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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Evaluation of topically administered diclofenac liposomal cream for treatment of horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis. To assess the clinical, biochemical, and histologic effects of topically administered diclofenac liposomal cream (DLC) in the treatment of horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis. Methods: 24 horses. Methods: Osteoarthritis was induced arthroscopically in 1 middle carpal joint of all horses. Eight horses treated with DLC were given 7.3 g twice daily via topical application. Eight horses treated with phenylbutazone were given 2 g orally once daily. Eight control horses received no treatment. Evaluations included clinical, radiographic, magnetic resonance imaging, synovial fluid, gross...
Assessment of subclinical venous catheter-related diseases in horses and associated risk factors. A total of 102 horses that had a catheter introduced intravenously to facilitate treatment had the catheterised jugular vein and contralateral vein examined by ultrasound every 48 hours. Subclinical complications were defined by thrombus formation or thickening of the venous wall, and the data were analysed to establish risk factors for the development of these complications. The horses with a rectal temperature above 38.5 degrees C when the catheter was introduced were four times more likely to develop complications, than the horses with a lower temperature. The administration of a NSAID whil...
Evaluation of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan or sodium hyaluronan administered intra-articularly for treatment of horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis. To assess clinical, biochemical, and histologic effects of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) or sodium hyaluronan administered intra-articularly in treatment of horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis. Methods: 24 horses. Methods: Osteoarthritis was induced arthroscopically in 1 middle carpal joint of all horses. Eight horses received hyaluronan (20 mg) and amikacin (125 mg) intra-articularly on study days 14, 21, and 28. Eight horses received PSGAG (250 mg) and amikacin (125 mg) intra-articularly on study days 14, 21, and 28. Eight control horses received 2 mL of saline (0.9% N...
Short-term effects of a moderate fish oil or soybean oil supplementation on postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy horses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fat supplementation on postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in horses fed a corn meal. Four horses were fed three different diets: (1) cracked corn (CC), (2) cracked corn with soybean oil (CC+SBO), and (3) cracked corn with fish oil (CC+FO). Each diet was adjusted so there was a starch intake of 2 g/kg bodyweight (BW) and an intake of 0.2 mL/kg BW of FO and SBO. The increases in mean plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, peak values, and areas under the curve were similar for all diets (time P<0.05, diet not significa...
PCR detection of African horse sickness virus serogroup based on genome segment three sequence analysis. A nested reverse transcriptase (RT) polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), for rapid detection of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) in cell culture and tissue samples, was developed and evaluated. Using an outer pair of primers (P1 and P2), selected from genome segment three of AHSV serotype 6 (AHSV-6), the RT-PCR-based assay resulted in amplification of a 890 base pair (bp) primary PCR product. RNAs from the nine vaccine strains of AHSV, and a number of AHSV field isolates including the Central African isolates of AHSV-9 and AHSV-6, propagated in cell c...
Evaluation of an automated blood culture system for the isolation of bacteria from equine synovial fluid. The objective of this study was to evaluate an automated blood culture system for the isolation of microorganisms from infected equine synovial fluid (SF). Samples were collected from 220 severely inflamed synovial joints and classified as either presumably infected (group A: n=149) or not infected (group B: n=71), based on a combination of clinical history, clinical signs and cytological analysis of the SF. Samples were inoculated into blood culture bottles and after incubation were subcultured onto agar media to confirm the results and to facilitate full bacterial identification. Microorgani...
Successful treatment of a sinonasal cryptococcal granuloma in a horse. A 12-year-old 500-kg (1,100-lb) American Quarter Horse mare was evaluated because of chronic mucopurulent, bloody discharge from the left nostril, inspiratory dyspnea, and respiratory noise. Results: The horse had severe inspiratory dyspnea and stertorous respiration with no airflow from the left nostril. A temporary tracheostomy was performed. Endoscopy revealed a tan mass protruding from the left middle nasal meatus into the left common nasal meatus; it extended caudally into the nasopharynx and around the caudal edge of the nasal septum into the right nasal cavity. Radiographically, a soft ...
Use of computed tomography to diagnose new bone formation associated with desmitis of the proximal aspect of the suspensory ligament in third metacarpal or third metatarsal bones of three horses. 3 horses with lameness localized to the proximal aspect of the metacarpus or metatarsus. Results: All horses had evidence of problems that originated from the proximal aspect of the suspensory ligament (PASL), including signs of pain on palpation, positive results of diagnostic nerve blocks, ultrasonographic detection of enlargement and diffuse areas of reduced echogenicity in the proximal region of insertion of the ligament, and radiographic detection of increased mineral opacity in the proximal aspect of the metacarpus or metatarsus. Desmitis of the PASL was diagnosed in each horse; however,...
