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Topic:Clinical Symptoms
Clinical symptoms in horses encompass a range of observable signs that may indicate underlying health issues, such as disease, injury, or physiological stress. These symptoms can vary widely depending on the condition and may include changes in behavior, appetite, respiratory patterns, or physical appearance. Common clinical symptoms in horses include lameness, colic, coughing, nasal discharge, and changes in body temperature or heart rate. Identifying and interpreting these symptoms is an essential aspect of equine veterinary practice, as they provide critical information for diagnosis and management of health conditions. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the identification, assessment, and implications of clinical symptoms in equine health management.
Scapulohumeral osteoarthritis in 20 Shetland ponies, miniature horses and falabella ponies. This paper describes the clinical and diagnostic features of 20 cases of scapulohumeral osteoarthritis in Shetland ponies, miniature horses and falabella ponies. The history and clinical signs were similar in all the cases Radiographically they all had consistent changes which consisted predominantly of articular osteophytes and periarticular enthesiophytes. Six of the cases had radiographic evidence of dysplasia of the scapulohumeral joint, although it was uncertain whether this was a primary or a secondary finding. No specific treatment appeared to be advantageous. At follow up, six of the p...
Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis infection following repair of an ulnar fracture and humeroradial joint luxation in a horse. A 27-month-old Rocky Mountain Horse was examined because of a fracture of the proximal portion of the ulna and luxation of the humeroradial joint (Monteggia fracture). Open reduction was performed, using a mechanical distractor, and the ulnar fracture was stabilized by application of a bone plate and screws. After surgery, the horse developed an infection of the surgical site, and bacterial culture of fluid from the surgical site yielded a pure growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis susceptible to oxytetracycline, erythromycin, rifampin, and vancomycin. Treatment with oxyte...
Retrograde ejaculation in a stallion. Retrograde ejaculation was diagnosed in a 10-year-old Arabian stallion. Despite behavioral signs consistent with ejaculation, the collection receptacle of an artificial vagina remained devoid of semen on numerous occasions. Catheterization of the urinary bladder yielded large numbers of spermatozoa, even when an ejaculate was obtained, whereas low numbers (< 1 X 10(6)/ml) of spermatozoa are found in the bladder of clinically normal stallions after ejaculation. Endoscopic examination of the urethra, seminal colliculus, and bladder failed to reveal abnormalities. Medical treatment with imipra...
Thoracoscopic-assisted diaphragmatic hernia repair using a thoracic rib resection. To describe the surgical treatment of a dorsal diaphragmatic hernia in an adult horse using thoracic rib resection aided by thoracoscopy and a flank incision. Methods: Case report. Methods: One client-owned horse. Results: A six-year-old Dutch warmblood gelding was admitted for colic-associated colonic incarceration in a diaphragmatic hernia. Seven weeks after the initial colic surgery, the gelding underwent surgery to repair the defect. Thoracoscopy and a flank incision were used to identify the location of the hernia and the subsequent site of rib resection. The stomach was adhered to the ed...
Utilization of stress in the development of an equine model for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Neurologic disease in horses caused by Sarcocystis neurona is difficult to diagnose, treat, or prevent, due to the lack of knowledge about the pathogenesis of the disease. This in turn is confounded by the lack of a reliable equine model of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Epidemiologic studies have implicated stress as a risk factor for this disease, thus, the role of transport stress was evaluated for incorporation into an equine model for EPM. Sporocysts from feral opossums were bioassayed in interferon-gamma gene knockout (KO) mice to determine minimum number of viable S. neurona ...
Risk factors for reduced postoperative fecal output in horses: 37 cases (1997-1998). To determine prevalence and risk factors for development of ileus of the large intestine after surgery in horses, identified by reduced postoperative fecal output (RPFO). Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 37 horses that developed RPFO after undergoing general anesthesia for reasons unrelated to the gastrointestinal tract. Methods: Fecal output was obtained from medical records as number of defecations per 24-hour period after surgery; RPFO was defined as < or = 3 defecations per 24-hour period after surgery. The reference population included 48 horses that defecated > or = 4 times during ...
Caecal impactions managed surgically by typhlotomy in 10 cases (1988-1998). Surgical management of caecal impactions has included several different procedures suggested over the years. Complete bypass of the caecum through an ileocolic or jejunocolic anastomosis has become common practice for first time caecal impaction management, especially when dysfunction is suspected. In our practice, however, caecal impactions have been managed surgically by typhlotomy alone and of the 10 cases (July 1988-June 1998), 9 underwent surgery for first time caecal impactions, received a typhlotomy, and had survived an average of 43 months at time of case review. At the time of surgery...
