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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Biomechanical effects of rocker-toed shoes in sound horses. In many Western European countries rocker-toed shoes are applied routinely in sound horses. This is in contrast to most Anglo-Saxon countries where rocker-toed shoes are used almost exclusively for corrective or orthopaedic shoeing. The purposes of rocker-toed shoes are to hasten or facilitate breakover, or to encourage breakover to occur at the centre of the toe. This study compares the biomechanical effects of rocker-toed shoes with standard flat shoes in twelve sound Dutch warmblood horses, using a modified CODA-3 gait analysis system and a force plate. The variables analysed were speed of ...
Hyaluronan turnover in the synovial fluid in metacarpophalangeal–and middle carpal joints in standardbred horses. The biological turnover of hyaluronan (sodium hyaluronate) of different molecular weights (0.6 x 10(6) and 2.5 x 10(6) Daltons) was studied in the synovial fluid of the middle carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints of 6 clinically healthy Standardbred horses. The hyaluronan was radioactively labelled with 14C. The biological half-life (t1/2) was calculated from repeated synovial samples after injection of the labelled hyaluronan. The mean t1/2 in the metacarpophalangeal joints was 9.7 h for low molecular weight hyaluronan and 8.9 h for high molecular weight hyaluronan and in the middle carpal j...
Total replacement of the metatarsophalangeal joint in the horse. A single pilot study. In this paper the successful replacement of an equine metatarsophalangeal joint by a human total condylar knee prosthesis is reported. In the period of observation following implantation of the endoprosthesis the experimental animal showed almost no lameness when exercised at walk, bearing weight on the operated limb. Flexion and extension of the joint were markedly reduced. The clinical and histological observations clearly support further investigation into the equine metatarsophalangeal joint replacement by an endoprosthesis.
Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography combined with immunoaffinity chromatography for identification and determination of dexamethasone and flumethasone in equine urine. A capillary electrophoresis technique was developed for the separation of synthetic glucocorticoids and the determination of dexamethasone and flumethasone in horse urine. Pretreatment of the sample using a dexamethasone affinity column resulted in low background that enabled the authors to detect levels as low as 1.1 ng/mL and 2.7 ng/mL for dexamethasone and flumethasone in horse urine, respectively. The developed method was used to detect dexamethasone in horse urine samples after the injection of a therapeutic dose of dexamethasone for up to 12 hr postinjection. The optimum conditions for c...
Demonstration of three DRB loci in a domestic horse family. Single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing were used to characterize the second exon of the horse DRB homologue as well as to identify eight new DRB alleles. The SSCP gels presented a complex pattern, with phenotypes exhibiting between 4 and 13 bands. The DRB SSCP patterns were studied for two families (6 to 13 bands per pattern). For both families, the patterns showed simple Mendelian inheritance. The polymerase chain reaction products from two individuals possessing homozygous major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles by descent were cloned a...
Effects of tendon grip technique (frozen versus unfrozen) on in vitro surface strain measurements of the equine deep digital flexor tendon. To determine effects of tendon grip technique on in vitro surface strain measurements of equine deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) when loaded in tension. Methods: 12 hind limb DDFT from 8 adult horses (mean age, 9.8 years [range, 4.5 to 17 years]; mean body weight, 472 kg [range, 450 to 509 kg]), with no clinical evidence of hind limb lameness. Methods: After calibration, liquid mercury strain gauges were sutured to plantar surfaces of the tendons at distal (position 1), middle (position 2), and proximal (position 3) metatarsal regions. Each tendon was affixed to a materials testing machine (d...
Effects of subject velocity on ground reaction force measurements and stance times in clinically normal horses at the walk and trot. The objective of the study reported here was to evaluate the effects of changing velocity on stance time and ground reaction force (GRF) measurements in horses at the walk and trot. Methods: Force plate gait analysis was used to evaluate clinically normal horses at variable velocities. Ground reaction force measurements and stance times were recorded and compared. Methods: 12 adult horses. Methods: Data were obtained from 192 valid trials at the walk and 162 valid trials at the trot. Vertical, braking, and propulsive peak forces and impulses were measured. Pearson's correlation coefficients we...
