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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Alpha 1-adrenergic-induced airway obstruction in ponies with recurrent pulmonary disease. We examined the response of five ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (principals) and five age- and gender-matched controls to the aerosol alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine after blockade with propranolol and atropine. Measurements were made with principal ponies in clinical remission (period A) and during acute airway obstruction (period B). The blockade had no effect on base-line pulmonary mechanics in control ponies during periods A and B or in the principal ponies during period A. However, in the principal ponies during period B, blockade increased dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and d...
Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis: evidence for prevention by maternal antibodies to the Ca blood group antigen. Foals with the Ca blood group antigen on their RBC were given colostrum with anti-Ca antibodies (6 foals) or colostrum without anti-Ca antibodies (6 foals). The PCV were determined at birth and 2, 4, and 6 days after birth for the foals in each group. Significant differences were not observed for the PCV between the 2 groups, indicating that foals were not adversely affected by ingesting colostrum with the anti-Ca antibody. Standardbred mares without the Aa blood group antigen were evaluated to determine whether production of anti-Ca antibodies influenced production of anti-Aa antibodies. Of 2...
Immune responses are required to terminate viremia in equine infectious anemia lentivirus infection. Six normal and four immunodeficient horses were injected with a cloned variant of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The six normal horses had detectable EIAV in their plasma by 7 days postinjection. During their primary viremic episode, which was accompanied by fever and anemia, maximum titers of EIAV in plasma ranged from 10(3.8) to 10(4.8) 50% tissue culture infective doses per ml. All six normal horses cleared detectable virus from their plasma by 21 to 35 days after injection. Horses with combined immunodeficiency became viremic by 9 days postinjection and also developed anemia. In co...
Equine post anaesthetic myositis: muscular post ischaemic hyperaemia measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Measurements of muscular microcirculation in horses anaesthetised with halothane were performed by laser Doppler flowmetry. Variations of microcirculation in the compressed and uncompressed triceps brachii were measured when horses were positioned in dorsal recumbency after a prolonged period in lateral recumbency. A significant post ischaemic hyperaemia was recorded in horses which developed a post anaesthetic myositis.
Severe hypoglycemia attributable to surreptitious injection of insulin in a mare. A mare with signs of hypoglycemia had high serum insulin concentrations before it was euthanatized. High pressure liquid chromatography revealed that the insulin in the mare's blood was of commercial origin. Surreptitious insulin injection has been suspected as the cause of several suspicious deaths of insured horses. The use of high-pressure liquid chromatography should help put an end to this practice.
Embryo reduction before day 11 in mares with twin conceptuses. Incidence of embryo reduction (natural elimination of one member of a twin set) before d 11 was studied by comparing the number of ultrasonically detected conceptuses per ovulation between single and double ovulators. Effect of unilateral (n = 24) vs bilateral (n = 26) double ovulations on the incidence of embryo reduction also was considered. Each of 50 double-ovulating mares was matched with two single ovulators yielding 100 ovulations, or potential embryos, per group. Frequency with which an ovulation resulted in a conceptus was greater for single ovulators (85%, P less than .01) and for bi...
Validation of a radioimmunoassay for measurement of gastrin in equine serum. A commercial radioimmunoassay kit designed for measuring gastrin in human serum was validated for use with equine serum. This nonextraction, double-antibody procedure uses an antiserum with broad specificity for molecular forms of gastrin. Synthetic human gastrin (G17-I) was added to pooled equine serum, and the observed assay values were compared with the mass added. Recovery was 99 to 115% in the gastrin concentration range of 40 to 640 pg/ml. Dilutions of postprandial serum with serum from fasted horses were assayed, and the inhibition curves were compared with those of the human gastrin ki...
