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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Lag screw fixation of noncomminuted sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in racehorses: 59 cases (1973-1991). Medical records of 59 racehorses with noncomminuted midsagittal proximal phalanx fractures repaired by means of lag screw fixation between 1973 and 1991 were reviewed. Fractures were classified as short incomplete fractures (7), long incomplete fractures (32), complete fractures extending into the proximal interphalangeal joint (13), and complete fractures extending through the lateral cortex of the proximal phalanx (7). Time from fracture repair to first race following fracture repair, number of racing starts, and fastest race times before and after surgery were obtained from race records and...
Systemic/topical therapy. Hopefully, the practitioner has obtained a basic broader knowledge of the options available for topical and systemic equine dermatologic therapy. There are many topical and systemic agents that can aid in the treatment of specific skin disease and there are safer alternatives to glucocorticoid therapy. Because equine dermatology is still in its infancy, there is still much to be learned. The practitioner is encouraged to pay close attention to this specialty because it will continue to evolve rapidly.
The function of the equine carpal joint: a review. The most consistent published ideas on the function of the carpal joint of the horse concern the elasticity of the joint, and its limits to extension. Most of these are not well substantiated experimentally. Compression stress appears to be absorbed by the intercarpal ligaments as the carpal bones are separated by a wedge action during loading. Overextension is prevented by occlusion of dorsally located stop facets on the rows of carpal bones, and by the support of a stay apparatus.
Internal diseases that have skin lesions. Skin lesions can be associated with many internal diseases. Most organ systems seem to have conditions in which skin lesions can develop. Treatment of the skin lesions in such a situation is palliative. The underlying internal disease must be addressed for resolution of the skin lesions to occur. It is important to view the skin as an integral communicating part of the body and not just as the skin.
Lipid metabolism in horses with hyperadrenocorticism. Lipid metabolism was studied in 21 horses with hyperadrenocorticism. To be included in the study, horses had to have histologic evidence of a pars intermedia adenoma found at necropsy (n = 9), a baseline ACTH concentration greater than 400 pg/ml (n = 6), or a plasma cortisol concentration 2 hours after i.v. administration of 25 IU of ACTH greater than 413 nmol/L (n = 16). Mean +/- SD baseline plasma cortisol concentration was 338 +/- 261 nmol/L (n = 20), mean +/- SD plasma insulin concentration was 97 +/- 54 microU/ml (n = 15), mean +/- SD plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration was 1.8 +/- ...
The accuracy of predicting Thoroughbred heart scores. Veterinarians commonly predict mature heart scores for yearling and 2-year-old horses to aid clients in assessing a horse's racing potential. Sixty-six thoroughbreds were assessed as a yearlings or 2-year-olds, then re-assessed as a mature horse (over the age of 3). Of these horses, 82% of the yearlings and 87% of the 2-year-olds had a correctly predicted mature heart score within one heart score range (i.e. three points).
Overview of equine papular and nodular dermatoses. Papules and nodules are common lesions on horses and have a variety of underlying causes. This article addresses inflammatory and congenital nodules primarily, including urticaria, erythema multiforme, those nodules caused by infectious agents, epidermoid and dermoid cysts, and the uniquely equine skin tumor, the sarcoid. The eosinophilic nodules and other tumors are covered elsewhere in this issue. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to each of the diseases are emphasized.
Infectious crusting dermatoses. Although there are numerous dermatoses in the horse in which the formation of crusts occurs, there are two relatively common and important infectious crusting dermatoses, namely, dermatophytosis and dermatophilosis. This article reviews the current concepts regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of each disease, as well as the more common clinical presentations, methods of diagnosis, and treatment.
Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen after multiple intravenous doses to mares. The pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of ketoprofen in six healthy mares after the first and last of five daily intravenous doses of 2.2 mg of ketoprofen per kg body weight were investigated using a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determining plasma and urinary ketoprofen concentrations. Plasma ketoprofen concentrations declined triexponentially after each dose with no significant differences in plasma concentrations or pharmacokinetic parameter values between the first and last doses. The harmonic mean of the terminal elimination half-life of ketoprofen after th...