Bioavailability of pivampicillin and ampicillin trihydrate administered as an oral paste in horses. Pivampicillin was administered as an oral paste to five healthy adult horses, and an oral paste with ampicillin trihydrate was administered to three horses. Pivampicillin was administered to both starved and fed horses, ampicillin trihydrate was administered to fed horses only. The dose of pivampicillin was 19.9 mg/kg, and the dose of ampicillin trihydrate was 17 mg/kg. Both doses are equivalent on a molecular basis to 15 mg/kg ampicillin. Ampicillin concentrations in plasma were determined up to 24 hours after administration. After administration of pivampicillin to starved and fed horses the...
The effect of arthritis in the carpal joint on performance in Norwegian cold-blooded trotters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of arthritis of the carpal joint on performance of Norwegian cold-blooded trotters. Two performance variables were used in the analyses. The first was the start status, for which horses that had started in one or more races within a certain age received the value 1, and horses that had not raced were correspondingly assigned the value 0. The second variable was the accumulated, transformed and standardized earnings (ATSE), which is the power transformation of earnings (earnings .2, with unraced horses assigned a value of zero) expressed as a...
The effect of diagnostic regional nerve blocks in the fore limb on the locomotion of clinically sound horses. The practice of applying diagnostic nerve blocks relies on the assumption that the blocks in themselves do not alter the horse's gait. This assumption has recently been challenged. In the present paper a series of sequential nerve blocks (low palmar digital block, abaxial sesamoid block, high palmar block) was applied to clinically sound horses. Before and after each block the gait was clinically scored and Ground Reaction Forces (GRF) were measured. Clinical scoring did not change after any of the nerve blocks. None of the GRF variables changed significantly except for a slight alteration of ...
Relationship of plasma lactate production to cortisol release following completion of different types of sporting events in horses. Fifty-eight healthy horses were studied during five sporting events of various intensities and durations, namely show-jumping (n = 6), cross-country in a three-day event (n = 30), trotting races (n = 7), galloping races (n = 7) and endurance rides (n = 8). Venous blood samples were collected at rest and immediately after exercise and analysed for plasma cortisol (CORT) and lactate (LA) levels. The experimental procedure was the same throughout the investigation so as to permit a reliable comparison between the five types of exercise. The type of event significantly affected both the resting (p...
Effects of additional premedication on romifidine and ketamine anaesthesia in horses. The clinical and cardiorespiratory effects of premedication with acepromazine, butorphanol or diazepam in addition to romifidine before induction of anaesthesia with ketamine were studied in 6 horses on 4 random occasions. Administration of romifidine alone or in combination with butorphanol resulted in an increase in arterial blood pressure, accompanied by a significant decrease in heart rate with second-degree atrio-ventricular heart block. Induction of anaesthesia with ketamine returned the heart rate to baseline value, but the arterial blood pressure was significantly increased compared to...
Effects of aging on the endodontic system, reserve crown, and roots of equine mandibular cheek teeth. To document age-related changes in the morphology of the endodontic system, reserve crown, and roots of equine mandibular cheek teeth. Methods: Equine mandibular cheek teeth from horses of various ages were compared, using radiography, x-ray computed tomography, and histologic examinations. Methods: 48 right hemi-mandibles from horses 2 to 9 years old. Methods: Hemi-mandibles were radiographed, imaged by computed tomographic reconstruction, and reformatted. Histologic examination was used to identify and correlate tissue types. Results: Permanent mandibular cheek teeth of the horse, at the tim...
The diagnostic nerve block of the sesamoidean nerve: desensitized structures and possible clinical applications. The sesamoidean nerve branches from the palmar nerve and runs towards the proximal sesamoid bone. To study the structures innervated by this nerve, a technique for blocking it was developed. The effect of this nerve block was determined in ponies with an induced lameness located in the lateral proximal sesamoid bone (5 ponies) or in the distal part of the lateral branch of the suspensory ligament (5 ponies), and in 10 horses with clinical sesamoidosis. A lameness provoked by the implantation of an expansion plug in the proximal sesamoid bone could, to a large extent, be anaesthetized by a sesa...
