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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Changes in left ventricular dynamics during graded exercise. Three mature Thoroughbred horses were prepared surgically with ultrasonic sonomicrometer crystals affixed to their ventricular pericardia. Signals from crystals recorded dimensions of axes across the left ventricle. Cubic algorithms were fitted to dimensional data to generate volume estimates that matched stroke volumes simultaneously measured using the Fick principle. As horses stood at rest or exercised at various intensities (approx 7, 12, 24, 47 and 100% maximal rate of O2 consumption VO2max[), left ventricular dimensions were recorded and 20 consecutive diastolic and systolic volumes calc...
Effects of frusemide on pulmonary capillary pressure in horses exercising on a treadmill. We hypothesised that frusemide would decrease pulmonary capillary pressure in horses during strenuous exercise. Seven horses were tested after receiving saline or frusemide (2 mg/kg bwt) in random order with an interval of at least one week. Measurements were made with the horses standing, exercising at 75, 90 and 100% HRmax (maximal heart rate), and then walking 2 min after cessation of 100% HRmax. The exercise tests lasted for approximately 3 min with an interval of walking between them. Pulmonary artery and oesophageal pressures were recorded continuously and subsequent analysis of the pulm...
Electrolyte and glycerol supplementation improve water intake by horses performing a simulated 60 km endurance ride. To replace electrolytes lost in sweat during endurance competitions, riders frequently supplement horses with hypertonic oral electrolyte pastes. To determine whether this practice and concurrent administration of the so-called hyperhydrating substance glycerol are of benefit, weight loss, voluntary water intake, plasma osmolality, and plasma protein and electrolyte concentrations were measured in 6 Arabian horses supplemented with a total of 2.4 ml/kg bwt of water (W); 0.2 g/kg bwt KCl and 0.4 g/kg bwt NaCl in 2.4 ml/kg bwt of water (E); or 0.2 g/kg bwt KCl and 0.4 g/kg bwt NaCl in 2.4 ml/kg ...
Influence of frusemide on dynamic cardiac variables during exercise. Exercising horses have extremely high right and left atrial pressures. Limitation in ventricular function (i.e. relaxation) may play a role in these high pressures. We studied relaxation characteristics of the right ventricular myocardium and the impact of frusemide (2.0 mg/kg bwt i.v.) on these characteristics in horses exercising at 8, 10, 12 and 14 m/s. Exercise tests were performed 4 h after administration of frusemide. Right ventricular (RV) pressure was analysed using Fast Fourier Transform techniques to remove non cardiac components of the pressure signal. Mean right atrial (RA) pressur...
Kinematics of the equine back: flexion-extension movements in sound trotting horses. This study was undertaken to evaluate the flexion-extension movements of the back in a group of sound trotting horses. Using a 3-D kinematic analysis system, 13 clinically sound horses fitted with 5 skin markers placed on the dorsal midline of their trunk were recorded while trotting on a track in the conditions of the routine lameness examination. These markers were used to calculate 3 back angles (thoracic, thoracolumbar and lumbosacral angle). These back angles were then filtered using Fourier series. To evaluate the repeatability of flexion-extension movements, the intra- and inter-individ...
Effect of inhaled beta 2 adrenoceptor agonist, albuterol sulphate, on performance of horses. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a specific beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonist, albuterol sulphate, when delivered by metered-dose inhaler (MDI) would affect the performance of Thoroughbred horses during incremental exercise testing. Six conditioned Thoroughbred horses were randomly assigned to one of 2 treatment groups: Group 1 horses received placebo and Group 2 received albuterol. Each horse received both treatments in a crossover design with a 3 week interval between trials. Horses inspired albuterol (900 micrograms) or placebo over a 5 min period followed by an incremen...
Influence of oral beta-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that in vivo carnosine biosynthesis is dependent upon endogenous beta-alanine availability, by studying the effect of sustained dietary beta-alanine supplementation in the horse on the carnosine concentration in types I, IIA and IIB skeletal muscle fibres. The diets of 6 Thoroughbred horses were supplemented 3 times/day with beta-alanine (100 mg/kg bwt) and L-histidine (12.5 mg/kg bwt) for a period of 30 days. Percutaneous biopsies of the m. gluteus medius from a depth of 6 cm were taken on the days immediately before and after the supplementatio...
