. The cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to various levels of tethered-swimming were evaluated in 5 sedentary horses. Cardiac output (Q) and heart rate (HR) correlated highly (r = 0.89 and 0.94 respectively) with work effort (WE) expressed as kg pulled . kg body wt-1 . 10-2. While swimming, stroke volume (SV) was reduced at the lowest workloads, but increased with increasing WE so that at the highest workloads it had returned to the on-land standing SV. Pressures in the pulmonic as well as on both sides of the systemic circulation were considerably elevated by this form of exercise, altho...
Equine verminous arteritis; efficiency and speed of larvicidal acitivty as influenced by dosage of albendazole. Albendazole was effective in destroying Strongylus vulgaris larvae in verminous lesions of the cranial mesenteric artery when administered as a 20% suspension by stomach tube to ponies. Fifty mg/kg body weight administered twice a day for 2 days caused death and gradual disintegration of larvae over a period of 3 to 6 weeks with mild toxic signs appearing in 3 of 11 ponies. Higher total doses of albendazole (50 mg/kg twice a day for 4 days and 25 mg/kg three times a day for 5 days) lead to more rapid disintegration of the larvae but fatal toxicity was observed in 3 of 6 ponies so treated. In a...
Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in the horse. The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin were studied in six healthy mature horses of mixed breeding and of both sexes. A parenteral preparation of gentamicin sulfate (5% aqueous solution) was administered rapidly (IV) at the dosage level of 5 mg/kg of body weight. Venous blood samples were taken at 0 (base line), 0.083, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after gentamicin administration. Serum gentamicin was measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. The gentamicin concentration data was fitted to a one- and two-compartment open model with first-order elimination from ...
Energy and current requirements for ventricular defibrillation using trapezoidal waves. The threshold energy and current required for ventricular defibrillation was determined in dogs ranging in weight from 6.4 to 38 kg and in ponies ranging in weight from 40 to 101 kg. Trapezoidal waves, 10 ms in duration, with 10%, 50%, 70%, and 90% tilt were applied to transchest electrodes. For all values of tilt, the energy and current required increased with body weight. The energy dose (joules per kilogram of body weight) was higher for the heavier animals, whereas the current dose (peak amperes per kilogram of body weight) was essentially the same for dogs and ponies. In both species and ...
Direct measurement of biliary bilirubin excretion in ponies during fasting. Biliary excretion of bilirubin, including the conjugate composition, was studied during feeding and during a 2.5-day fast of three pony mares with chronic external biliary (T-tube) fistulas. Fasting bilirubin excretion (1.96 +/- 0.74 microgram/min/kg of body weight), after establishing a new steady state, was not different from excretion during feeding (1.99 +/- 0.45 microgram/min/kg). Hyperbilirubinemia of fasting resulted from a reduced removal of plasma bilirubin rather than from an increased input of bilirubin into the plasma. Relative plasma excretion of the individual conjugate fractions...
[Estimation of milk production in the nursing mare by labeling the body water of the foal]. Female milk production was related to offspring water turnover, estimated by a tracer method (fig. 1). After deuterium oxide was injected into the blood of the offspring, we measured the decrease of its concentration in time. Milk intake was calculated by equations taking into account the weight gain of the offspring. The reliability of this method was checked in 28 bottle-fed lambs with known milk intake; the correlation between the actual intakes and our estimates was 0.98 with an error means of 5.6 p. 100. The error on the mean of 28 lambs was 0.5 p. 100 (table 1). The milk production of 6 ...
Pathophysiological changes associated with Parascaris equorum infection in the foal. The mechanisms involved in the pathophysiological disturbances associated with the presence of mature Parascaris equorum in the small intestine were investigated with radioisotopic techniques. The results suggested that, compared with worm-free controls, infected foals had a reduction in gut motility, an increase in the body solids ratio, a lowering of the body pool of albumin and a decreased ability to incorporate dietary methionine into plasma protein.
Postural effects on lung volumes and asynchronous ventilation in anesthetized horses. Quasi-static pressure-volume curves and single-breath nitrogen washouts were performed simultaneously on eight anesthetized horses (average body wt = 485 kg) in left lateral, right lateral, prone, and supine postures (sequence randomized). The shift from prone to lateral or supine posture decreased expiratory reserve volume (ERV), vital capacity (VC), residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC), and total lung capacity (TLC); RV and FRC expressed as %TLC were unchanged, suggesting that in the lateral and supine postures a significant portion of the lung volume was not recruited by...
