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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Design complexity and fracture control in the equine hoof wall. Morphological and mechanical studies were conducted on samples of equine hoof wall to help elucidate the relationship between form and function of this complex, hierarchically organized structure. Morphological findings indicated a dependence of tubule size, shape and helical alignment of intermediate filaments (IFs) within the lamellae on the position through the wall thickness. The plane of the intertubular IFs changed from perpendicular to the tubule axis in the inner wall to almost parallel to the tubule axis in the outer wall. Morphological data predicted the existence of three crack dive...
Effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on secretion patterns and rates of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin and adrenocorticotrophin in horses. To study the effect of hypoglycaemia on secretion rates of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) and ACTH in a non-ruminant species, a non-surgical method was used to collect pituitary venous (PitVen) blood every 0.5 or 1 min from seven horses before and after insulin administration (0.4 U/kg i.v.). To assess the effect of PitVen cannulation on results, peripheral hormones were also measured before and after insulin in five horses without PitVen cannulae. Insulin administration lowered plasma glucose in all horses (P < 0.0001; paired t-test). Cortisol concentrat...
Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on the integrity of skeletal muscle in exercised horses. The effect of vitamin E intake on indicators of muscle integrity was studied in exercised horses. Nineteen horses were blocked by sex and then assigned to one of three diets: no supplemental vitamin E (BASAL), BASAL plus 80 IU of supplemental vitamin E/kg DM (80), or BASAL plus 300 IU of supplemental vitamin E/kg DM (300). The BASAL diet contained less than 44 IU of vitamin E/kg DM, but it was adequate in all other nutrients. During the 90-d treatment period, horses were exercised 5 d/wk; in addition, serum and middle gluteal muscle alpha-tocopherol concentrations were measured at 0, 30, and 9...
Effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function. To evaluate the effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function in horses and to compare results from transported horses with those obtained in earlier experiments from horses confined with heads elevated. Methods: A prospective study. Methods: Six horses were transported by road for 12 h. Clinical and haematological examination, transtracheal aspiration and cell function studies were conducted before and after transportation. Results obtained after transportation were compared to pre-transportation values. Results: After transportatio...
[The incidence of multiple ovulations in Dutch warmblood mares]. In the period 1994-1996 1030 oestruses of Dutch Warmblood mares were evaluated on the incidence of multiple ovulations diagnosed by rectal palpation. Ultrasonography was not used. All follicles > 25 mm were noted. The examination was repeated every 48 hours. The incidence of multiple follicle development was 7.3%. In a group of 50 ultrasonographically diagnosed twin-pregnant mares only 14 (28%) had been detected by rectal palpation as a multiple ovulation. This suggests an incidence of multiple ovulations in Dutch Warmblood mares of 7.3 x 1/28 x 100 = 26%. Restrictions of rectal palpation a...
Compensatory movements of horses with a stance phase lameness. In order to study the mechanism of lameness transfer from fore- and hindlimb lamenesses 2 hypotheses were investigated. Hypothesis 1: Horses with a true supporting limb lameness in one hindlimb show a false supporting limb lameness in the ipsilateral forelimb. Hypothesis 2: Horses with a true supporting limb lameness in one forelimb show a false supporting limb lameness in the contralateral hindlimb. Fourteen horses with fore- or hindlimb lameness were used for this study. Each horse was measured at the trot on a treadmill with standardised speed, before and after diagnostic blocks (9 horses),...
Diaphragmatic hernia repair in three young horses. This clinical report describes surgical correction of diaphragmatic hernia in three young horses. Methods: Retrospective investigation of medical records and subsequent racing performance. Methods: Three young horses with diaphragmatic hernia. Results: Three young horses with signs of abdominal pain had diaphragmatic hernia causing small intestinal strangulation. The strangulated small intestine was resected and an end-to-end jejuno-jejunal (two horses) or a side-to-side jejuno-cecal anastomosis (one horse) was performed. Diaphragmatic hernias were closed with a continuous suture pattern. All ...
Variability of the limb joint patterns of sound horses at trot. The reproducibility of gait variables for sound horses is essential for the interpretation of their modifications by locomotor disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the variability of the limb joint angle patterns in a population of sound horses while they trotted in the conditions of the routine lameness examination (slow trot, just held by hand, on a track, outdoors). The kinematics of 14 French Saddle horses was recorded using a 3-dimensional (3D) kinematic analysis system. Angle-time diagrams were established in the sagittal plane and their intra- and inter-indivi...