Acute thrombosis of limb arteries in horses with sepsis: five cases (1988-1998). A hypercoagulable condition and poor perfusion to distal extremities might occur during equine endotoxaemic or septic shock, which could cause thrombosis of limb arteries. In our review, thrombosis occurred in neonatal foals in association with gram-negative bacteraemia. In 3 older foals and adults, thrombosis was associated with inflammatory bowel disease, diarrhoea and toxaemia. All patients had been treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and i.v. crystalloid solutions. Two horses received i.v. hyperimmune plasma. A generalised coagulopathy was not suspe...
Caecocaecal and caecocolic intussusceptions associated with larval cyathostomosis in four young horses. This report describes the clinical and pathological features of 4 horses affected by caecocaecal or caecocolic intussusceptions associated with larval cyathostomiasis. In each case, there was clinical and/or pathological evidence of concurrent larval cyathostomosis. They all demonstrated variable signs including diarrhoea, pyrexia, weight loss and subcutaneous oedema and cyathostome larvae were identified in the faeces of 3 of the horses. These cases highlight the need to consider caecal intussusceptions as a possible complication in horses affected by larval cyathostomosis, especially where s...
Design and clinical use of a modified colon tray for large colon evacuation in the horse. A modified colon tray to perform large colon evacuations in horses was designed. A funnel-shaped accessory was constructed to create a mechanical separation between the sterile and nonsterile part of the tray. Sterile hooks were used to make a temporary and stabile colostomy. Thirty horses with surgical correction of nonstrangulating large colon obstruction underwent a large colon evacuation with this modified tray. The surgical procedure was uncomplicated and resulted in a positive outcome in 29 horses. This less labour-intensive way to evacuate the large colon results in minor contamination ...
Transendoscopic laser treatment of rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch in four horses. To document the use and clinical outcome of transendoscopic laser techniques for treatment of rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch (RDPA) in horses. Background: Rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch is a rare cause of upper respiratory noise and exercise intolerance in horses, and may be associated with abnormal laryngeal anatomy. There are few reports of successful treatment of this condition, and no reports of the treatment of RDPA using laser techniques. Methods: The diagnosis of RDPA was based on the presence of palatal tissue covering the dorsal aspect of the aryt...
The radiographic development of the distal and proximal double contours of the equine navicular bone on dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique (upright pedal) radiographs, from age 1 to 11 months. The aim of this study was to monitor the postnatal radiographic development of the proximal and distal double contours and the modelling of the shape of the proximal articular border. In mature horses, the proximal and distal contours of the navicular bone on dorsopalmar dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique (upright pedal) radiographs are commonly visualised as 2 lines, one being the articular border and the second representing the border of the cortex facing the deep digital flexor tendon (flexor border). The shape of the proximal articular border may be concave, undulating, straight or convex...
Segmental eosinophilic colitis: a review of 22 cases. Twenty-two horses with colic, referred to the University of Liverpool Equine Hospital (1992-1998), were found at laparotomy to have a partial obstruction of the large colon caused by a segmental mural lesion located in the left dorsal colon. The decision to take the horses to surgery was based on rectal examination findings of secondary impaction and mural oedema of the large colon and turbid peritoneal fluid containing large numbers of neutrophils obtained by paracentesis. The affected segment of colon showed oedema and serosal changes varying from erythema to well-defined necrosis. These pat...
Larval cyathostomiasis. Over the past few years, cyathostomiasis has become increasingly recognized as a clinical problem of horses in the United States. Clinical cyathostomiasis has been reported frequently in Europe for a considerable time. This clinical syndrome is usually related to the sudden release of large numbers of the larval stages of small strongyles from the mucosa of the large intestine. Typical clinical signs include diarrhea, ventral abdominal edema, pyrexia, colic, weight loss, and poor body condition. Hypoalbuminemia and the presence of large numbers of small strongyles being passed in the feces are...
Equine muscular dystrophy with myotonia. To describe a case of equine muscular dystrophy with myotonia. Methods: A 5-year-old horse presented with hypertrophy and delayed relaxation of the muscles of the hindlimbs from age 2 months. Testicular atrophy developed from 2 years of age. Action and percussion myotonia was associated with weakness in these muscles, and EMG showed diffuse myotonic discharges and myopathic features. Biopsy of the gluteal muscle showed adipose and connective tissue infiltration, marked variation in muscle fibre size, and moth-eaten, ring and whorled fibres. Results: Injection of apamin, a peptide blocker of ca...
[Diagnosis of stomach carcinoma in the horse]. In 10 horses, which were referred to the clinic with the suspicion of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, gastroscopy revealed a gastric tumour. In ten cases the diagnosis of a squamous cell carcinoma was made on the basis of histology of biopsies or autopsy. The tumour always derived from the non-glandulary mucosa. The horses showed various clinical symptoms. All patients had a hypoalbuminemia and a hyperglobulinemia in the serum electrophoresis. This suggests that a gastric tumour can be suspected intra-vitam even without gastroscopy of the patient.
