Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
The use of computed tomography in the diagnosis of pelvic fractures involving the acetabulum in two fillies. Two fillies with hindlimb lameness and a tentative diagnosis of a pelvic fracture involving the acetabulum were examined using computed tomography (CT). The use of CT for these two cases revealed the exact course of the fractures and fissures, as well as the size and position of fragments, thus allowing for definitive diagnosis.
Treatment of type 2 and 4 olecranon fractures with locking compression plate osteosynthesis in horses: a prospective study (2002-2008). This prospective study describes a series of 18 olecranon fractures in 16 horses that were treated with locking compression plates (LCP). Twelve of the 18 fractures were simple (type 2), whereas six were comminuted (type 4). Six fractures were open and 12 were closed. Each horse underwent LCP osteosynthesis consisting of open reduction and application of one or two LCP. Complete fracture healing was achieved in 13 horses. Three horses had to be euthanatized: two because of severe infection and one because of a comminuted radial fracture 11 days after fixation of the olecranon fracture. Complic...
Osteoporosis associated with pulmonary silicosis in an equine bone fragility syndrome. California horses incur a bone fragility syndrome manifested by pathologic fractures. This study investigated gross, radiographic, and histologic features of the disorder as well as relationships with silicosis and levels of heavy metals and trace minerals through a postmortem study of 9 affected and 3 unaffected horses. Bones and soft tissues were evaluated grossly and histologically. Bones, lymph nodes, and lung tissue were evaluated radiographically. Tissues were evaluated for silicon levels, intracytoplasmic crystals, heavy metals, and trace minerals. All 9 affected horses had osteoporosis...
Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium and ceftiofur crystalline free acid in neonatal foals. Ceftiofur, a third generation cephalosporin, demonstrates in vitro efficacy against microorganisms isolated from septicemic neonatal foals. This pharmacokinetic study evaluated the intravenous and subcutaneous administration of ceftiofur sodium (5 mg/kg body weight; n = 6 per group) and subcutaneous administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid (6.6 mg/kg body weight; n = 6) in healthy foals. Plasma ceftiofur- and desfuroylceftiofur-related metabolite concentrations were measured using high performance liquid chromatography following drug administration. Mean (±SD) noncompartmental pharma...
Antimicrobial disposition in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of horses, part III. cefquinome. Cefquinome concentrations, following intravenous and aerosol administration to horses, in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) were examined and compared to plasma concentrations. Single dose of cefquinome sulphate (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to six horses followed by a single aerosol administration (225 mg) with a wash-out period of 14 days between treatments. After each drug administration, cefquinome concentrations in plasma and PELF, obtained by intrabronchial cotton swabs, were determined. After intravenous administration, cefquinome concentrations in plasma declined fast...
Effects of hyperimmune equine plasma on clinical and cellular responses in a low-dose endotoxaemia model in horses. Endotoxaemia is a major cause of equine morbidity, and plasma from horses immunised against Escherichia coli is used in its treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hyperimmune plasma on the clinical and leukocyte responses, including production and activity of TNFα, in an in vivo endotoxin challenge model. Pre-treatment with hyperimmune equine plasma had no significant effect on peak total plasma TNFα concentration (occurring 90min after the administration of 30ng/kg LPS). However, the bioavailable (unbound) TNFα measured by bioassay was significantly reduced in pla...
Effect of a collateral ligament sparing surgical approach on mechanical properties of equine proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis constructs. To (1) compare the effect of a collateral ligament sparing surgical approach with an open surgical approach on mechanical properties of proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) arthrodesis, and (2) to determine the percentage of articular cartilage surface removed by transarticular (TA) drilling with different diameter drill bits. Methods: Randomized paired limb design. Methods: Cadaveric equine limbs (n=76). Methods: Cadaveric PIPJ were drilled using a 3.5, 4.5, or 5.5 mm drill bit at 80-84° to the dorsal plane to remove articular cartilage and subchondral bone from the distal articular surface...