Interstitial pH and pressure in the dependent biceps femoris muscle of laterally recumbent anesthetized horses. Interstitial pressure and pH in the dependent biceps femoris muscle were measured in anesthetized, laterally recumbent horses. The mean (+/- standard deviation) interstitial pressure in 10 horses was 19.70 +/- 0.15 mmHg in the 30 to 180 minute interval after induction of anesthesia. Pressures of this order have been associated with reduction in muscle perfusion. Mean (+/- standard deviation) interstitial pH in six horses decreased from 7.07 +/- 0.30 to 6.73 +/- 0.21 between 45 and 150 minutes of anesthesia. These results indicated the presence of circulatory compromise to intracompartmental st...
Corynebacterium folliculitis in a horse. A 7-year-old Thoroughbred was examined for evaluation of mildly pruritic multiple skin lesions that had progressed from nodules to alopecia and crusts. Folliculitis caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was diagnosed by bacterial culture. Oral treatment with a trimethoprimsulfadiazine paste resulted in resolution of all lesions, with normal hair regrowth.
Respiratory airflow patterns in ponies at rest and during exercise. The exercise-induced changes in the equine breathing pattern were studied by analyzing tidal breathing flow-volume loops recorded in ten ponies both at rest and during a standardized exercise. Airflow, tidal volume, esophageal pressure and mask pressure were simultaneously recorded before, during and after a treadmill exercise. From the collected data, respiratory frequency and total pulmonary resistance were calculated, tidal breathing flow-volume loops were retraced using a computerized method and loop indices were measured for each period of the experimental protocol. For each pony, results...
Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of atracurium administered to healthy horses anesthetized with halothane. Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of atracurium, a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, were evaluated in 10 halothane-anesthetized adult horses. Hind limb digital extensor tension (hoof twitch) was measured with a strain gauge to quantitate the muscle relaxant effects of atracurium. Response of facial muscles was compared with hoof twitch. Five injections of atracurium were given. Initial mean (+/- SEM) dosage of 0.07 +/- 0.01 mg of atracurium/kg of body weight caused 98.6 +/- 0.8% reduction of the preinjection hoof twitch. Subsequent dosages of 0.04 +/- 0.003 mg/kg induced a ...
Postanesthetic hind limb adductor myopathy in five horses. Five horses that underwent prolonged anesthesia (greater than 3 hours) in dorsal recumbency for a surgical procedure were unable to stand after recovery and were euthanatized. A provisional diagnosis of postanesthetic myopathy was confirmed at necropsy in all 5 horses. However, distribution of affected muscles in these horses was atypical, because there was bilateral hind limb adductor muscle involvement.
Nonsystemic causes of the downer cow syndrome. Traditionally, the downer cow has been considered a metabolic problem. This viewpoint cannot account for the pelvic limb predilection of the condition. Whatever the primary cause of recumbency, all recumbent animals are susceptible to pressure damage. The extensive literature on pressure damage in human beings and horses is reviewed. Miscellaneous causes of and contributing factors to bovine recumbency are reviewed. Concepts and details of diagnosis, prevention, management, and therapy are discussed.
Verification of ineffectual activity of ivermectin against adult Onchocerca spp in the ligamentum nuchae of horses. Ivermectin paste formulation (200 micrograms/kg) was administered orally to 27 horses (13 Thoroughbreds and 14 of mixed breeding) to evaluate activity against adult Onchocerca spp in the ligamentum nuchae. Ages, known or estimated, of the horses ranged from 1 to 22 years. Single or multiple doses (1 to 5) of the drug were given to each horse. When multiple doses were administered, the intervals between treatments ranged from 7 to 92 days. At 27 to 171 days after initial treatment (single dose or first of multiple doses), the horses were killed. Some of the horses treated more than once were ki...
Some aspects of the epidemiology of equine salmonellosis. A survey of 2 horse populations was done to detect the number of asymptomatic faecal excretors of Salmonella sp. 1201 faecal samples from 250 horses hospitalised at the University of Sydney were cultured. Three serotypes, S. typhimurium (4 horses), S. anatum (2) and S. tennessee (1) were isolated from 7 horses (2.8%). None was detected in 75 mares similarly examined at a thoroughbred stud farm. In retrospect, S. typhimurium was also the most common (70%) of the 19 serotypes recovered from 171 horses with clinical salmonellosis seen at Camden, 1969 to 1986. Forty cases occurring since 1983 were...