Use of oocyte transfer in a commercial breeding program for mares with reproductive abnormalities. In some mares with lesions of the reproductive tract, embryo collection and survival rates are low, or collection of embryos is not feasible. For these mares, oocyte transfer has been proposed as a method to induce pregnancies. In this report, a method for oocyte transfer in mares and results of oocyte transfer performed over 2 breeding seasons, using mares with long histories of subfertility and various reproductive lesions, are described. Human chorionic gonadotropin or an implant containing a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog was used to initiate follicular and oocyte maturation. Oocyte...
Race-start characteristics and risk of catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses. To identify race-start characteristics associated with catastrophic musculoskeletal (MS) injury in Thoroughbred racehorses at 2 racetracks in Florida during 1995 through 1998. Methods: Matched case-control study. Methods: 97 Thoroughbreds (case horses) that incurred a catastrophic MS injury during racing and 388 Thoroughbreds (control horses) randomly selected from noninjured participants and matched on the basis of racetrack and year. Methods: Incidence of MS injury was calculated for all race meets at 2 racetracks in Florida from 1995 through 1998. Race-start characteristics were compared am...
Non-invasive assessment of equine bone: an update. This paper summarizes traditional and current methods of non-invasive assessment of bone in the horse. The description and potential clinical utility of two non-invasive technologies with major development in the last decade are presented, namely, (1) serum biochemical markers for bone turnover and (2) quantitative ultrasound. Serum biochemical markers of bone formation valid in horses are osteocalcin, carboxy-terminal peptide of type I procollagen and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase. The cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen c-telopeptides of type I collagen and tota...
In vitro effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and cisapride on the circular smooth muscle of the jejunum of horses. To determine effects of cisapride and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the jejunum of horses. Methods: Jejunal muscle strips from 8 horses. Methods: Muscle strips were suspended in isolated muscle baths. Isometric stress responses to 5-HT and cisapride, with and without specific antagonists, were determined. Results: Muscle strips incubated with atropine and tetrodotoxin responded to 5-HT and cisapride with an increase in contractile force. The 5-HT caused a concentration-dependent increase in contractile amplitude, with a maximum response (Emax) of 1,151+/-214 g/cm2 and a molar concentration tha...
Chronic fatigue syndrome in horses: diagnosis and treatment of 4 cases. A report from England has suggested that Chronic Fatigue Syndrome exists in equines and constitutes an emerging veterinary problem. Preliminary epidemiological studies seem to confirm the zoonotic implications of CFS. An arsenical drug, sodium thiacetarsamide, was administered to four horses with a diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), already treated unsuccessfully with different medications. The CFS-like lethargy, with accompanying symptoms and signs, of the four animals obtained a complete remission after intravenous treatment with this drug at low dosage (0.1 mg/kg/day). No adverse ...
A comparison of the palmaroproximal-palmarodistal view of the isolated navicular bone to other views. A collection of 69 isolated navicular bones, normal or affected with navicular disease, was examined radiographically using dorsopalmar, lateromedial and palmaroproximal-palmarodistal views. Radiographic findings on each view were recorded. A radiographic diagnosis of normality or navicular disease was made, first on each view separately and afterwards based on the combination of the 3 views. Forty-four navicular bones were considered radiographically normal and 25 navicular bones had distinct signs of radiographic navicular disease. The dorsopalmar and the lateromedial views of each navicular...
Anesthetic, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic effects of four intravenous anesthetic regimens induced in horses immediately after maximal exercise. To determine the anesthetic, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic effects of 4 IV anesthetic regimens in Thoroughbred horses recuperating from a brief period of maximal exercise. Methods: 6 adult Thoroughbreds. Methods: Horses were preconditioned by exercising them on a treadmill. Each horse ran 4 simulated races, with a minimum of 14 days between races. Races were run at a treadmill speed that caused horses to exercise at 120% of their maximal oxygen consumption. Horses ran until fatigued or for a maximum of 2 minutes. Two minutes after exercise, horses received a combination of xylazine hydrochl...
Phenylephrine eyedrops as a diagnostic test in equine grass sickness. The effect of an ocular administration of the alpha-1 adrenergic agonist phenylephrine was studied in 23 cases of grass sickness and 12 control horses. In the horses with grass sickness there was a significantly greater mean increase in the size of the palpebral fissure, as measured by the change in the angle of the eyelashes to the head observed from a frontal view.
Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in a Thoroughbred, with intra-abdominal dissemination. A 14-year-old Thoroughbred gelding with a history of acute onset of hematuria was presented for necropsy. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with intra-abdominal dissemination was diagnosed. Tumor masses were observed on the splenic capsule and surrounding the distal abdominal aorta. Tumor cells showed diffuse cytoplasmic reactivity for cytokeratin but were negative for epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, tumor-associated glycoprotein 72, and vimentin.