The effect of training on the calcified zone of equine middle carpal articular cartilage. Carpal osteochondral injury is frequently observed in strenuously trained horses. It is clear that the integrity of articular cartilage and subchondral bone are intimately related, although there is controversy about which component is the most important. Calcified cartilage provides the mechanical link between soft hyaline cartilage and stiff subchondral bone so it is essential to understand the tissue's response to exercise. Middle carpal calcified and uncalcified (hyaline) cartilage thickness was investigated in horses undergoing high- and low-intensity exercise. Twelve untrained horses (18...
Gas exchange during exercise in standardbred trotters with mild bronchiolitis. To investigate the gas exchange response during exercise in horses with mild bronchiolitis (MB), we studied 7 Standardbred trotters. In order to determine pulmonary gas exchange and red cell volume in relation to bodyweight (CV/BW), submaximal graded exercise tests were performed. VO2 was monitored from an open bias flow system without valves. Heart rate, respiratory rate and mean pulmonary and systemic artery pressures were measured. Cardiac output and alveolar ventilation were calculated. Arterial and mixed venous blood were drawn for blood gas analysis and pH measurements. Pulmonary gas exc...
Effect of ambient temperature and humidity on pulmonary artery temperature of exercising horses. Six healthy Thoroughbred mares were trained to run on a high-speed treadmill and were conditioned for approximately 5 weeks. Each horse performed 6 identical standardised exercise tests (SET) 5 to 7 days apart. Each SET was performed under different ambient laboratory conditions: low temperature/low humidity (LL) 20.2 degrees +/- 0.6 degree C, 53.6 +/- 4.1%; low temperature/high humidity (LH) 19.7 +/- 0.6 degrees C, 86.7 +/- 4.2%; medium temperature/low humidity (ML) 24.6 +/- 0.2 degrees C, 58.7 +/- 3.7%; medium temperature/high humidity (MH) 24.7 +/- 0.3 degrees C, 87.5 +/- 1.4%; high tempera...
Temporal changes in the trot between the first and third horse inspections at a CCI*** 3-day event. Kinematic parameters were measured from horses competing in a CCI*** 3-day event. The horses were filmed during the first and third horse inspection. This provided a repeat sample on 16 horses. The horses were filmed using a panning lateral S-VHS video camera (50 Hz). Spatial measurements were taken for mean +/- s.d. 5.66 +/- 0.92 strides for the first inspection and 5.05 +/- 1.27 for the third inspection. Within the calibration zone, data of the horses accelerating and obtaining a constant velocity were collected. The horses trotted with a higher mean velocity during the third inspection (0.2...
Nerve block and intra-articular anaesthesia of the forelimb in the sound horse. Nerve blocks and intra-articular anaesthesia are used extensively as routine methods in lameness evaluation. The method is based on the assumption that the technique itself does not change the movement pattern. The aim of this study was to carry out a quantitative kinematic study to confirm or reject the hypothesis that high palmar digital nerve block (HPDN) and intra-articular fetlock joint anaesthesia (IAF) influence significantly the movement pattern of the horse. Seven Standardbred horses trotting at 4.5 m/s were recorded at 240 Hz on a treadmill before and after anaesthesia by use of a Pr...
Sweating and skin temperature responses of normal and anhidrotic horses to intravenous adrenaline. Anhidrosis has been recognised for over half a century, but despite some excellent epidemiological studies, there has been little progress in understanding the aetiology of the condition. Using a modified ventilated capsule, we obtained dynamic, quantitative data on sweating responses in anhidrotic horses and normal sweating controls from the same environment. Ten horses with current seasonal anhidrosis and 10 matched normal sweating controls were selected. Each horse was given two 10 min infusions of 1 and 2 micrograms/kg/min adrenaline, separated by at least 6 h. Sweating responses and skin ...
The effect of diet composition and feeding state on the response to exercise in feed-restricted horses. Eight Thoroughbred horses were used to determine the effects of long-term calorie restriction and diet composition on serum T4 and T3 concentrations and metabolic responses with exercise. Horses were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups (n = 4): Group 1, horses were fed a calorie-restricted diet designed to have 70% of the calories from the roughage source (RHR); Group 2, horses were fed a calorie-restricted diet designed to have 70% of the calories from the concentrate source (RHC). Horses then completed 2 step-wise exercise tests; one following a 12 h fast and one 2 h after a meal of 2 kg...
Standardisation of muscular biopsy of gluteus medius in French trotters. Morphometric measurements were taken from 41 French trotters of various ages and both sexes. Biopsy location was determined for the dorsal compartment as being one-third of the distance from the tuber sacrale to the tuber coxae and for the ventral compartment as being one-third of the distance from the tuber coxae to the caudal Cd1-Cd2 intervertebral joint. Ten horses were biopsied at these 2 sites at a sampling depth equal to half the total depth of the compartment as measured by ultrasonography. The percentage of slow and fast myosin heavy chain fibres was measured by using an immunoenzymati...