Computed tomography to identify preoperative guidelines for internal fixation of the distal sesamoid bone in horses: an in vitro study. To assess the reliability of computed tomography (CT) to identify the direction of implant insertion for cortical screws along the longitudinal axis of intact (nonfractured) distal sesamoid bones. Methods: In vitro study. Methods: Cadaveric paired equine forelimbs (n=16). Methods: Insertion of a cortical screw in lag fashion along the longitudinal axis of intact (nonfractured) distal sesamoid bones was evaluated in 2 groups (3.5 and 4.5 mm) of 8 paired limbs. In each group, the direction of the distal sesamoid bone was determined by CT (Equine XTC 3000 pQCT scanner). Screw placement was verifi...
Increased cartilage oligomeric matrix protein concentrations in equine digital flexor tendon sheath synovial fluid predicts intrathecal tendon damage. To evaluate digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) synovial fluid cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) concentrations as a molecular marker for intrathecal pathology. Methods: Case control study. Methods: Horses (n=46) with DFTS tenosynovitis; 23 fresh cadaver horses. Methods: DFTS synovial fluid samples were collected from clinical cases with noninfected DFTS tenosynovitis and from control DFTS. Clinical and surgical findings were recorded, and dissection of control limbs was performed to confirm the DFTS to be grossly normal. Synovial fluid COMP was quantified using a homologous competiti...
Exercising videoendoscopic evaluation of 45 horses with respiratory noise and/or poor performance after laryngoplasty. To (1) assess upper airway function by videoendoscopy in horses performing poorly after laryngoplasty and (2) establish whether dynamic collapse of the left arytenoid can be predicted by the degree of resting postsurgical abduction. Methods: Case series. Methods: Horses that had left laryngoplasty (n=45). Methods: Medical records (June 1993-December 2007) of horses evaluated for abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor performance after laryngoplasty were reviewed. Horses with video recordings of resting and exercising upper airway endoscopy were included and postsurgical abduction categorized. ...
Reducing the examination interval to detect ovulation below 12h does not improve pregnancy rates after postovulatory insemination with frozen/thawed semen in mares. Data were analysed retrospectively from fourteen breeding seasons at an Equine Fertility Clinic for the effect of interval between pre- and postovulatory examinations for immediate postovulatory insemination on pregnancy rate (PR) and embryo loss rate (ELR). Mares of various breeds and ages were examined at intervals which varied from 0.5 to 15h between the pre- and postovulatory period over 867 cycles. When ovulation was detected they were inseminated with a single dose of commercial frozen-thawed semen. All mares were treated in the post-insemination period with intrauterine antibiotics and ...
Effect of protein source on nitrogen balance and plasma amino acids in exercising horses. Plasma AA in horses fed either an all-hay or a hay and grain diet in a traditional format have not been investigated. Eight horses were divided into 2 groups: a hay group fed only grass hay or a hay and a grain group (HG) fed in a crossover design for two 5-wk periods. After the first period, horses were fasted overnight, followed by feeding with blood sampling every hour for 6 h. A 4-d total fecal and urine collection to evaluate N balance followed. A 10-d washout period separated the 5-wk feeding periods, during which horses switched diets. The second period was also followed by fasting, fee...
Evaluation of an arthroscopic approach for transection of the equine collateral sesamoidean ligament. To evaluate: (1) an arthroscopic technique for transection of the collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL); and (2) the healing response using magnetic resonance (MR) and microscopic examination. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Adult horses (n=6). Methods: Six sound horses with normal front foot radiographic and MR examinations were used. Lameness examination was performed before surgery and monthly for 12 months. Front foot radiography was performed at 180 and 360 days after surgery. Front foot MR was performed before, and at 7, 90, 180, and 360 days after surgery. Arthroscopic CSL desmoto...
Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of ciprofloxacin in adult horses. Using a randomized, cross-over study design, ciprofloxacin was administered i.g. to eight adult mares at a dose of 20 mg/kg, and to seven of the eight horses at a dose of 5 mg/kg by bolus i.v. injection. The mean C(0) was 20.5 μg/mL (±8.8) immediately after i.v. administration. The C(max) was 0.6 μg/mL (±0.36) at T(max) 1.46 (±0.66) h after the administration of oral ciprofloxacin. The mean elimination half-life after i.v. administration was 5.8 (±1.6) h, and after oral administration the terminal half-life was 3.6 (±1.7) h. The overall mean systemic availability of ...