Temporal effects of an infusion of dopexamine hydrochloride in horses anesthetized with halothane. To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of a 60-minute infusion of dopexamine in horses anesthetized with halothane. Methods: 7 adult Thoroughbreds. Methods: Measurements of left ventricular function obtained by transesophageal Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. Results: Infusion of dopexamine (4 micrograms/kg of body weight/min) significantly increased heart rate, cardiac output, maximal rates of increase and decrease of left ventricular pressure, and maximal acceleration and maximal velocity of aortic blood flow. Left ventricular ejection time significantly increased, and pre-...
Airflow mechanics in models of equine obstructive airway disease under conditions simulating exercise. Effects of respiratory tract obstructions on ventilatory mechanics in horses exercising at high speeds were tested with a fibreglass replica of the airways (nares to mainstem bronchi) of an adult horse. Segmental pressures were recorded at six sites along the model at four different unidirectional flows (1300-4100 litre min-1), and the respective resistances (R) to airflow were calculated. The external nares and the larynx made the greatest contributions to the total resistance (RTOT) when no obstruction was present. Modifying the model to simulate severe pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) ...
Heart rate and blood lactate responses to submaximal treadmill exercise in the normally performing standardbred trotter–age and sex variations and predictability from the total red blood cell volume. The purposes of this study were to elucidate the influences of age and sex on the heart rate (HR, bpm) and blood lactate (LA, mmol/l) related exercise tolerance parameters V2000 (tread ill velocity at HR 200), VLA4 (velocity at LA 4), W200 (power output at V2000), and WLA4 (power output at VLA4), and to establish reference values for these in normally performing Standardbred trotting race horses. A further aim was to improve the predictability of individual normal values by correlating them with the total red blood cell volume (CV) alone or in combination with the blood lactate response at V20...
Repair of a deep digital tendon deficit in a horse using a polypropylene implant. A yearling horse was treated for a chronic wound with a 4 cm deficit in the deep digital tendon. The gap in the tendon was bridged with paired polypropylene braided implants designed for use as a ligament augmentation device. Uncomplicated healing and return to function occurred.
Kinematics in horses at the trot before and after an induced forelimb supporting lameness. The aim of this study was to analyse the biokinematic alterations caused by an induced lameness in the right forelimb of Dutch Warmblood (DWB) horses using a system of computer-aided normal videography. Five mature DWB were recorded with a videocamera (frame rate 1/25) from a lateral view before and after an induced lameness. Before videotaping, passive markers were placed on the skin, over easily identifiable anatomical references to determine the joint angles in the forelimb (always on the flexor side). Lameness was induced using special horseshoes. The lameness was evident at the trot and m...
Effect of transportation on the composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from horses. To study the effects of extended transportation on the composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from horses. Methods: 30 horses (14 males, 16 females: 25 Thoroughbreds and 5 Thoroughbred-Arabian cross-breds; 27 to 30 months old) without a history or clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on nontransported control horses (groups 1 and 2) and transported horses (group 3). Methods: 20 horses were used to determine the effect of 41 hours of transportation on the composition of BALF (group 3). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed fo...
Prognosis for neonatal foals in an intensive care unit. This study was conducted to develop an equation for the prediction of outcome in neonatal foals undergoing treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU). Fifty-three physical examination, historical, and clinicopathologic variables were analyzed from the records of 99 neonatal foals (< 14 days of age) treated in the neonatal ICU of the Equine Medical Center. The outcome was recorded and the results were categorized into either surviving or nonsurviving groups. The mean values for the 2 groups were compared, and variables that differed significantly between the two groups were retained and used ...
Evaluation of arginine-glycine-aspartate-containing peptides as inhibitors of equine platelet function. To determine whether synthetic peptides containing the arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) sequence inhibit equine platelet function. Methods: For in vitro studies of blood, 3 healthy Thoroughbreds; for in vivo and ex vivo studies of administration of RGD-containing peptides, 4 young adult pony mares. Methods: Blood was incubated with and without addition of aspirin or RGD-containing peptides (RGDS, RPR 110885) and platelet aggregation responses and platelet adhesion to subendothelial collagen were determined. RPR 110885 was administered IV, and platelet function was evaluated. Platelet aggregati...
Ground reaction forces in horses, assessed from hoof wall deformation using artificial neural networks. An artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to investigate whether hoof wall deformation could be used to determine ground reaction forces (GRF) in horses. The ANN was taught this relationship under certain conditions and was able to generalise this knowledge to conditions for which it was not trained before. To acquire data to train and test the ANN, a horse was equipped with strain gauges attached to the dorsal, lateral and medial parts of the hoof to assess hoof wall deformation. A force plate was used to measure the GRFs. Both hoof wall deformation and GRF were recorded simultaneously...