Pre- and post exercise echocardiography in horses performing treadmill exercise in cool and hot/humid conditions. We hypothesised that exercise in a hot and humid environment would affect echocardiographic indices of cardiac dimensions and function more than exercise in a cool environment. M-mode echocardiograms were obtained in 5 clinically normal horses before, and at 0, 10, 30 and 60 min after a treadmill exercise test. The test was performed in a controlled environment at 20 degrees C/40% relative humidity (RH) and again at 30 degrees C/80% RH. All the horses completed the exercise test in cool conditions, but only one horse completed the exercise test in the hot/humid environment. The relaxation time...
Comparison of bone mineral content and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in stall- vs. pasture-reared horses. Sixteen Arabian yearlings were assigned randomly to 2 groups, confined to stall and pastured, to investigate the effects of confinement vs. pasture-rearing on bone mineral content and biochemical markers of bone metabolism over a 140 day period. Following an 84 day pretraining period, 6 horses from each group were selected randomly to complete a 56 day training period. Serum osteocalcin concentrations were determined from blood samples collected every 14 days. Urinary deoxypyridinoline concentrations and mineral content of the third metacarpus, as determined by lateral and medial radiographic ...
Pulmonary capillary pressure in horses undergoing alteration of pleural pressure by imposition of various upper airway resistive loads. We hypothesized that changes in pleural pressure induced by resistive breathing would affect transmural pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillary, and pulmonary wedge pressures. Seven horses were assigned to exercise with each of 4 upper respiratory resistive loads in random order at intervals of at least 2 days: 1) control--no added resistive loads; 2) inspiratory resistive load (Iobst)--left laryngeal hemiplegia; 3) expiratory resistive load (Eobst)--one-way valve in the right nostril; and 4) combined inspiratory and expiratory resistive loads (CIEobst)--left nostril occlusion. On each occasion,...
Radiographic measures of bone shape in young thoroughbreds during training for racing. The aim of this study was to determine if changes in the shape of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) during the first preparation for racing in young Thoroughbred racehorses could be measured radiographically. Lateral radiographs of each MC3 were taken when the horses commenced training, every 2 weeks for 10 weeks, and again at 6 months after the start of training. The width of the dorsal cortex (DC), palmar cortex (PC), and medulla (M) were measured at a position 2.5 cm distal to the nutrient foramen before the subject of each radiograph was identified. The following ratios were calculated: z = ...
Influence of rough track surfaces on components of vertical forces in cantering thoroughbred horses. No kinetic data are available to indicate the influence of a rough track surface and the resultant loss of footing on the components of hoof vertical forces. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of rough track surfaces on the components of hoof vertical forces. Seven clinically sound 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses had instrumented shoes attached to both of the fore hooves to obtain the magnitudes of consecutive forces exerted in the hoof. All horses were cantered at approximately 10 m/s on straight tracks of smooth and rough surfaces of woodchip and dirt. The instrumented...
Metabolic and hormonal changes after exercise in relation to muscle glycogen concentrations. To test whether, in horses, the concentration of muscle glycogen can be influenced by increasing the uptake of glucose into the muscle cells or by providing a gluconeogenic precursor, 9 trained half-bred riding horses performed on a treadmill a 1.5 h competition exercise test (CET). Each horse performed CET 3 times and 30 min after CET, each was given one of the following solutions: isotonic glucose-electrolyte (GE) solution, GE supplemented with 50 g leucine (GEL) to increase insulin secretion, or GE supplemented with 200 ml propionic acid (GEP), a gluconeogenic precursor. Administration of G...
Electrolyte vs. glucose-electrolyte isotonic solutions for oral rehydration therapy in horses. An isotonic electrolyte solution with a composition similar to equine sweat was compared to an isotonic glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution for oral rehydration therapy in exercising horses. Ten horses were dehydrated by using frusemide and allocated randomly to receive 4 different oral solutions: isotonic sweat-like electrolyte solution, half-strength hypotonic electrolyte solution, isotonic glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution, and plain water. Solutions were given by nasogastric tube using the same volume as the bodyweight lost by each horse. Blood samples were collected before and through...
