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Topic:Clinical Pathology
Clinical pathology in horses involves the study and analysis of biological samples to diagnose and monitor diseases and health conditions. This discipline encompasses various laboratory tests and procedures that assess the physiological and biochemical status of equines. Common analyses include hematology, biochemistry, urinalysis, and cytology, each providing insights into different aspects of equine health. Hematology evaluates blood components, such as red and white blood cells and platelets, to identify conditions like anemia or infection. Biochemistry tests measure enzymes, electrolytes, and metabolites to assess organ function and metabolic status. Urinalysis examines urine samples for indicators of renal function and systemic diseases. Cytology involves the microscopic examination of cells from tissues or fluids to detect abnormalities. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methodologies, applications, and diagnostic value of clinical pathology in equine medicine.
Suspected hepatotoxicity in neonatal foals: preliminary report of an emerging syndrome. An apparently new and emerging fatal hepatic disease affecting foals is described. Characteristics included evidence of hepatic failure, marked biliary hyperplasia, hepatocellular necrosis and occasionally fibrosis. Generally, the features of the disease appear to differ markedly from other hepatic diseases of neonatal foals.
A sampling protocol for the thyrotropin-stimulation test in the horse. A study was designed to assess the secretory response of thyroid glands in horses to an economically feasible dose (5 IU) of thyrotropin injected IV, and to establish valid blood sampling periods in cases in which thyroxine concentrations were different from base-line values. Significant (P less than 0.001) response (doubling or near-doubling of base line) occurred as early as 3 hours after thyrotropin administration, with peak response at 4 to 5 hours. It was concluded that administration of 5 IU of thyrotropin is economical and effective in the horse, with collection of a second blood sample...
Measurement of plasma antithrombin III activity in healthy horses. A fluorometric assay was used to determine plasma antithrombin III (AT III) activities in 15 healthy adult horses. Nearly all plasma samples had an initial value of greater than 100% thrombin inhibited, so a 1:1 dilution of the prepared samples was performed. Following dilution, the mean value of the animals was 59.17 +/- 7.4% thrombin inhibited. Mares had significantly greater AT III activity than did geldings (P less than 0.01). The results of this study indicate the horse has more AT III activity than did other domestic species in which AT III activity has been reported.
Odontodysplasia in a horse. Weight loss, poor growth and dysphagia occurred in a young stallion with some teeth missing, and soft, discolored and/or deformed deciduous incisors, premolars and molars. At necropsy, permanent teeth sites were filled with yellow, gelatinous material. Clinical signs suggested fluorosis but laboratory findings did not confirm the diagnosis.
Clostridial cellulitis in the horse: a report of five cases. Five horses with fatal clostridial cellulitis are described. The characteristic findings were the rapid development of a crepitant swelling with an associated toxemia, which in four cases followed intramuscular injections. The clinical features, diagnostic techniques and pathogenesis are discussed. The importance of an early diagnosis is emphasized.
The isolation, propagation and characterization of tissue-cultured equine rotaviruses. From 105 field cases of diarrhea in neonatal or young foals, rotavirus was detected by electron microscopy (EM) and/or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the feces of 65 foals on 16 different premises. ELISA was performed with Rotazyme test kits developed by Abbot and Company for the detection of rotaviruses. Twenty-four field isolates from the feces of diarrheic foals with equine rotavirus infection as ascertained by EM were placed in MA-104 cell cultures after pretreatment of the viral suspension with 10 micrograms ml-1 of trypsin and incorporation of 0.5 micrograms ml-1 or 1 mi...
Observations on the use of glyceryl guaiacolate as an adjunct to general anaesthesia in horses. Twenty-one horses undergoing clinical surgery and diagnostic procedures received 15% glyceryl guaiacolate followed by a rapid intravenous injection of a thiobarbiturate for induction of anaesthesia. Premedication was with atropine and acepromazine. Induction was smooth and free from problems apart from transient apnoea in some horses. Maintenance of anaesthesia was with oxygen and halothane administered by means of a closed circle system with soda-lime absorber and with the vaporiser out of circuit. During the period immediately following induction, the heart rate increased and the respiratory...
Intra-articular corticosteroid- and exercise-induced arthropathy in a horse. Methylprednisolone acetate was injected repeatedly into both intercarpal joints of a horse that had a 3rd carpal bone fracture in 1 limb. Synovial fluid from intercarpal and radiocarpal joints of both limbs were obtained serially for study. Arthropathy developed in the fractured joint following prolonged corticosteroid therapy and exercise. In the corticosteroid-injected normal joint, the hyaluronic acid concentration initially decreased, then increased. A depletion in cartilage matrix was seen at necropsy, 175 days after onset of treatment. Determination of total protein content in synovial f...