Hypospadias in a Friesian gelding. To report clinical signs and management of hypospadias in a horse. Methods: Clinical report. Methods: A 6-year-old, Friesian gelding. Methods: Partial phallectomy was performed to resolve contact dermatitis of the pelvic limbs and abnormal behavior during urination. Subsequent urethral meatal stenosis was treated by revision. Results: Hypospadias and chordee caused altered direction of urine flow, contact dermatitis of the pelvic limbs, and abnormal behavior. Partial phallectomy and subsequent revision after meatal stenosis resolved urine direction, flow and abnormal behavior. Conclusions: Abn...
Efficacy and safety of sound wave treatment of recurrent airway obstruction in horses. One proposed nonmedical therapy for recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is a handheld acoustic device that propels sound waves from the nose down the tracheobronchial tree where it is intended to dislodge mucous and relax bronchospasm, permitting clearance of mucoid secretions. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of this device when used as per the manufacturer's recommendations as a treatment for RAO. Methods: Nine adult horses previously diagnosed with RAO. Methods: Prospective, cross-over clinical trial. Horses were exposed to a dusty environment until airway obstru...
Treatment of visceral pain in horses. Identification and alleviation of visceral pain is a frequent concern for the equine owner and veterinarian. This article discusses sources, methods for identification and quantitation, and options for treatment of visceral pain in horses.
Opioid analgesia in horses. Opioid analgesics have been the foundation of human pain management for centuries, and their value in animals has increased since it was proposed that it is the veterinarian's duty to alleviate pain whenever it may occur. Compared with other domesticated species, the horse has benefitted less from the increased understanding of opioid pharmacology in animals, because early literature was overlooked and later work, which examined adverse side effects rather than analgesia, concluded that analgesic and excitatory doses were irreconcilably close. More recent studies have indicated a widening role...
NMDA receptor antagonists and pain: ketamine. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is a synthetic chemical binding molecule (ligand) that selectively binds to the "slow response" glutamate NMDA receptor (NMDAR). NMDARs are important for normal brain function and play a central role in learning, memory, and the development of central nervous system hyperactive states. Diverse chemicals belonging to various drug families have demonstrated NMDAR antagonistic effects. Ketamine has been shown to produce antihyperalgesic effects produced by incision and tissue or nerve damage, and has become popular in equine practice as an anesthetic and more recently ...
Repair of an incompetent urethral sphincter in a mare. To describe successful surgical treatment of urinary incontinence caused by a ruptured and/or transected urethral sphincter in a mare. Methods: Clinical report. Methods: A 7-year-old, Swedish Warmblood mare with urinary incontinence. Methods: The urethral sphincter, which had been damaged during removal of a cystic urolith, was repaired by apposing the ends of the disrupted urethralis muscle and tunica muscularis. Results: The mare was no longer incontinent after repair of the defect by apposition of the ends of the urethralis muscle and tunica muscularis. Conclusions: Transection and/or ruptu...
Laminitic pain: parallels with pain states in humans and other species. Laminitis poses a threat to all horses, and is widely considered as being one of the most important diseases of horses and a global equine welfare problem. The effects of laminitis lead to debilitation, development of pronounced digital pain, and great suffering in the afflicted animal. The precise pathophysiological processes that result in laminitic pain are poorly defined, and hence the delivery of effective palliative care is clinically challenging. Knowledge and understanding of pain states in other animal species may further aid the elucidation of equine laminitic pain mechanisms, guide ...
Pain: mechanisms and management in horses. Pain is a multidimensional sensory phenomenon that has evolved as a protective method for maintaining homeostasis and facilitating tissue repair. Both excitatory and inhibitory physiologic and pathologic mechanisms are involved in its generation and maintenance. Untreated pain and nervous system changes (plasticity) that occur during chronic pain make pain much more difficult or impossible to effectively treat. Therapies directed toward the treatment of pain should be mechanism based and preventative whenever possible. Prospective, randomized clinical trials conducted in horses that suffer fro...
