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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
The new conundrum: do estrogens have any cardiovascular benefits? Clearly, a new era has begun, with increasing numbers of the scientific/medical community asking whether estrogens have any cardiovascular benefits. Doubts have arisen from two randomized prospective trials. The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (women who were generally beyond 65 years of age with preexisting coronary heart disease) found no benefit in reducing coronary events by a combination of estrogens and a progestin. Later, the Estrogen Replacement Atherosclerosis Trial reported that no benefit could be shown for either conjugated equine estrogens only or the combined thera...
Importance of M-protein C terminus as substrate antigen for serodetection of equine arteritis virus infection. Equine arteritis virus (EAV), an enveloped positive-stranded RNA virus, is the prototype of the arterivirus group. In a previous paper (A. Kheyar, S. Martin, G. St.-Laurent, P. J. Timoney, W. H. McCollum, and D. Archambault, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 4:648-652, 1997), we have shown that the unglycosylated membrane (M) protein, which is composed of 162 amino acids (aa), is a major target of equine antibody to EAV. In order to determine the antigenic regions of the M protein, the cDNA encoding the M protein of EAV was inserted into the procaryotic expression vector pGEX-4T-1 to produce recombin...
Osteoarthrosis of the antebrachiocarpal joint of 7 riding horses. Osteoarthrosis (OA) of the antebrachiocarpal joint from 7 riding horses is described. The horses were old mares and developed severe OA, with ankylosis in some of the joints. The lesions were bilateral, and the owners noticed the lameness in a late event. The cause of severe OA in these mares is not clear. The fact that OA was bilateral indicates that a single traumatic injury is unlikely as an etiologic factor. Considering the severe joint lesions it took long time before the horse-owners noticed the lameness. It is discussed if the threshold of pain is higher in the antebrachiocarpal joint c...
Equine estrogens induce apolipoprotein E and glial fibrillary acidic protein in mixed glial cultures. Premarin, which contains several equine estrogens, as well as estradiol (E2) as a minor component, is widely used for replacement therapy of estrogen deficits, but little is known of its direct actions on brain cells. In mixed glial cultures, apolipoprotein E (apoE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) are induced by estrogens. GFAP induction showed an inverted-U shape E2 dose response, with a maximum induction at 1 pM, whereas apoE mRNA induction was greatest at 100 pM. GFAP and ApoE mRNAs were induced by equine estrogens in the following order: E2=equilin>estrone>17 alpha-dihydro...
Fetlock joint kinematics differ with age in Thoroughbred [was thoroughbred] racehorses. Fetlock joint kinematics during galloping in 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old Thoroughbreds in race training were quantified to determine if differences due to age could account for the observation that 2-year old Thoroughbred racehorses incur a high number of injuries to the bones and soft tissues in the distal forelimbs during training and at the outset of racing. Twelve Thoroughbred racehorses were videotaped in the sagittal plane at 250 frames/s during their daily galloping workout on a 7/8 mile sand-surface training track. Four galloping strides were recorded for each horse and subsequently dig...
Anatomic reference for computed tomography of the head of the foal. The purpose of this study was to produce an anatomic reference for computed tomography (CT) of the head of the foal for use by radiologists, clinicians, and veterinary students. The head from each of 2 foals, euthanized for reasons unrelated to head pathology, was removed and prepared for CT scanning. Using a third-generation CT scanner, 5-mm contiguous transverse images were acquired. The heads were then frozen and sectioned using a band saw, with the cuts matched as closely as possible to the CT slices. The anatomic sections were photographed and radiographed. The radiographs and anatomic ph...
Cytokine induction in pulmonary airways of horses with heaves and effect of therapy with inhaled fluticasone propionate. Work in humans and laboratory animals has identified a central role for cytokines and chemokines in development and persistence of lower airway inflammation. The objectives of this study were to determine interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha induction in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of control horses and horses with heaves both during remission and exacerbation of the disease, and to determine the effect of therapy with inhaled fluticasone propionate on the cytokine profile of horses with heaves. IL-1 beta an...
