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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse. Part 1: forelimb foot and carpus. This paper tests the hypothesis that the local analgesic agent mepivacaine diffuses between adjacent equine synovial structures in the forelimb and with greater frequency than latex, gelatine dye or contrast media. We report the incidence of diffusion of mepivacaine between the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) and navicular bursa (NB) of the forelimbs and between the intercarpal (IC) and radiocarpal (RC) joints of 31 fresh equine cadavers. The DIPJ of one forelimb and the NB of the contra lateral forelimb and the RC joint of one forelimb and the IC joint of the contra lateral forelimb were ...
Efficacy of three corticosteroids for the treatment of heaves. This study used a cross-over design to compare the efficacy of 3 corticosteroids for the relief of airway obstruction and inflammation in 9 heaves-affected horses. The severity of airway obstruction and inflammation was quantified by measurement of lung function and by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, respectively. Airway obstruction was induced by stabling the horses and they remained stabled during the 10 day treatment period. Lung function was measured before treatment (baseline), at Days 3, 7, and 10 of treatment, and after 30 days at pasture. BALF cytology was investigated at...
An assessment of the ability of diplomates, practitioners, and students to describe and interpret recordings of heart murmurs and arrhythmia. The ability of clinicians, ie, 10 veterinary students, 10 general practitioners, and 10 board certified internists, to describe and interpret common normal and abnormal heart sounds was assessed. Recordings of heart sounds from 7 horses with a variety of normal and abnormal rhythms, heart sounds, and murmurs were analyzed by digital sonography. The perception of the presence or absence of the heart sounds S1, S2, and S4 was similar for clinicians irrespective of their level of training and was in agreement with the sonographic interpretation on 89, 82, and 78% of occasions, respectively. Howev...
Daily treatment of horses with equine somatotropin from 4 to 16 months of age. Fourteen foals between 4 and 4.5 mo of age were used to determine the effects of 12 mo of daily treatment with equine somatotropin (eST) on growth, metabolic, and hormonal characteristics. The foals were paired by sex, type, and lineage, and one of each pair was administered eST daily at 20 microg/kg of BW. Body weights, body measurements, and assessments of glucose tolerance and feedback effects on endogenous somatotropin (ST) secretion were made routinely. Treatment with eST did not alter (P > 0.10) BW, height at withers, length of body, widths of chest and rump, heart girth, length of he...
Comparison of pregnancy outcome in mares among methods used to evaluate and select spermatozoa for insemination. An artificial insemination dose for mares consisting of 500 million progressively motile spermatozoa is considered "standard" by most clinicians. However, little information is available directly comparing pregnancy outcome among methods of evaluating and selecting spermatozoa for insemination. The objective of this study was to determine if the method of spermatozoal evaluation and selection influences fertility as measured by pregnancy outcome. Mares were inseminated with 100 or 500 million spermatozoa that were selected for progressive motility, normal morphology, hypoosmotic swelling or ab...
IGF -I plasma concentrations in non-treated horses and horses administered with methionyl equine somatotropin. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF -I) is likely to be an indicator of somatotropin (ST) administration in the horse. To investigate the different ways ST administration may be detected, the following aspects of IGF -I concentrations in plasma were studied: (i) the daily variation; (ii) variation following a treadmill test; (iii) concentrations at rest and after exercise; and (iv) concentrations in plasma from two young horses and two adults treated with methionyl equine somatotropin (e ST). In the population of horses at rest, IGF -I mean concentration (SEM) was 261 (104) ng ml(-1). In post ra...
Plasma fibrinogen measurement in the horse: comparison of Millar’s technique with a chronometric technique and the QBC-Vet Autoreader. Plasma fibrinogen is widely used in horse practice as an unspecific positive marker of inflammatory diseases; it is also lowered in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Three fibrinogen measurement methods--Millar's heat-denaturation in a microhaematocrit tube, automated reader for heat-denaturation, and chronometric measurement of clot formation after addition of excess thrombin-were compared by means of Passing-Bablock's regression and Bland-Altman difference plots, in blood plasma of 30 clinically healthy and 57 diseased horses. Correlations between the three techniques were excellent (r...
Effects of repeated atropine injection on heart rate variability in Thoroughbred horses. To investigate the effects of repeated atropine injection on heart rate (HR) variability in resting Thoroughbred horses, two microg/ kg of atropine as parasympathetic nervous blockade was injected intravenously every 6 min to a total of 8 microg/kg after intravenous administration of 0.2 mg/kg of propranolol as sympathetic nervous blockade. We recorded electrocardiograms and obtained the HR, then evaluated variation in HR from the power spectrum in terms of low frequency (LF, 0.01-0.07 Hz) power and high frequency (HF, 0.07-0.6 Hz) power. Administration of atropine decreased parasympathetic ne...
Bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia associated with transport in Thoroughbred racehorses. To evaluate a hypothese that use of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for early treatment of pneumonia would improve their prognosis by reducing bacterial numbers and excessive numbers of neutrophils in the lung, initial experiences with BAL in the diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia were performed in 36 racehorses that became ill within 24 hr of long distance travel (1,200-1,600 km, 26-32 hr) by road. Comparisons were made of the outcomes of the 36 horses and those of 42 horses (81.0% recovered, 50.0% returned to racing) treated for transport associated pneumonia without BAL. The total amount of ...