Feasibility of scintigraphy in exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage detection and quantification: preliminary studies. We hypothesised that scintigraphic imaging of the lungs following injection of 99mTc labelled red blood cells (99mTc-RBC) in the exercising horse might enable exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) quantification. Ideally, to favour detection of bleeding, circulating 99mTc-RBC not involved in the haemorrhage should be removed from the circulation quickly. Altering RBC during labelling to stimulate splenic uptake of 99mTc-RBC may encourage this. In order to investigate this hypothesis, 99mTc-RBC distribution was followed for 1 h in 2 groups of horses. Group 1 was injected i.v., at rest, ...
Repeated administration of frusemide does not offer an advantage over single dosing in attenuating exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension in thoroughbred horses. The objective of the present study was to ascertain whether administration of a second dose of frusemide would attenuate exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension more than a single dose. Right atrial, right ventricular and pulmonary vascular pressures were determined in 7 healthy, sound, exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses at rest and during exercise (14.2 m/s + a 3.5% uphill grade) performed at maximal heart rate (217 +/- 3 beats/min [mean +/- s.e.]). Horses were studied during the following 3 treatments in random order 7 days apart: control (no medication), frusemide single dose (250 mg i.v....
Effect of diet on thoroughbred horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis performing a standardised exercise test. Previous studies have associated recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) with a diet high in soluble carbohydrate (CHO). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 3 diets on clinical and metabolic parameters in 5 Thoroughbred horses with RER and 3 healthy Thoroughbreds performing a standardised exercise test (SET). Two diets were formulated to meet energy requirements for the amount of exercise being performed in the form of CHO or fat (21.4 Mcal DE/day). The third diet was formulated to provide 135% of the DE of the other 2 diets in the form of an excessive amount of carboh...
The teeth of the horse: evolution and anatomo-morphological and radiographic study of their development in the foetus. The aim of this work was to study the ontogenetic process in teeth from their early appearance in the ossifying matrix of the mandible and maxilla, in different foetuses of scalar ages. Radiographic examinations of the skull and mandible hemisections were performed and the latero-medial (LM) and dorsoventral (DV) projections for the skull and mandible were analysed. A high-definition film-screen combination was used for this study. The exposure values ranged from 35 kV/6 mAs to 58 kV/10 mAs, according to the size of the skulls and their degree of ossification. The first dental germ observed wa...
Sonographic observations of the peripheral vasculature of the equine thoracic limb. Investigations of the equine peripheral vascular system have been constrained by the lack of a non-invasive method of examining the arteries and veins of the limbs of the conscious horse. Precise correlations were established between the gross anatomical features of the peripheral vessels and their B-mode sonographic appearance in each thoracic limb of 35 horses. A sonographic imaging protocol was established. Additional Doppler sonographic recordings defined the arterial waveforms and demonstrated that blood flow to the foot could be evaluated in the lateral proper digital artery, distal to t...
Effects of analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint or palmar digital nerves on lameness caused by solar pain in horses. To determine if pain of the dorsal margin of the sole in horses can be attenuated by anesthesia of either the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint or the palmar digital (PD) nerves. Methods: A unilateral forelimb lameness was induced by creating solar pain. Response to administration of local anesthetic or saline solution into the DIP joint and to administration of local anesthetic around the PD nerves was evaluated. Methods: Six horses. Methods: Lameness was induced by creating pressure on the dorsal margin of the sole by screwing set-screws into a nut welded to the inside of each branch of a s...
The effect of compacted cancellous bone grafting on the healing of subchondral bone defects of the medial femoral condyle in horses. To compare the quality of second-intention healing and that of compacting sternally harvested cancellous bone into subchondral bone defects of the medial femoral condyle in horses. Methods: A controlled experiment using a surgical technique that minimizes soft tissue trauma, customized for consistency among horses. Methods: Ten horses, aged 2 to 5 years, free of hindlimb lameness and with radiographically normal stifles. Methods: After a 12.7-mm-diameter x 19-mm-deep defect was created into randomly selected medial femoral condyles, bone and cartilage healing was evaluated over a 6-month perio...
Growth characteristics of fibroblasts isolated from the trunk and distal aspect of the limb of horses and ponies. To determine if there is a difference in in vitro growth of fibroblasts isolated from the trunk and distal aspect of the limb of horses and ponies. To determine the effects of a corticosteroid and monokine on in vitro growth of fibroblasts isolated from the trunk and distal aspect of the limb of horses and ponies. Methods: Growth of fibroblasts from tissues harvested from the trunk and limb were compared from horse and pony samples grown in control media and control media with triamcinolone or monokine added. Methods: Dermal and subcutaneous tissue from 22 horses and 17 ponies of various ages ...