Noninvasive photoelastic method to show distribution of strain in the hoof wall of a living horse. A photoelastic method used for materials testing in industry was adapted to show the distribution of strain through the hoof wall in the living horse. Strain was a change in length per unit length in the material of the loaded hoof wall compared with the unloaded condition. Coloured fringes appeared in the photoelastic plastic where there were differences in strain between adjacent sites (strain gradients) in the hoof. Strain distribution was observed in the shod and unshod hoof wall of the front hooves of 6 sound horses with hooves that appeared 'good' to visual inspection, and one unsound ho...
Recovery of equine forelimb function after desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon. The recovery process of the equine locomotor system after desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (AL-DDFT) was investigated by studying the movement patterns and joint moments in 6 horses before and 10 days and 6 months following surgery. Using a modified CODA-3 system the joint angles and angular velocities of the lower limb were assessed in the operated forelimb as before the operation. Simultaneously ground reaction forces were measured and joint moments calculated. At 10 days and 6 months after the operation the carpal joint started to bend earlier in the sta...
Modified carotid artery transposition for repetitive arterial blood gas sampling in large animals. A modified surgical procedure for creation of a carotid loop for repeated percutaneous sampling of arterial blood gas was performed on 8 Holstein heifers and 14 horses. This approach permitted sampling of blood gas via fine-needle aspiration (one to three times daily) and/or catheterization for extended periods. It offers several advantages over previously reported techniques, including greater accessibility, absence of postoperative complications such as hematoma formation, and absence of foreign materials supporting the loop.
Serodiagnosis of Babesia equi infection–a comparison of Dot-ELISA, complement fixation test and capillary tube agglutination test. The present study aimed to develop Dot-ELISA, complement fixation test (CFT) and capillary tube agglutination test (CAT) for serodiagnosis of Babesia equi infection and to compare their sensitivity with each other. For this study, sequential serum samples were collected from four donkeys experimentally infected with B. equi up to 90 days post infection (P.I.). B. equi antigen was prepared from the blood of a donkey showing more than 80% parasitaemia. Dot-ELISA, CF and CA tests were standardized as per the standard method. While performing CFT, it was observed that CFT standardized for the donk...
Magnetic resonance imaging of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint: three-dimensional reconstruction and anatomic analysis. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine the equine metacarpophalangeal joint. Thirty-two saggital images generated by partial volume imaging were transferred to a computer for three-dimensional reconstruction and analysis. All the tissues constituting the metacarpophalangeal joint were readily identified. The most significant increase finding regarded the soft tissues on the palmar aspect of the metacarpophalangeal joint and their interactions with the proximal sesamoid bones. The equine metacarpophalangeal joint has not previously been evaluated using 3-dimensional imaging software.
Functional anatomy observations of the pharyngeal orifice of the equine guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum). The pharyngeal orifice of the equine auditory tube has not been adequately described. Its larger size and position, further rostral within the nasopharynx compared with other species, cannot be easily explained, but could be important for the proposed brain-cooling function of the guttural pouches; however, unlike other species, it may not be the sole regulator of auditory tube aeration. A 'second orifice' (representing the final entrance to the auditory tube diverticulum) deserves recognition in performing a role in air exchange between the auditory tube, diverticulum and middle ear. The resu...
Functional characterization of equine neutrophils in response to calcium ionophore A23187 and phorbol myristate acetate ex vivo. Equine neutrophils (PMN) play a critical role in inflammatory processes in horses. The objective of this study was to characterize equine PMN function ex vivo following stimulation with calcium ionophore A23187 (A23187) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). These stimulants trigger different branches of the PMN activation process that occurs in vivo. Equine PMN were isolated from the whole blood of six clinically normal geldings using a one-step discontinuous Percoll gradient technique. Neutrophil aggregation, degranulation, and superoxide anion production were evaluated in assay systems which ...
A light microscopic and ultrastructural examination of calcified dental tissues of horses: 1. The occlusal surface and enamel thickness. Gross and microscopic examinations were undertaken on 46 cheek (molar and premolar) and 4 incisor equine teeth that were fractured, or sectioned either with a lathe or diamond saw. Specimens were examined without treatment, after decalcification or acid etching, utilising light, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In some horses, the occlusal surface of the teeth were covered with an organic pellicle. The occlusal surface of the underlying equine enamel contained different wear patterns, including polished areas, local fractures, wedge-shaped pits, striations and depressions. Oc...