Osmolality of equine blastocyst fluid from day 11 to day 25 of pregnancy. Horse conceptuses collected between Day 11 and Day 18 of pregnancy float in isotonic media. To investigate this phenomenon, blastocyst fluids from 30 conceptuses from 13 mares were analysed for osmolality and for concentrations of Na+, Cl-, K+, glucose, urea and creatinine. In conceptuses from Group A, samples from Day 11 to Day 16 yielded the following results (mean +/- s.e.m.): osmolality, 121.4 +/- 1.5 mOsm kg-1; Na+, 11.0 +/- 2.2 mM; Cl-, 29.3 +/- 2.5 mM; K+, 26.2 +/- 2.6 mM; glucose, 0.6 +/- 0.1 mM; urea, 6.0 +/- 0.6 mM; creatinine, 9.6 +/- 1.1 microM. Between Day 16 and Day 25, the osmol...
Fatal musculoskeletal injuries incurred during racing and training in thoroughbreds. To characterize and contrast data from Thoroughbreds that incurred a fatal musculoskeletal injury (FMI; injury resulting in death or euthanasia) during racing or training and data from all California race entrants during a 9-month period in 1991. Methods: Case-control study. Methods: Thoroughbreds that incurred a FMI during racing or training at a California race-meet and all California race entrants from January through June and October through December 1991. Methods: Age and sex were compared with chi 2 and Fisher's exact tests among horses fatally injured while racing and training. A log-li...
Head and trunk movement adaptations in horses with experimentally induced fore- or hindlimb lameness. The kinematic patterns of head and trunk were studied in horses during induced supporting limb lameness to understand the mechanisms horses use to compensate for lameness and to evaluate different symmetry indices for their significance as lameness indicators. Using the locomotion analysis system CODA-3 the kinematics of 11 clinically nonlame Dutch Warmblood horses were recorded while walking (1.6 m/s) and trotting (3.5 m/s) on a treadmill. A transient lameness model, evoking pressure induced pain on the hoof sole, was used to induce 3 degrees of fore- and hindlimb lameness. Peak vertical disp...
Pyrrole detection and the pathologic progression of Cynoglossum officinale (houndstongue) poisoning in horses. Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale), a noxious weed that contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), infests pastures and fields in the western United States and Europe. The purpose of this study was to develop techniques to better diagnose PA poisoning and describe the progression of gross and microscopic lesions caused by houndstongue intoxication. Six horses were gavaged daily with a suspension of houndstongue containing 5 or 15 mg/kg total PA for 14 days. Two horses were treated similarly with ground alfalfa as controls. Liver biopsy samples and serum biochemical and hematologic values were ...
Evolution during growth of the mechanical properties of the cortical bone in equine cannon-bones. Two specimens (70.0 x 4.5 x 1.8 mm) (proximal and distal) of cortical bone were taken from each of the cranial, caudal, lateral and medial quadrants at mid-diaphysis of the third metacarpus and metatarsus of French saddle horses (12 males and seven females) aged from 1 day to 4 years. The mechanical properties (bending strength, Young's modulus, yield stress and ultimate specific deflection) were determined by a 4-point bending test, loading at a rate of 166 x 10(-6) ms-1. During growth, the mechanical properties of the cortical bone were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between metac...
[Identification and diagnosis of Taylorella equigenitalis by a DNA amplification method (PCR)]. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identification of Taylorella equigenitalis was developed. The oligonucleotide primers are based on the DNA sequence of the rrs gene of T. equigenitalis, encoding for the 16S ribosomal RNA. Analysis of 21 strains of T. equigenitalis from England, USA and Switzerland showed an amplification product of 410 bp with identical Sau3A restriction profile. The sensitivity of the PCR-Assay was estimated to detect 50 to 500 bacteria of T. equigenitalis in a mixture with frequently found contaminants. Further analysis of culture from 60 genital swabs, taken in the cou...