Cardiovascular changes associated with intravenous administration of fumonisin B1 in horses. To determine whether cardiovascular dysfunction is evident in horses with leukoencephalomalacia experimentally induced by administration of fumonisin B1. Methods: 11 healthy horses of various breeds (body weight, 252 to 367 kg). Methods: Horses were randomly assigned to 3 groups and administered fumonisin B1 daily. Horses received IV injections of 0 (control horses; n = 4), 0.01 (3), or 0.20 mg (4) of fumonisin B1/kg for 7 to 28 days. Horses were examined daily for evidence of neurologic disease. When neurologic signs consistent with leukoencephalomalacia were evident, horses were anesthetized...
Instrumented treadmill for measuring vertical ground reaction forces in horses. To develop and validate a novel instrumented treadmill capable of determining vertical ground reaction forces of all 4 limbs simultaneously in horses. Methods: Data obtained while a horse was walking and trotting on the treadmill. Methods: 18 piezo-electric force transducers were mounted between the treadmill frame and supporting steel platform to measure the actual forces at the corresponding bearing points. Each of the 18 sensor forces is equal to the sum of the unknown hoof forces weighted with the transfer coefficients of the corresponding force application points. The 4 force traces were ...
Measurement of the activation of equine platelets by use of fluorescent-labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-human thrombospondin antibody. To investigate the potential use of fluorescent-labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-human thrombospondin antibody for detection of the activation of equine platelets by use of flow cytometry. Methods: Platelets obtained from 6 Thoroughbreds. Methods: Flow cytometry was used to assess platelet activation as indicated by detection of binding of fluorescent-labeled annexin V, anti-human fibrinogen antibody, and anti-thrombospondin antibody to unactivated and ADP-, collagen-, platelet activating factor (PAF)-, and A23187-activated equine platelets. Human platelets were used...
Effects of racing on lymphocyte proliferation in horses. To measure the lymphocyte proliferation response in horses 12 to 16 hours after completion of a race. Methods: 8 Thoroughbreds that competed in 14 races and 3 control Thoroughbreds that did not race. Methods: Horses participated in races during the late afternoon or evening. Venous blood samples were collected on a morning before a race (1 or 2 days before the race or on the day of the race), on the afternoon of a race (40 to 60 minutes after the race), and on the morning of the day after a race (12 to 16 hours after the race). Lymphocyte proliferation responses and WBC count were measured in ...
Partial orbital rim resection, mesh skin expansion, and second intention healing combined with enucleation or exenteration for extensive periocular tumors in horses. Ocular and periorbital sarcoids and squamous cell carcinoma are common in equine practice. Extensive involvement of periorbital tissues often necessitates removal of the globe if the function of the eyelids can not be maintained with tumor removal alone. This report describes a modification of the standard enucleation or exenteration technique for cases in which there is insufficient skin to achieve primary closure following complete surgical excision. The caudal portion of the dorsal orbital rim is protuberant; partial excision with an osteotome facilitates skin closure by decreasing the size...
Comparison of effects of dexamethasone and the leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist L-708,738 on lung function and airway cytologic findings in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. To evaluate whether the leukotriene (LT) D4 receptor antagonist L-708,738 is therapeutically beneficial in treating horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Methods: 12 adult horses with heaves and healthy lung lobes from 20 slaughtered horses. Methods: Lung lobes were used for smooth muscle tension and radioligand binding studies. Horses with heaves were given a placebo for 14 days and administered L-708,738 (n = 6; 2.5 mg/kg PO, q 12 h) or dexamethasone (6; 0.04 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h) from days 14 to 28. Pulmonary function was measured weekly for 36 days, and bronchoalveolar cells were...
Analysis of proglycogen and macroglycogen content in muscle biopsy specimens obtained from horses. To determine proglycogen (PG) and macroglycogen (MG) content in equine skeletal muscle and to compare 2 analytical methods (acid hydrolysis [AC] and PG plus MG determination) for measurement of total muscle glycogen content (Gly(tot)) in biopsy specimens. Methods: Muscle biopsy specimens obtained from 41 clinically normal horses. Methods: Forty-five muscle biopsy specimens obtained from the middle gluteal (n = 31) or triceps (14) muscle were analyzed, using AC and MG plus PG determination for Gly(tot). Variability within muscle biopsy specimens for each method was calculated from duplicate ana...