Detection of Salmonella enteritidis in equine feces using the polymerase chain reaction and genus-specific oligonucleotide primers. Salmonella was identified in feces from horses, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genus-specific oligonucleotide primers. Feces from healthy horses were determined to be culture negative and PCR negative for Salmonella. Fecal samples were inoculated with known numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) of S. enteritidis. The fecal samples were enriched overnight in tetrathionate broth, and then DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR using genus-specific primers. Sensitivity of the assay extended to 10 degrees CFU Salmonella enteritidis/g feces; sensitivity of microbiologic culture with ...
[Susceptibility of bacterial isolates from the equine respiratory tract to trimethoprim, sulfadoxine, sulfadimethoxine and combinations of these compounds]. Using a broth microdilution technique, the in vitro susceptibility of bacterial isolates from the equine respiratory tract to trimethoprim, sulfadoxine, sulfadimethoxine, and combinations of these compounds was determined. The bacterial strains (n = 88) isolated recently from horses with respiratory symptoms belonged to the following species: Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (n = 34), Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (n = 22), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 9), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 7), Rhodococcus equi (n = 4), Pseudomonas spp. (n = 3) and Escherichia coli (n = 3). In addition, two isol...
Relationship among seminal characteristics, fertility and suitability for semen preservation in draft stallions. Seminal characteristics, fertility and the response to semen preservation (liquid storage and cryopreservation) were evaluated in 4 Draft stallions (Percheron 2, Breton 2). Seminal characteristics (gel-free volume, sperm concentration, sperm morphology, percentage of motile spermatozoa) were assessed in 5 ejaculates from each of the 4 stallions. The fertility of the stallions was calculated retrospectively as the accumulated pregnancy rate over 3 breeding seasons. Five ejaculates from each of the stallions were subjected to liquid storage at 5 degrees C. The percentage of motile spermatozoa (P...
Entomologic evaluation of insect hypersensitivity in horses. Potential methods of incriminating insects as the cause of insect hypersensitivity are presented. A listing of the biting midges known to attack horses in North America is presented also. An example of how species may be determined to be the cause of the hypersensitivity is given using data from a recent study in Florida. Light trap collections indicated the temporal and geographic distribution of potential contributing species and collections made by vacuuming horses further delineated species by proving they feed on horses and the correct locations on the horses to match lesion distribution....
Comparative treatment of mares susceptible to chronic uterine infection. Four intrauterine treatment strategies were evaluated for effectiveness in mares that were confirmed to be susceptible to chronic uterine infection. Pretreatment samples were obtained at detection of estrus, and a genital strain of Streptococcus zooepidemicus was infused into the uterus when a preovulatory (> 35 mm) follicle was detected. At 12 hours after inoculation, mares were assigned to 1 of 4 selected treatment groups: autologous plasma, 100 ml (n = 5); potassium penicillin, 5 million U in 100 ml of phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBSS; n = 5); 10 mg of prostaglandin F2 alpha in 1...
Treatment of olecranon bursitis in horses: 10 cases (1986-1993). Medical records of 10 horses with olecranon bursitis were reviewed to examine treatments, evaluate a technique for en bloc resection of the bursa in standing horses, and determine outcome of the horses after treatment. Before admission, 6 horses had been treated by needle aspiration of fluid from the mass, followed by injection of corticosteroids. Subsequent treatment for 2 of these 6 horses included open drainage and packing of the cavity with gauze soaked in 7% iodine solution. None resolved after these treatments. After admission to the hospital, 5 horses were treated medically and 5 were t...
A preliminary study of hyperextension of the carpal joint in the racing Thoroughbred. A photographic study of the angles of 71 carpal joints of horses at the end of a race has shown that overextension of the joint is normal at this stage. Further study is needed to determine the factors which may influence hyperextension, and whether they are relevant to carpal injury.
Influence of radiographically detectable orthopedic changes on racing performance in standardbred trotters. The tarsocrural, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints of 753 Standardbred yearlings were radiographed. On the basis of radiographic findings, the horses were allotted into 4 groups. Group-1 horses had osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joints. Group-2 horses had palmar/plantar bony fragments in the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints. Group-3 horses had radiographic changes in the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joint region, such as bony fragments located at the dorsoproximal end of the proximal phalanx, osteochondrosis of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpus/met...
Sedative and analgesic effects of detomidine and romifidine in horses. In a double blind study, eight horses were treated intravenously at seven-day intervals with detomidine at doses of 10, 20 and 40 micrograms/kg, or with romifidine at doses of 40, 80 and 120 micrograms/kg, or with a placebo solution. Their sedative and analgesic effects were evaluated by objective measurements and by a clinician at 15-minute intervals for three hours and the horses' instability in stocks, locomotor ataxia and heart rate were recorded simultaneously. The administration of both drugs at all doses resulted in sedation. The sedation achieved with romifidine was significantly shall...