Recovery rate and quality of embryos from mares inseminated at the first post-partum oestrus. The pregnancy rate is lower in mares inseminated at the first post-partum (p.p.) oestrus (40-50%) compared with pregnancy rates in subsequent oestrous cycles (55-65%). The causes of the lowered pregnancy rate are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to examine if embryonic defects could be one of the reasons for lowered pregnancy rate. A total of 23 p.p. and 14 non-lactating control mares were flushed 7 days after detection of ovulation. Embryo recovery rate was 48% and 71% in p.p. and control mares, respectively (p = 0.16). Embryos were photographed, measured, graded and sta...
Recovery rate and quality of embryos from mares inseminated at the first post-partum oestrus. The pregnancy rate is lower in mares inseminated at the first post-partum (p.p.) oestrus (40-50%) compared with pregnancy rates in subsequent oestrous cycles (55-65%). The causes of the lowered pregnancy rate are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to examine if embryonic defects could be one of the reasons for lowered pregnancy rate. A total of 23 p.p. and 14 non-lactating control mares were flushed 7 days after detection of ovulation. Embryo recovery rate was 48% and 71% in p.p. and control mares, respectively (p = 0.16). Embryos were photographed, measured, graded and sta...
Blood precipitate associated with intra-abdominal carboxymethylcellulose administration. A precipitate was observed on the blood films of horses (15 of 16) and one cow given a peritoneal infusion of 1 % sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) solution to prevent abdominal adhesions. The intensity of the precipitate seen 2 to 3 days post-infusion strongly correlated with the administered dose of SCMC (range 0.96 to 11.7 ml/kg). The dose given was inversely correlated with bodyweight and the most prominent precipitates were seen in foals. The precipitate was observed as early as 24 hours and persisted for as long as 9 days after SCMC administration. Fibrinogen was the only hematologica...
Plasma adrenocorticotropin concentration in healthy horses and in horses with clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism. Pituitary adenomas are commonly reported in older horses. The typical clinical signs associated with this condition, also known as equine Cushing's disease (ECD), are related to increased adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) production resulting in hyperadrenocorticism. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether plasma ACTH concentrations differed between cushingoid and healthy horses. The second objective was to determine the effects of blood sample handling techniques on ACTH concentrations. A commercial human ACTH radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to quantify equine plasma ACTH. Intra-a...
The use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in animals. The use of dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA) to measure bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) is widespread in humans and has been adapted to animals because of the need to examine bone and body composition in longitudinal studies. In this review, the indications and techniques for DXA in small-sized animals (rodents, cats, and rabbits) and large-sized animals (dogs, swine, nonhuman primates, sheep, and horses) are discussed. Now that software has been developed for measuring BMD in small laboratory animals, the most frequent use of DXA in animals is in rats. An ultrahigh-re...
Subcutaneous emphysema in a neonatal foal. A 16-hour-old foal was examined because of subcutaneous emphysema, which began developing 3 hours after a routine delivery. Physical examination did not reveal soft-tissue or musculoskeletal trauma, and there were no skin injuries to explain the subcutaneous accumulation of air. Results of CBC and serum biochemical analysis were within reference limits, and findings on endoscopy of the pharyngeal area, trachea, and esophagus were within normal limits other than observation of dorsal pharyngeal compression. A pulmonary bulla, pneumomediastinum, and pneumothorax were detected on thoracic radiogr...
Limb movement adaptations in horses with experimentally induced fore- or hindlimb lameness. The kinematic patterns of all limbs of 11 clinically nonlame Dutch Warmblood horses were studied during induced supporting limb lameness to gain insight into the compensation mechanisms horses use to manage lameness and to test kinematic limb variables for their significance as lameness indicators. Using the locomotion analysis system CODA-3, the kinematics of the horses were recorded while walking (1.6 m/s) and trotting (3.5 m/s) on a treadmill. A transient lameness model, evoking pressure on the hoof sole, was used to induce 3 degrees of fore- and hindlimb lameness. Joint angle patterns and ...