Factors affecting the composition of mare uterine fluid. The influx of protein and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) into the uterine lumen was examined at different intervals after intrauterine infusion of fluids. The intrauterine infusion of both phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and a solution of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from Escherichia coli resulted in a biphasic influx of protein in the uterine flushings peaking three and six hours after infusion. LPS infusion caused an additional influx of protein at 24 hours. The initial influx of protein preceded a biphasic influx of PMN which peaked six and 24 hours after both infusions. Uterine flu...
Effect of splenectomy on exercise-induced pulmonary and systemic hypertension in ponies. Large increases in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures of exercising healthy ponies have been observed. Because exercise causes a considerable increase in PCV of ponies, we examined the effect of splenectomy on exercise-induced changes in systemic and pulmonary pressures. These pressures (taken with catheter-tip micromanometers) and indicator dilution cardiac output were determined on 9 healthy ponies that had undergone splenectomy 4 to 9 weeks before the study. Data obtained at rest and during submaximal (10.5 to 11.0 mph) and maximal (14 to 15 mph) exercise from these ponies were compa...
Clinical significance of aerobic bacterial flora of the uterus, vagina, vestibule, and clitoral fossa of clinically normal mares. Swab specimens for bacterial culture were obtained from the uterus, vagina, vestibule, and clitoral fossa of 48 mares that had normal reproductive tracts, no history of reproductive problems, and no inflammation on evaluation of endometrial biopsy. The mares were predominantly Thoroughbred and Standardbred. Swab specimens of the vagina were obtained through a sterile speculum; swab specimens of the uterus were obtained by use of a double-guarded, occluded culture instrument. Fifteen (31%) of the uterine swab specimens and 20 (42%) of the vaginal swab specimens yielded growth on aerobic culture...
Surgical reconstruction of a ruptured medial collateral ligament in a foal. An avulsed carpal medial collateral ligament was diagnosed by clinical and radiographic examination in a 1-day-old foal that was unable to bear weight on the affected limb. The foal had a valgus deviation originating at the carpus and medial to lateral instability of the affected carpus. The ligament was reconstructed with screws and suture tape. Surgical reconstruction is a viable alternative to long-term casting or splinting for treatment of a ruptured carpal medial collateral ligament in a foal.
Use of iohexol for myelography in the horse. The use of iohexol as a contrast agent for myelography is reported in two groups of horses. Group 1 (n = 6) were used only for myelography and to assess the clinical and pathological effects of intrathecal administration of iohexol. A volume of 20 ml at a concentration of 300 or 350 mg iodine/ml gave satisfactory myelographic detail with no serious clinical or neurological side effects. Only a minimal inflammatory response could be demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid at four and 14 days after injection. At post mortem examination 14 days after myelography there was no evidence of meningitis no...
The influence of supplemental feed on growth and bone development of nursing foals. Thirty foals of mixed breeding, from two consecutive years, were used in two 120-d experiments to evaluate the effects of supplemental feeding (creep feed) on growth in nursing foals. At 10 d postpartum, foals were randomly assigned either to a creep-fed group (CF) or an unsupplemented group (NCF). Initial measurements of body weight (BW), height at the withers (WH), third metatarsal length (MtIII) and third metacarpal length (McIII) were made at 10 d of age and at 30-d intervals thereafter. Medial and lateral cortical peak values for radiographic bone density, cortical width and cortical area...
Possible resistance of small strongyles from female ponies in The Netherlands against albendazole. To determine resistance of small strongyles to albendazole, 3 female ponies (group 1) were grazed on a pasture from May to November 1985 and were treated with 7.5 mg of albendazole/kg of body weight, PO, 2 days before turnout in May and again in June and in July. Three other female ponies (group 2) grazed on a similar pasture from May to July, were treated with 7.5 mg of albendazole/kg, and were removed to another pasture until November. In December, ponies from both groups were treated with 7.5 mg of albendazole/kg, and 8 days later, they were euthanatized and necropsied for a critical test. ...
