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Topic:Clinical Study
Clinical studies in equine research involve the systematic investigation of health and disease in horses through structured scientific methods. These studies aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of treatments, understand disease mechanisms, and improve veterinary care practices. Clinical studies can include randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case-control studies. They may focus on various aspects such as pharmacokinetics, therapeutic interventions, and diagnostic techniques. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the design, implementation, and findings of clinical studies in equine medicine, providing insights into their impact on horse health and veterinary practices.
Phenylbutazone and its metabolites in plasma and urine of thoroughbred horses: population distributions and effects of urinary pH. A survey of plasma and urinary concentrations of phenylbutazone and its metabolites in thoroughbred horses racing in Kentucky was carried out. Post-race blood samples from more than 200 horses running at Latonia Racetrack and Keeneland in the Spring of 1983 were analysed. The modal plasma concentration of phenylbutazone was between 1 and 2 micrograms/ml, the mean concentration was 3.5 micrograms/ml and the range was up to 15 micrograms/ml. Oxyphenbutazone had a modal plasma concentration between 1 and 2 micrograms/ml, a mean concentration of 2.07 micrograms/ml and a range of up to 13 microgram...
Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in the horse following intravenous and intramuscular administration. The pharmacokinetics of amikacin sulfate (AK) were studied in the horse after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration. Serum (Cs), synovial (Csf) and peritoneal (Cpf) fluid concentrations of the drug were measured. Doses of 4.4, 6.6 and 11.0 mg/kg were given. The concentrations at 15 min following i.v. injection were 30.3 +/- 0.3, 61.2 +/- 6.9 and 122.8 +/- 7.4 micrograms/ml, respectively, for the 4.4, 6.6 and 11.0 mg/kg doses. Mean peak Cs values after the intramuscular injections occurred at 1.0 h post-injection and were 13.3 +/- 1.6, 23.0 +/- 0.6 and 29.8 +/- 3.2 microgra...
Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin at steady-state in ponies: serum, urine, and endometrial concentrations. Gentamicin (GT) was administered IM to 6 healthy mature mare ponies at a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours for 7 consecutive days (total, 21 doses). Two venous blood samples were collected before (trough) and at 1 hour (peak) after the 5th, 10th, 14th, and 19th doses. An endometrial biopsy was done of each mare on days 4 and 7. On the 7th day, just before the 21st administration of GT, base-line blood samples were collected, and 22 blood samples were collected over a period of 48 hours after GT was given. The mares were catheterized on the 7th day, and urine was collected for 24 h...
Radial-intermediate Carpal Bone Fusion in a Horse. The radial carpal and intermediate carpal bones were found to be fused in a four year old Quarterhorse stallion having a subtle forelimb lameness. Clinical examination, diagnostic local anesthesia, radiography and arthroscopy were used to arrive at the diagnosis. A cause could not be established, although perinatal deformation of cartilagenous carpal bone templates is suspected. A similar case of carpal bone fusion was found among carpi collected for an anatomical study, indicating this condition may be more common than expected. Clinicians should carefully evaluate the flexed lateral view of ...
Splinting device for hindlimb fractures in horses. A Robert Jones bandage modified to include a steel walking bar frame and, in one case, side-supporting bars, was applied as a splinting device in 4 horses with hindlimb fractures (3 tarsal and 1 middle phalangeal). The modification was used as an adjunct to previous casting therapies or as a means for handling casting failures or soft tissue problems encountered during the casting period. This means of stabilization is easily adapted to replace a problematic cast in various clinical settings, is easily applied in the standing patient, is easily changed and adjusted on a regular basis, has mini...
Photomicrographic evaluation of stallion spermatozoal motility characteristics. A photomicrographic method for evaluation of stallion spermatozoal motility was developed, and spermatozoal image and velocity characteristics were defined. The photomicrographic method was compared with visual estimation of motility in the same semen sample over time. Using photomicrography, velocities and percentages of individual spermatozoal image characteristics were determined. Although there was a high correlation between results of the 2 methods, results of the photomicrographic method were more repeatable than were those of the visual method.
Changes in the synovia after the intra-articular injection of sodium hyaluronate into normal horse joints and after arthrotomy and experimental cartilage damage. Sodium hyaluronate was injected into normal horse joints and joints that had undergone an arthrotomy and experimental cartilage damage. The elimination half-life for hyaluronic acid in normal joints was found to be approximately 96 h. The injection caused a non-significant increase (42%) in synovial fluid protein concentration and a fall in the intrinsic viscosity of the fluid. In the arthrotomy group the synovial fluid hyaluronic acid concentration fell after surgery but it was unaffected by the injection of sodium hyaluronate. An initial rise in the intrinsic viscosity of the synovial fluid ...
Successful treatment of traumatic oesophageal rupture with severe cellulitis in a mare. A five-year-old standardbred mare suffered a cervical oesophageal rupture subsequent to a kick. Marked cellulitis and extensive soft tissue damage resulted. Treatment consisted of creating an oesophageal fistula, local debridement and systemic antibiotics. The mare made a long but successful recovery. Treatment of oesophageal rupture in the horse is discussed.