Spinal anesthetics and analgesics in the horse. In the past 10 years, there have been many recent advances in spinal techniques in horses, both epidural and subarachnoid, to identify drugs or drug combinations that have sensory effects without motor nerve paralysis, thus providing pain control without these horses becoming recumbent. Opioids, alpha-2 agonists, dissociative drugs, and others have been investigated. Many of these drugs, which have serious side effects when injected systemically in horses, have been shown to have useful analgesic effects when injected spinally. Morphine-like opioids have the greatest potential for spinal use a...
Pain in osteoarthritis. This article focuses on pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA). It first describes the basic biology of articular cartilage and other joint structures and the defining features of the osteoarthritic disease process. Subsequently, the possible origins of pain in OA are discussed before embarking on how to manage this clinical entity. The emphasis is on the pharmacologic management of joint pain, and attention is paid to systemic therapeutic strategies as well as to local (intra-articular) treatment modalities. Nonmedical ways of modulating joint pain are briefly mentioned, but not extensively...
Parameter study for the finite element modelling of long bones with computed-tomography-imaging-based stiffness distribution. Four radii of different horses were tested in three-point bending and in pure torsion. Detailed finite element (FE) models of these long bones were established by means of computed-tomography (CT) images and tests simulated for both load cases. For the allocation of the local isotropic material stiffness, individual exponential functions were applied whose factor and exponent were determined solely by fitting them to the measured torsional stiffness and bending stiffness of the entire bones. These stiffness functions referring directly to the CT number and having exponents between 1.5 and 2 we...
Association between hypercoagulability and decreased survival in horses with ischemic or inflammatory gastrointestinal disease. Coagulopathies are common in horses with ischemic or inflammatory gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances. There is indirect evidence suggesting that early stages of these diseases are characterized by hypercoagulability (HC). Objective: HC, assessed via thromboelastography (TEG), is common in horses with ischemic or inflammatory GI diseases. The degree of HC is correlated with nonsurvival and thrombotic complications. Methods: Thirty client-owned horses with ischemic or inflammatory GI disease, 30 client-owned horses with nonischemic or inflammatory GI disease, and 30 healthy horses (control group...
Occurrence of incisional complications and associated risk factors using a right ventral paramedian celiotomy incision in 159 horses. To evaluate the occurrence of, and variables associated with, incisional complications after right ventral paramedian celiotomy in horses. Methods: Case series. Methods: Horses (n=159). Methods: Occurrence of incisional complications after right ventral paramedian celiotomy was determined in 159 horses (161 celiotomies) that survived at least 30 days after surgery at a private equine hospital (2003-2007). Follow-up information for 121 horses was obtained ≥90 days after surgery. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate variables associated with incisi...
Alpha-2 agonists as pain therapy in horses. Alpha-2 agonists, such as xylazine, clonidine, romifidine, detomidine, medetomidine, and dexmedetomidine, are potent analgesic drugs that also induce physiologic and behavioral changes, such as hypertension, bradycardia, atrioventricular block, excessive sedation and ataxia, all of which can potentially limit their systemic use as analgesics in some clinical cases. The use of medetomidine and dexmetomidine has been introduced for equine anesthesia/analgesia, and although not approved in this species, their increased specificity for alpha-2 receptors may offer some potential advantages over the...
Viability and cell death of synovial fluid neutrophils as diagnostic biomarkers in equine infectious joint disease: a pilot study. Synovial fluid samples from culture-confirmed infected joints (n=13), joints with pronounced non-infectious synovitis (n=11) and healthy joints (n=14) were collected from 24 equine patients and seven slaughterhouse horses. The samples from the joints with non-infectious synovitis and healthy joints served as negative controls. After isolation, counting and identification of neutrophils, the percentage viability, and the proportion apoptotic and necrotic neutrophils were determined by flow cytometry. Viability was significantly higher in infected samples compared to the controls. A significant ...