In vitro microelectrode study of the electrical properties of smooth muscle in equine ileum. Intracellular microelectrode recordings were made from smooth muscle cells in cross-sectional preparations of equine ileum, superfused in vitro. Membrane potential oscillations and spike potentials were recorded in all preparations, but recordings were made more readily from cells in the longitudinal muscle layer than from cells in the circular layer. The mean (se) resting membrane potential (RMP) of smooth muscle cells in the longitudinal muscle layer was -51.9 (1.2) mV, and the membrane potential oscillations in this layer had a mean amplitude of 4.8 (0.4) mV, a frequency of 9.0 (0.1) cycles...
Effect of continuous and sequential oral estrogen-progestogen replacement regimens on postmenopausal bone loss: a 2-year prospective study. The aim of the present study was to determine whether assignment to continuous estrogen-progestin therapy is more effective in protecting against bone loss than assignment to a sequential regimen. Methods: A total of 104 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to one of two groups of treatment, Conjugated Equine Estrogens and Medroxyprogestin without interruption (continuous group) and Conjugated Equine Estrogens over 25 days with Medroxyprogestin beyond the 14th day (sequential group). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at inclusion, 12 and 24 months later by dual energy X-ray absorp...
Electrochemotherapy of horses. A preliminary clinical report. Sarcoids are skin spontaneous tumours detected in horses. It can be cured by chemotherapy by using cisplatin. A multisequence treatment must be performed. Problems are present due to the poor diffusion of the hydrophilic product in the tumours. Electropulsation is known to drastically enhance the effect of antitumoral drugs in vivo. Taking into account the very successful results of the group in Ljubljana (Slovenia), we started a research clinical program where electropulsation was applied after local cisplatin injection. The size of sarcoids is large (several centimeters). A specially designe...
Adverse drug reactions and interactions in the horse. Drugs undergo extensive evaluation before they are marketed. The occurrence of adverse reactions, however, may be so rare that thousands of patients must receive the drug before reliable data are available. It is necessary that veterinarians be informed about the drugs they use, be able to recognize drug-associated complications, know how to evaluate the patient for evidence of drug-associated toxicity, report adverse effects of drugs to the respective manufacturers, and be prepared to provide medical support and antidotal treatment (if it exists) for a patient if toxicosis occurs.
Toxic feed constituents in the horse. Poisoning cases in horses associated with dietary exposures can encompass a wide variety of etiologies that can be caused by natural or man-made components. Feed mixing errors and ingestion of feed formulated for other species are the most common means by which poisonings from man-made materials occur. Ionophore feed additives and antibacterial agents are especially toxogenic to horses. Effects of ionophores in horses include clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic changes associated with cardiac, muscular, and neurologic tissues involvement. The acute effects of ionophores, however, can r...
Subchondral bone thickness, hardness and remodelling are influenced by short-term exercise in a site-specific manner. It was hypothesised that subchondral bone thickness, hardness and remodelling are influenced by exercise intensity, and by location within a joint. Dorsal carpal osteochondral injury is a major cause of lameness in horses undergoing high intensity training. This project aimed to determine the subchondral bone thickness, formation, resorption and hardness at sites with high and low incidence of pathology in 2 year-old horses undergoing 19 weeks high intensity treadmill training or low intensity exercise, and to compare these factors between exercise groups. Dorsal and palmar test sites were ide...
Transforming growth factor beta concentrations and interferon gamma responses in cerebrospinal fluid of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. The following experiment was performed to test the hypothesis that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) concentration varies in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum of horses with EPM and to determine if cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) alters the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) rersponse of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The concentration of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta2) was investigated in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 18 horses (9 normal, 9 affected with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis [EPM]). The TGF-beta2 assay was validated in a group of 6 norma...
Computed tomographic study of the effect of a tongue-tie on hyoid apparatus position and nasopharyngeal dimensions in anesthetized horses. To determine the effect of manual tongue protrusion on the dimensions of the hyoid apparatus, nasopharynx, and oropharynx in anesthetized horses. tongue protrusion on the dimensions of the hyoid. Methods: 5 adult horses. Methods: Horses were anesthetized and positioned in sternal recumbency for 2 sequential computed tomographic (CT) scans. Images were acquired with the tongue in a natural position inside the mouth. Then, the tongue was pulled rostrally and secured, and a second CT scan was performed. Dorsoventral length of the hyoid apparatus and angles of the basisphenoid, basihyoid, and cera...
Evaluation of excision, cryosurgery and local BCG vaccination for the treatment of equine sarcoids. Ninety-five horses with sarcoids were subjected to three types of treatment: surgical excision (conventional or carbon dioxide laser), cryotherapy or local BCG vaccination. The type of treatment was selected on the basis of the size, location and clinical appearance of the tumours. The choice between conventional and laser excision was empirical. A successful outcome was obtained in 11 of 14 (79 per cent) of the horses treated by cryosurgery, 18 of 27 (67 per cent) treated by BCG vaccination, 18 of 22 (82 per cent) treated by conventional excision, and 20 of 28 (71 per cent) treated with a car...