Injuries to Australian veterinarians working with horses. Data from a health risks of Australian veterinarians (HRAV) study were reviewed to identify reported serious injuries incurred while working with horses and the factors associated with these injuries. Of the 2188 serious injuries reported in the HRAV study, 1583 (72.3 per cent) were associated with animals, and of these, 453 (28.6 per cent) involved horses. Most of them were sustained in stock or handling yards. Factors associated with an increased frequency of injury included activities such as suturing, wound care, tubing and drenching. The parts of the body most commonly injured were the he...
Development of an intra-lamellar microdialysis method for laminitis investigations in horses. Microdialysis (MD) was used for continuous monitoring of the lamellar extracellular fluid (ECF) in six mature healthy Standardbred horses. MD probes were introduced into the lamellar tissue under local anaesthesia. Following intravenous injection of gentamicin (5mg/kg), MD and serum samples were collected for 24h and analysed using a sensitive ELISA test for gentamicin and fluorescence polarization immunoassay for urea concentrations. Calibration of probes was performed through in vivo urea recovery and in vitro gentamicin and urea recovery. Data obtained from different body compartments were ...
Effects of compounding and storage conditions on stability of pergolide mesylate. To determine the effects of temperature and light over a 35-day period on stability of pergolide mesylate after compounding in an aqueous vehicle. Methods: Evaluation study. Methods: Pergolide was compounded into a formulation with a final target concentration of 1 mg/mL. Aliquots of the formulation were then stored at -20 degrees, 8 degrees, 25 degrees, or 37 degrees C without exposure to light or at 25 degrees C with exposure to light for 35 days. Samples were assayed in triplicate by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography immediately after compounding and after 1, 7, 14, 21, and 35 da...
Use of a stand-alone pressure plate for the objective evaluation of forelimb symmetry in sound ponies at walk and trot. Subtle lameness in horses may be difficult to diagnose and methods to evaluate lameness objectively are useful when equine clinicians fail to reach a consensus. The aim of this study was to determine whether equine pressure plate measurements are repeatable when used to calculate forelimb loading (peak vertical pressure [PVP], peak vertical force [PVF], vertical impulse [VI]) and symmetry ratios, and to establish if these data are similar to the 'gold standard' force plate values. Since plate dimensions are relatively small, ponies were used to enable recordings to be taken from both forelimbs...
Colic: nonsurgical complications. Colic is a serious disease of the horse and may require surgical correction. Postoperative complications may result in an increase in short-term morbidity and mortality. Commonly encountered nonsurgical complications are detailed. Anticipation and timely treatment of common postoperative complications after colic surgery may improve overall survival.
Selected urogenital surgery concerns and complications. This article discusses selected urogenital surgeries. The discussion focuses on perioperative concerns and complications. The ideal approach to addressing complications resulting from disease processes or surgery is to avoid them. This approach requires knowledge of what can go wrong, gained by personal experience and that shared by others. The better one is able to anticipate potential complications, the more likely complications can be avoided.
Surgical complications of colic surgery. Colic is one of the most common and challenging problems that equine practitioners encounter. Although the majority of horses with colic can be treated with medical management, up to 10% of horses with colic require surgical intervention. The decision for surgery is often straightforward based on historical and diagnostic information. However, some horses require further diagnostics and observation to determine if surgery is needed. Surgical intervention can be life saving. However, complications may arise during surgery, in the immediate postoperative period, or during long-term management, a...
Strategies for reducing the complication of orthopedic pain perioperatively. Equine orthopedic pain management has become a growing area of interest. Its importance has been emphasized in many studies showing that better pain management results in decreased postoperative complications such as chronic pain, support-limb laminitis, gastric ulceration, and gastrointestinal disease. This review is meant for the surgeon managing orthopedic pain pre-, peri-, and postoperatively.
Complications of surgery for diseases of the guttural pouch. Guttural pouch diseases pose serious challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Complications from treatment are common and often life-threatening, largely because the unique anatomy of the guttural pouches brings them into intimate contact with the nervous, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems. There is little forgiveness for surgical errors, and so the surgeon should focus on ways to anticipate and prevent them. As with any disease, errors in diagnosis can set the stage for many surgical errors and must be recognized. This article deals with errors that can be expected after the most common s...
Complications of laparoscopic surgery. This article describes surgical complications associated with laparoscopy, how to avoid them, how to recognize them if they do happen, and how to deal with them in the most expedient method possible. Complications of sedation, anesthesia, positioning, the general surgical approach, and complications associated with specific surgical procedures are examined. The best defense against surgical complications is a thorough training program and an understanding of anatomy that will help the surgeon work in the three-dimensional environment while being limited to two dimensions on the monitor. The au...