Sex chromosome mosaicism and infertility in mares. From the standpoint that cytogenetic screening in mares is seldom necessary as an aid to diagnosis of the gonadal dysgenesis syndrome, a series of double-blind trials were conducted to test the proposal that present practice failed to explore the potential for cytogenetics in clinical practice. It was demonstrated that diagnoses of infertility might be made where mares were found to be of normal phenotype by clinical examination. Such mares were found to be gonosmic mosaics. One stallion had a polymorphism of the X chromosome and had poor conception rates. It was demonstrated that the true val...
Surgical and medical management of rhinophycomycosis (conidiobolomycosis) in a horse. A horse had severe granulomatous lesions of the upper airways that were attributable to Conidiobolus coronatus. Therapeutic success was documented by clinical examination of the horse 4 years after treatment by surgical extirpation and intralesional and topical use of amphotericin B.
Neoplasms of equidae in Iran. THE results of a 20 year retrospective study of the tumours diagnosed in all equine cases referred to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teheran, for surgical treatment or post mortem examination are reported here.
Equine cytogenetics: role in equine veterinary practice. The prognostic use of karyotyping in equine breeding has been recommended since 1976. Specimens used and laboratory methods are described. The system of karyotype evaluation is explained together with a glossary of terms. The principal aberrations in horses are defined. The present state of knowledge in cytogenetics in horses is reviewed dealing with infertility in the mare, where sex chromosomes give clear indication of problems; the situation with respect to anomalies found in stallions and hermaphroditism is explained coupled with recent concepts of chromosomal roles in reproduction. The fu...
Estimation of urine flow rate in mares. To determine the rate of urine flow and thus urinary excretion in the horse from untimed urine samples alone, the flow rate, creatinine concentration, osmolarity, and refractive index of 228 quantitatively collected urine samples were determined in 53 experiments on 12 healthy Thoroughbred mares. Forty samples were collected after water-induced diuresis; 11 samples were collected after furosemide-induced diuresis. Flow rates, which ranged from 1.2 to 84.5 ml/min, could be predicted from the urinary creatinine concentration. Correlation of urinary flow with urinary creatinine concentration acco...
Larval cyathostomiasis (immature trichonema-induced enteropathy): a report of 15 clinical cases. Clinical and laboratory findings are recorded from a series of 15 cases (aged one to 16 years) of sudden-onset chronic diarrhoea with weight loss, progressing in many cases to emaciation and death, associated with the emergence of fourth stage cyathostome (trichoneme) larvae in large numbers through the colonic and caecal mucosae. Apart from a single incident in mid-October, disease only occurred in winter and spring (January to May). Characteristic features included hypoalbuminaemia, increased alpha and beta plasma globulin levels and neutrophilia without left shift. Faecal egg counts were fr...
Endometrial and serum gentamicin concentrations in pony mares given repeated intrauterine infusions. Endometrial tissue and blood serum gentamicin (GT) concentrations were determined in 6 ovariectomized pony mares given intrauterine infusions (50 ml of a 5% commercial aqueous solution of GT) each day for 5 consecutive days. The mares were subjected to the following 3 treatments: (1) GT infusion only (trial A, control); (2) progesterone plus GT (trial B, P + G); and (3) estradiol plus GT (trial C, E + G). Endometrial tissue concentrations of GT (micrograms/g) at 24 and 120 hours were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in trials B (65.54 +/- 15.57 and 100.33 +/- 19.27) and C (73.33 +/- 22....
Failure of superoxide dismutase to alter equine arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation, in vitro or ex vivo. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a free radical scavenger with anti-inflammatory activity, was administered IM to horses. Ex vivo platelet aggregation in response to arachidonic acid was monitored to determine whether exogenous SOD altered equine platelet prostaglandin metabolism. Preparations of platelet-rich plasma obtained before SOD administration were incubated with different concentrations of SOD and were aggregated with arachidonic acid. Superoxide dismutase did not exert a demonstrable effect, either ex vivo or in vitro. Aspirin abolished arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in vit...
Effect of repeated flushing and a prostaglandin analogue on the estrous cycle of pony mares. An experiment was conducted to test the effect of repeated transcervical (non-surgical) uterine flushing and a prostaglandin analogue (PG) on the estrous cycle of pony mares. Uteri in group A were trancervically flushed for embryos 7 to 9 days post ovulation. In addition, group B mares were given 5 ml of PG by intramuscular injection on the day of flushing. Group C served as controls and were not flushed or given PG but were allowed to cycle normally. All mares (except controls) were bred A.I. every other day during estrus. There was no effect on embryo recovery rate from repeated flushing or ...
Spinal fluid concentrations of mepivacaine in horses and procaine in cows after thoracolumbar subarachnoid analgesia. The CSF concentrations of mepivacaine in 10 Standardbred horses and of procaine in 10 Holstein cows given the drugs by thoracolumbar subarachnoid injection were determined. Mepivacaine hydrochloride was injected into the horses (502 +/- 60.5 kg) at an average dosage of 30 mg (1.5 ml of 20 mg/ml solution). Analgesia was produced 7.5 +/- 4.3 minutes after injection, extended between spinal cord segments T13 and L3 on both sides of the spinal column, and lasted 47 +/- 18.7 minutes at the T18 dermatome. Procaine hydrochloride was injected into cows (614 +/- 51.5 kg) at a dosage ranging between 75 ...