Effects of frequency of treatment with recombinant equine somatotropin on selected biological responses in geldings. Two experiments compared the efficacies of different treatment frequencies for recombinant equine somatotropin (eST). In Experiment 1, five geldings received daily injections of eST at 20 microg/kg of body weight, and five received every-other-day injections at 40 microg/kg of body weight, for a total of 30 days. Plasma glucose (P=0.0001), insulin (P=0.0135), and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA, P=0.0001) concentrations increased, and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations decreased (P=0.0001), in both groups, and only minor differences (P<0.05) occurred between the two groups. Insulin-like...
Aflatoxin in dog and horse feeds in turkey. Aflatoxin levels were determined by ELISA in 18 dog and 20 horse feed samples, collected from different firms from June 2000 to June 2001 in Turkey. The minimum and maximum levels of total aflatoxin in the dog and horse feeds were <1.75-20 microg/kg and <1.75-14 microg/kg, respectively; 3/18 dog feed samples (16.7%) and 2/20 horse feed samples (10%) exceeded the Turkish tolerance limit of 10 microg/kg in food or feed.
Chronic clenbuterol administration negatively alters cardiac function. Chronic administration of pharmacological levels of beta2-agonists have been shown to have toxic effects on the heart; however, no data exist on cardiac function after chronic clenbuterol administration. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of therapeutic levels of clenbuterol on cardiac performance. Methods: Twenty unfit Standardbred mares were divided into four experimental groups: clenbuterol (2.4 microg.kg(-1) twice daily 5 d.wk(-1)) plus exercise (20 min at 50% .VO(2max)) (CLENEX; N = 6), clenbuterol (CLEN; N = 6), exercise (EX; N = 4), and control (CON; N = 4). M-mode and ...
Arcanobacterium hippocoleae sp. nov., from the vagina of a horse. A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on a previously unidentified gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, diphtheroid-shaped organism isolated from a vaginal discharge of a horse. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that the strain was a member of the genus Arcanobacterium, but sequence divergence values of >4% with described species of this genus (viz: Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Arcanobacterium bernardiae, Arcanobacterium phocae, Arcanobacterium pluranimalium and Arcanobacterium pyogenes) demonstrated that the isolate represented a novel species. The unknown bacteriu...
Determination of the highest no-effect dose (HNED) and of the elimination pattern for cocaine in horses. Cocaine is one of the most widespread illegal stimulants utilized by the human population throughout the world. The aim of this study was to establish the highest no-effect dose (HNED) of cocaine on the spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) of horses in a behavior chamber, and thereby to determine the maximal acceptable threshold of the urinary drug concentration in horses. Twelve English thoroughbred mares received 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.08 or 0.12 mg kg(-1) cocaine i.v. or saline solution (control). It was noted that doses above 0.04 mg kg(-1) induced a significant increase in SLA (P < 0.05, ...
Detection of morphine in blood and urine samples from horses administered poppy seeds and morphine sulfate orally. The objective of this study was to determine if the administration of poppy seeds to horses would result in detectable concentrations of morphine in urine and blood samples, as has been shown to occur in humans. In this study blood and urine samples were collected following administration of poppy seeds and morphine sulfate orally to four horses. Urine samples were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of morphine. All urine samples testing positive by ELISA, as well as plasma samples collected after administration of the 10-g doses of poppy seeds, were analyz...
Effectiveness of a unique dihydropyridine (BAYTG 1000) for prevention of laminitis in horses. To determine whether a unique dihydropyridine (BAYTG 1000) would be beneficial in preventing laminitis in horses. Methods: 16 clinically normal adult horses. Methods: 8 pairs of horses were used in a controlled double-blind study, using sex- and age-matched horses randomly assigned to treatment or control groups. Horses were subjected to carbohydrate overload to induce laminitis. Treated horses were administered BAY TG 1000 (30 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) for 3 days. Hoof wall surface temperature (HWST) and lameness were recorded at 4-hour intervals. The HWST was adjusted on the basis of time of onset ...
Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in donkeys, mules, and horses. To compare serum disposition of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim after IV administration to donkeys, mules, and horses. Methods: 5 donkeys, 5 mules, and 3 horses. Methods: Blood samples were collected before (time 0) and 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 24 hours after IV administration of sulfamethoxazole (12.5 mg/kg) and trimethoprim (2.5 mg/kg). Serum was analyzed in triplicate with high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim concentrations. Serum concentration-time curve for each ani...
Effects of pentoxifylline on pulmonary function and results of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. To determine the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) administration on lung function and results of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses affected by recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Methods: 10 RAO-affected horses. Methods: 6 horses were orally administered PTX (16 g) mixed with corn syrup, and 4 horses were administered corn syrup alone, twice daily for 14 days. Pulmonary function was evaluated before administration (day 0) and on days 8 and 15. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on days 0 and 15. Reversibility of airway obstruction was assessed by measuring ...
Evaluation of the bispectral index as an indicator of degree of central nervous system depression in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. To determine whether the bispectral index (BIS) can be used as an indicator of degree of CNS depression in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Methods: 10 Standardbred and 6 Norwegian cold-blooded trotter stallions admitted for routine castration. Methods: A 2-channel referential electrode configuration was used to record EEG for calculation of BIS by the EEG monitor. The BIS was calculated before (awake) and after (sedated) administration of detomidine (0.01 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and butorphanol (0.01 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/kg, IV) and diazepam ...
Plasma concentrations of endothelin-like immunoreactivity in healthy horses and horses with naturally acquired gastrointestinal tract disorders. To compare plasma endothelin (ET)- like immunoreactivity between healthy horses and those with naturally acquired gastrointestinal tract disorders. Methods: 29 healthy horses and 142 horses with gastrointestinal tract disorders. Methods: Blood samples were collected from healthy horses and from horses with gastrointestinal tract disorders prior to treatment. Magnitude and duration of abnormal clinical signs were recorded, and clinical variables were assessed via thorough physical examinations. Plasma concentrations of ET-like immunoreactivity were measured by use of a radioimmunoassay for huma...
Calculated forelimb flexor tendon forces in horses with experimentally induced superficial digital flexor tendinitis and the effects of application of heel wedges. To calculate forces in the flexor tendons and the influence of heel wedges in affected and contralateral (compensating) forelimbs of horses with experimentally induced unilateral tendinitis of the superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon. Methods: 5 Warmblood horses. Procedure-Ground reaction force and kinematic data were obtained during a previous study while horses were trotting before and after induction of tendinitis in 1 forelimb SDF and after application of 6 degrees heel wedges to both forehooves. Forces in the SDF, deep digital flexor (DDF), and the suspensory ligament (SL) and strain i...
Comparison of intraosseous or intravenous infusion for delivery of amikacin sulfate to the tibiotarsal joint of horses. To establish the route of infusion (IV or intraosseous) that results in the highest concentration of amikacin in the synovial fluid of the tibiotarsal joint and determine the duration of peak concentrations. Methods: 21 horses. Methods: Regional perfusion of a limb on 15 horses was performed. Amikacin sulfate was infused into the saphenous vein or via intraosseous infusion into the distal portion of the tibia (1 g in 56 ml of lactated Ringer's solution) or proximal portion of the metatarsus (1 g of amikacin in 26 ml of lactated Ringer's solution). Amikacin concentrations were measured in seque...
Septic flexor tendon core lesions in five horses. Intratendonous infection in the absence of any clinical evidence of a wound has not, to our knowledge, been described previously in horses. This paper reports the clinical features, diagnostic techniques. treatment and outcome in 5 cases of septic flexor tendon core lesions. This condition is characterised by seven lameness and ultrasonographic evidence of a central intratendonous anechoic core lesion which may enlarge rapidly.