Pulmonary arterial haemodynamics and blood gas values of Thoroughbred racehorses with a history of epistaxis during a race. In ten Thoroughbred racehorses which suffered epistaxis during a race, the mean pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure (PADP) was significantly higher, and the mean pulmonary arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was significantly lower, than the corresponding mean values of a sample of fourteen clinically normal Thoroughbreds in training. The authors conclude that in horses with epistaxis during a race, pulmonary dysfunction may persist for up to two months after the episode, and that the results indicate a need for pulmonary function studies before and after racing, in order to resolve problems conc...
Lymphosarcoma and associated immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in horses. Three horses with equine lymphosarcoma were examined because of clinical signs including chronic weight loss, respiratory distress, peripheral edema, and chronic colic. Clinicopathologic findings included evidence of an immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia also was diagnosed in 1 of the horses and suspected in another. One horse died in spite of treatment, 1 died 5 hours after surgical removal of a tumor encircling the jejunum, and 1 was euthanatized because of deteriorating condition. Necropsy of each horse revealed extensive neoplastic infiltration of peripheral...
Effect of ivermectin treatment on eosinophilic pneumonia and other extravascular lesions of late Strongylus vulgaris larval migration in foals. Eighteen parasite-free pony foals were infected orally with 500 third stage larvae of Strongylus vulgaris. At 56 days after infection, six ponies were treated with intramuscular ivermectin (22, 23-dihydroavermectin B1); six were treated with oral ivermectin; and six were not treated. Necropsy was done 91 days after infection to study the pathologic effects of migrating S. vulgaris larvae and to determine the efficacy of ivermectin in attenuation of S. vulgaris-induced lesions. Larval migration induced eosinophilic inflammation of the liver, spleen, mesenteric, colic and cecal lymph nodes, and ...
[Anesthesia in the horse]. The paper describes the problems of injection anaesthesia in the horse. Different commonly used methods, drugs and drug combinations are explained. Their actions and side-effects are compared and discussed.
Pheochromocytoma in the horse and measurement of norepinephrine levels in horses. Ten cases of pheochromocytoma in horses were obtained from the literature and a computer search of medical records. The clinical, laboratory and pathological features of pheochromocytoma in horses were reviewed. Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine secreting tumor which tends to occur in older horses without breed or sex predisposition. It is usually unilateral adrenal medullary in location and benign. Malignancy was present in one horse. The most common clinical signs were sweating, tachycardia, tachypnea, muscle tremor and anxiety; however the tumor may be asymptomatic. Clinical signs were no...
[Hypophyseal adenocarcinoma in a horse. A case study]. The paper presents the case-history of a 5-year-old pony suffering from an adenocarcinoma which proceeded from the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland. Neurological and patho-morphological findings are reported.
The toxicity of Datura stramonium (thorn apple) to horses. Meal contaminated by Datura stramonium seeds at the rate of 0.5% by weight was fed to two horses. Both horses showed clinical signs of depression, anorexia, weight loss, rapi heart and respiration rates, mydriasis, polyuria, polydipsia and diarrhoea. Both recovered with treatment. Maize screenings contaminated by the seeds had been used in the manufacture of the meal.
Verminous (Strongylus vulgaris) myelitis in a donkey. A fifth stage Strongylus vulgaris migrated through the spinal cord of a 2-year-old, male donkey resulting in progressive paraparesis and then tetraplegia. A profound neutrophilic pleocytosis was detected on analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. The parasite appeared to have entered the mid-lumbar spinal cord, migrated to the cranial thoracic segments, exited, then re-entered the spinal cord a few segments craniad. It then traveled further cranially and was found in the third cervical spinal cord segment. Some parts of the lesion were remarkably free from tissue necrosis, hemorrhage and inflammation...
[Cardiovascular complications during anesthesia in horses]. This paper summarizes causes of cardiovascular complications. Treatment of drug related hypotension as well as etiology and therapy of cardiac arrest are discussed.
Chronic chondritis of the arytenoid cartilages in a pony mare. The upper respiratory tract of a pony mare with marked exercise intolerance and respiratory stridor was examined with a flexible fibreoptoscope. Both arytenoids were adducted and distorted. A diagnosis of bilateral chondritis of the arytenoids was made and confirmed at autopsy after surgery to enlarge the rima glottidis was unsuccessful. Other space occupying lesions of the rima glottidis are discussed and theories on the aetiology are postulated.