Complications of ophthalmic surgery in the horse. Corneal transplantation, amniotic membrane transplantation, phacoemulsification cataract extraction, and laser glaucoma therapy are routine ophthalmic surgical procedures in horses. This article discusses the indications, techniques, and postoperative complications of these and other ophthalmic surgical procedures in horses. Meticulous and accurate anatomic repair can minimize postoperative complications to maintain positive visual outcomes in ophthalmic surgery of the horse.
Molecular characterization of Rhodococcus equi from horse-breeding farms by means of multiplex PCR for the vap gene family. This study evaluated the molecular characteristics of Rhodococcus equi isolates obtained from horses by a multiplex PCR assay that amplifies the vap gene family (vapA, -B, -C, -D, -E, -F, -G, and -H). A total of 180 R. equi isolates were studied from four different sources, namely healthy horse feces (112), soil (12), stalls (23), and clinical isolates (33) from horse-breeding farms. The technique was performed and confirmed by sequencing of amplified vap gene family controls. Thirty-two (17.8%) of the R. equi isolates were positive for the vapA gene and carried at least three other vap genes....
Characterization of equine adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells before and after cryopreservation. In horses, stem cell therapies are a promising tool to the treatment of many injuries, which are common consequences of athletic endeavor, resulting in high morbidity and often compromising the performance. In spite of many advantages, the isolation of stem cells similar to human, from equine adipose tissue, occurred only recently. The aim of this study was to isolate equine adipose tissue-derived progenitor cells (eAT-PC), to characterize their proliferative potential, and to study their differentiation capacity before and after cryopreservation. The cells, isolated from horse adipose tissue,...
Hyperactivation of stallion sperm is required for successful in vitro fertilization of equine oocytes. Capacitation is a complex and not well-understood process that encompasses all the molecular changes sperm must undergo to successfully fertilize an oocyte. In vitro fertilization has remained elusive in the horse, as evidenced by low in vitro fertilization (IVF) rates (0%-33%); moreover, only two foals have ever been produced using IVF. Incubation of stallion sperm in modified Whittens supplemented with bovine serum albumin and sodium bicarbonate yielded significant rates of time-dependent protein tyrosine phosphorylation and induced acrosomal exocytosis, consistent with capacitation. The obj...
Calcium regulating hormones and serum calcium and magnesium concentrations in septic and critically ill foals and their association with survival. Disorders of calcium regulation are frequently found in humans with critical illness, yet limited information exists in foals with similar conditions including septicemia. The purpose of this study was to determine whether disorders of calcium exist in septic foals, and to determine any association with survival. Objective: Blood concentrations of ionized calcium (Ca(2+)) and magnesium (Mg(2+)) will be lower in septic foals with concomitant increases in parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), and parathyroid-related peptide (PTHrP) compared with healthy foals. The magnitude of these differ...
Characterization of alpha(4)beta(1) (CD49d/CD29) on equine leukocytes: potential utility of a potent alpha(4)beta(1) (CD49d/CD29) receptor antagonist in the treatment of equine heaves (recurrent airway obstruction). The purpose of this study was to characterize the alpha(4)beta(1) receptor (CD49d/CD29, very late antigen-4, VLA-4) on circulating equine leukocytes and to evaluate the intrinsic potency of an alpha(4)beta(1) receptor antagonist (Compound B) in the horse. Ultimately, these studies would allow us to determine the suitability of treating recurrent airway obstruction (RAO; heaves) affected horses by blocking the cellular recruitment of lymphocytes and neutrophils into the lung. The data demonstrates the alpha(4)beta(1) integrin is present on horse lymphocytes and neutrophils (fluorescence-assiste...
Incidence of transfusion reactions and retention of procoagulant and anticoagulant factor activities in equine plasma. The extent of preservation of clotting factors and incidence of transfusion reactions to noncommercial equine plasma is not documented. Objective: Equine frozen plasma would retain its coagulation factor activity within the reference range and the incidence of transfusion reactions would be low. Methods: Ten plasma donor horses. Fifty clinically ill hospitalized horses receiving plasma were reviewed to determine the incidence of reactions. Methods: In vitro study and retrospective case review. Plasma was prepared by gravity sedimentation from whole blood refrigerated for 48 hours. The activiti...
Twin pregnancy experimental model for transvaginal ultrasound-guided twin reduction in mares. Multiple pregnancies are still an important cause of noninfectious abortion, stillbirth, neonatal mortality, and significant delays in reproductive performance in mares. Despite new management techniques, reduction in multiple pregnancies is an ongoing preoccupation and challenge for the equine veterinarian. The aim of the present study was to establish a twin pregnancy experimental model in the mare to study the effectiveness of a transvaginal ultrasound-guided embryonic vesicle injection. Mares in heat were inseminated and then received an embryo at day 7 of the estrous cycle. At days 14 and...