Eicosanoid concentrations in digital venous blood from horses with chronic laminitis. The eicosanoids are a family of lipid-derived autocoids that are released in response to a variety of physical and hormonal stimuli. In this study, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were measured in the digital veins of clinically normal horses and horses with chronic laminitis to determine whether these arachidonic acid metabolites have a role in mediating signs of hoof pain and lesions associated with chronic laminitis. Horses were evaluated at rest and after a brief exercise period, to determine whether eicosanoids are released into the circulation after mild concussion. Dig...
Parameters of forelimb ground reaction force in 48 normal ponies. Recordings of forelimb ground reaction forces were made from 48 normal ponies moving at the trot, to evaluate the relationships between bodyweight, vertical ground reaction forces, the timing of individual events within the stance phase and the total contact time. There were highly significant correlations between the mean vertical ground reaction forces and bodyweight. The mean vertical ground reaction forces, corrected for bodyweight, were inversely correlated with the total contact time suggesting that higher trotting speeds may be associated with greater vertical ground reaction forces. Th...
Complications with the use of carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride to immobilize domestic horses. Carfentanil citrate, the only opioid approved in the United States for immobilizing large exotic animals, increasingly has been used to chemically restrain exotic horses, such as Prezwalski's horses (Equus przewalskii) and wild horses (E caballus). Because carfentanil's duration of action is long and renarcotization may develop 2 to 24 hours after administration of antagonists, a study was designed to compare the physiologic effects of opioid antagonists, using domestic horses chemically restrained with xylazine hydrochloride and carfentanil. The study was terminated after the initial 3 horses...
Arthroscopic surgery for subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle in horses: 41 cases (1988-1991). Clinical signs, radiographic and arthroscopic findings, and outcome for 41 horses with subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle treated by arthroscopic surgery were reviewed. There were 17. Quarter Horses, 15 Arabians, 8 Thoroughbreds, and 1 Holsteiner, with 28 (68%) of the horses being 1 to 3 years old. For all horses, the owners' complaint was mild to moderate hind limb lameness or an altered gait. Bilateral radiographic abnormalities of the medial femoral condyle were detected in 27 horses. Nineteen of the 27 horses had lesions identified bilaterally at arthroscopic surgery....
Experiences in treatment of epiglottal entrapment using a hook knife per nasum. Thirty eight horses with epiglottal entrapment were examined. In 29 the dorsally displaced mucosa was split axially with a curved hook knife, per nasum. The condition was also treated by subepiglottal mucosal resection (4 horses) and solely by the administration of an anti-inflammatory throat spray (4 horses). All surgical cases were treated with an anti-inflammatory throat spray and parenteral phenylbutazone. Those horses treated via a laryngotomy incision were box rested until the laryngotomy incision healed. The other horses were restricted to walking and trotting exercise for 10 days befor...
Enantioselective glucuronidation and subsequent biliary excretion of carprofen in horses. Carprofen (CPF) enantiomers and their glucuronide conjugates (GLUC) were measured in plasma and bile of horses after IV administration of the racemic compound (0.7 mg/kg of body weight). The CPF was detectable in plasma for up to 72 hours after dosing, whereas GLUC appeared early (time for maximal plasma concentration, 1 hour) and was measurable transiently at low concentration (maximal plasma concentration, 0.5 microgram/ml). The enantiospecific plasma profiles indicated a clear predominance of R-CPF, whereas the stereoselectivity of the glucuronides favored S-GLUC. At 1, 2, and 12 hours afte...
Surgical treatment of fractures of the tibial tuberosity in 6 adult horses. This paper describes the clinical and radiological features, surgical techniques used and results obtained in 6 horses with fractures of the tibial tuberosity. The horses were presented between 24 h and 8 weeks following injury. In all 6 cases, the fragments were displaced proximocranially and in 2 of these, there was comminution. Four were treated by open reduction and internal fixation using an AO/ASIF narrow dynamic compression plate and in 2 cases the fragments were removed. All horses returned to full athletic function and remained sound in follow-up times of 17-36 months. Implant removal...