Effects of intestinal ischemia on in vitro activity of adjacent jejunum in samples obtained from ponies. To determine whether intestinal ischemia would alter activity of the jejunum in vitro or alter staining characteristics for certain types of enteric neurotransmitters. Methods: Jejunal samples obtained from 10 ponies. Methods: Jejunal samples were obtained from locations proximal and distal to an area of small intestine made ischemic for 60 minutes. A portion of each sample was stained to detect substance P-like immunoreactivity, cholinergic and adrenergic neurons, and nitric oxide synthase. Portions of the remaining samples were suspended in muscle baths. General activity patterns (frequency ...
A preliminary report on a fat-free diet formula for nasogastric enteral administration as treatment for hyperlipaemia in ponies. A fat-free liquid diet was formulated to be administered by nasogastric tube as therapy for hyperlipaemia in ponies. The liquid diet provided energy, protein, minerals, trace elements, and vitamins in accordance with the requirements of ponies. As sole source of nutrition, the liquid diet fully counteracted fasting-induced hyperlipaemia in two healthy ponies. The liquid diet was also used in hyperlipaemic patients, but only in combination with conventional therapy, consisting of intravenous administration of glucose, insulin, and heparin. Although no patients were treated with the liquid diet ...
Factors influencing the occurrence of thrombophlebitis after post-surgical long-term intravenous catheterization of colic horses: a study of 38 cases. Thrombophlebitis is a well-known complication of the use of long-term in-dwelling catheters. In humans, catheter material has been shown to strongly influence the occurrence of thrombophlebitis. In the horse, the influence of catheter material has been studied in healthy experimental animals, but information on the relative importance of this factor is lacking. To investigate which factors have most impact on the frequency of jugular vein thrombosis in post-surgical colic horses, a clinical study was performed on 38 animals. Horses were randomly divided into two groups. In one group a polytetr...
Effects of topical administration of 0.005% latanoprost solution on eyes of clinically normal horses. To determine the effect of 0.005% latanoprost solution on intraocular pressure (IOP) of eyes of clinically normal horses and establish the frequency of adverse effects of drug administration. Methods: 20 adult clinically normal horses. Methods: IOP was recorded (7, 9, and 11 AM; 3, 5, and 7 PM) on days 1 and 2 (baseline), days 3 to 7 (treatment), and days 8 to 9 (follow-up). Latanoprost was administered to 1 randomly assigned eye of each horse every 24 hours during the treatment period, following the 7 AM IOP recording. Pupil size and the presence or absence of conjunctival hyperemia, epiphora...
IgG antibody responses to an inhaled antigen in horses with “heaves” (recurrent airway obstruction). A controlled experimental system for the evaluation of pulmonary immune responses in horses with "heaves" (recurrent airway obstruction) has been developed. We hypothesized that the humoral immune response to an inhaled antigen in diseased horses would be different from that of healthy horses and that chronic pulmonary inflammation would bias the production of IgG isotypes in diseased horses as compared to healthy horses. Healthy and affected horses were housed in a natural challenge environment (stabled, fed dusty hay) and exposed by inhalation, to a nebulized solution of keyhole limpet hemoc...
Cardiopulmonary function in horses during anesthetic recovery in a hydropool. To determine the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of water immersion in horses recovering from general anesthesia. Methods: 6 healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses were anesthetized 3 times with halothane and recovered from anesthesia while positioned in lateral or sternal recumbency in a padded recovery stall or while immersed in a hydropool. Cardiovascular and pulmonary functions were monitored before and during anesthesia and during recovery until horses were standing. Measurements and calculated variables included carotid and pulmonary arterial blood pressures (ABP and PAP respective...
Comparison of the clearance of 99mTechnetium-DTPA from the lung and lung function indices derived from the single breath diagram for carbon dioxide in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The elimination of carbon dioxide from the lung can be used to monitor ventilation and perfusion, and 99mtechnetium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (99mTc-DTPA) clearance is a highly sensitive index of alveolar epithelial integrity, which is a presupposition for effective gas exchange. The aim of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between indices of lung function derived from the single breath diagram for CO2, and 99mTc-DTPA clearance in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The rate of 99mTc-DTPA elimination was negatively and substantially correlated with th...
Use of an intravitreal sustained-release cyclosporine delivery device for treatment of equine recurrent uveitis. To evaluate the use of an intravitreal sustained-release cyclosporine (CsA) delivery device for treatment of horses with naturally occurring recurrent uveitis. Methods: 16 horses with recurrent uveitis. Methods: Horses with frequent recurrent episodes of uveitis or with disease that was progressing despite appropriate medication were selected for this study. Additional inclusion criteria included adequate retinal function as determined by use of electroretinography, lack of severe cataract formation, and no vision-threatening ocular complications (eg, retinal detachment, severe retinal degener...
