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Topic:Comparative Study
Comparative studies in equine research involve the systematic analysis of different horse breeds, management practices, or physiological responses to identify variations and similarities. These studies are instrumental in understanding how different factors influence health, performance, and behavior in horses. Common areas of comparison include genetic traits, nutritional requirements, disease resistance, and response to training. By evaluating these differences, researchers can develop targeted strategies for breeding, healthcare, and training. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that focus on the methodologies, findings, and implications of comparative studies in the context of equine science.
Effect of various extenders and taurine on survival of stallion sperm cooled to 5 degrees C. Stallion semen was diluted in five different extenders (dimitro-poulus onze (Dimitro's), Kenney's modified tryode (Kenney's), modified INRA82 (INRA82), egg yolk-citrate-taurine (Citrate) and EZ-Mixin) and evaluated for motility after cooling and storage at 5 degrees C for 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. EZ-Mixin extender was used as control while 70 and 100 mM of taurine were added to Dimitro's, Kenney's and INRA82 to study its effect under conditions of storage at 5 degrees C and varying processing modifications. Motility in INRA82 was 57.0, 58.4, 61.1, and 56.1% after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respective...
Distribution of cytosolic oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the genital tract of the mare. The distribution of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the equine genital tract was investigated by means of a modified dextran-coated charcoal method on samples collected from the vagina, the cervix and the uterus of 30 healthy adult Polish mares, divided into two groups on the basis of their serum progesterone levels. The concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone receptors were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the vagina and the cervix than in the uterus, in agreement with data from human beings, cattle and pigs, which showed that the highest concentrations of oestrogen and proge...
Controlled efficacy study of the bioequivalence of Strongid C and generic pyrantel tartrate in horses. The bioequivalence of Strongid C and generic pyrantel tartrate was determined in a controlled study using 30 horses with naturally acquired endoparasitic infections. Three horses were randomly allocated to each of ten replicates based on quantitative nematode and ascarid egg counts and fecal larvae culture results. Horses within each replicate were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Horses in Treatment Group 1 received only oats; horses in Treatment Group 2 received generic pyrantel tartrate pellets (2.65 mg pyrantel tartrate kg-1) mixed with oats; horses in Treatment Group 3 ...
Necropsy survey of metacarpal fusion in the horse. Paired metacarpi obtained at necropsy from 100 horses ranging in age from term fetus to 35 years were examined to estimate the prevalence and sites of metacarpal fusion. Metacarpal fusion was seen in 192 of 200 metacarpi, and 78% of all horses 2 years or older had 2 or more fusions. Fusion of the second metacarpal bone to the third metacarpal bone was significantly (P < 0.001) more common than was fusion of the fourth to the third metacarpal bone. Fusions appeared for the most part in pairs and were bilaterally symmetric. Rooney-Prickett type-A carpometacarpal joint configurations (in which...
Biomechanical properties of third carpal articular cartilage in exercised and nonexercised horses. The relevance of site and exercise on the biomechanical properties of the articular cartilage from the equine third carpal bone were assessed by creep indentation testing. Six horses were exercised for 30 minutes three times weekly. Another six horses were housed in box stalls and were not exercised. At the conclusion of the study, one third carpal bone from each horse was harvested and the KLM biphasic material properties of cartilage were determined at 12 sites. There was a significant (p < 0.01) effect of site but not exercise on the cartilage aggregate modulus, which was significantly l...
Sonographic-anatomic correlation and imaging protocol for the kidneys of horses. Sonographic and anatomic observations were made of the kidneys of 23 Thoroughbreds or Standardbreds. In an in vitro study of 16 horses, precise correlations were established between the gross anatomic features of the kidneys and their sonographic appearance in images obtained in dorsal, sagittal, transverse, and transverse oblique anatomic planes. The renal cortex had a uniformly mottled echogenicity, and the renal medulla was relatively hypoechogenic, compared with the cortex. Acoustic anisotropy was observed in the cortex and medulla of the cranial and caudal extremities of each kidney. The ...
Energy comparison between trot, bound, and gallop using a simple model. In this paper, the dynamics of quadruped trot, gallop, and bound will be examined using a simple model for the quadruped. The body of the quadruped is modeled as a uniform bar and the legs are modeled by massless springs. It will be shown that symmetry can be used to study the locomotion of this system. Using symmetry, a technique will be developed to obtain periodic solutions for each of the gaits of the quadruped model. These periodic solutions will be computed at various speeds. The energy levels will be compared for each of the gaits. The exchange of energy between its different forms will...
Segmented filamentous bacteria associated with lymphoid tissues in the ileum of horses. Segmented filamentous bacteria preferentially attached to the follicle-associated epithelium overlying the lymphoid tissue in samples of the terminal ileum from seven horses examined by scanning electron microscopy. The bacteria adhered to the apical membrane of the enterocytes by a holdfast segment. Each filament tended to be of uniform diameter, but the filaments ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 microns in diameter. The bacteria were usually absent from the adjacent villous epithelium.
An immunohistochemical study of three equine pulmonary granular cell tumors. Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a morphologic designation for tumors of varied histogenesis. Most GCTs in human beings are derived from Schwann cells, and rat meningeal GCTs are believed to originate in the neural crest. Three equine pulmonary GCTs from aged horses were studied immunohistochemically with primary antibodies directed against vimentin, cytokeratins (AE1/AE3), S-100, Leu 7, desmin, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) using a steptavidin-biotin procedure. All three tumors stained similarly with strong and diffuse staining of neoplastic cells for vimentin and S-100 and negative staining ...
Analyses of restriction fragment patterns (RFPs) and pathogenicity in baby mice of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) strains circulating in Danish horses. Twenty-five strains of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and one strain of equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) isolated from material from various clinical cases in Denmark, together with reference EHV-1 and EHV-4 strains, were compared by restriction fragment pattern (RFP) analysis and inoculation of baby mice. The RFP analyses revealed that all EHV-1 strains belonged to genome type Ip. Four fetal isolates exhibited genomic characteristics that have been suggested as specific markers of the attenuated strain Rac H, widely used as a live vaccine. As the use of five vaccines against EHV-1 and EHV-4 has nev...
Osteochondrosis of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex in young horses: evidence for a defect in cartilage canal blood supply. The objectives of this study were to determine in horses 1) the ages at which viable cartilage canal vessels are present in the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex of three predilection sites and one nonpredilection site of osteochondrosis (OC), 2) the prevalence of lesions of OC in these sites, and 3) whether there was an association of lesions of OC with necrotic cartilage canal blood vessels. The medial femoral condyle, lateral femoral trochlear ridge, and distal ends of the tibia and proximal phalanx were examined grossly, microradiographically, and histologically in 35 horses 18 months...
Demonstration of tissue-specific promoters in nonprimate species that express aromatase P450 in placentae. Conversion of androgens to estrogens is catalyzed by aromatase P450 (P450arom; the product of the CYP19 gene). Regulation of tissue-specific expression of P450arom in humans is due, in part, to alternative transcriptional start sites that arise as a consequence of the use of granulosa cells and placental tissue from cows, horses, and pigs (ungulates) in order to determine whether these species, like the human, utilize tissue-specific promoters to drive P450arom expression. The majority of transcripts in the placenta have 5'-termini that differ from those in the ovary upstream of a common site ...
Causes of differences in respiration rate of hepatocytes from mammals of different body mass. Resting O2 consumption of hepatocytes isolated from mammals ranging in mass from 20-g mice to 200-kg horses decreases with increasing body mass. The substrate oxidation system increases in activity with increasing body mass and mitochondrial proton leak and phosphorylation system decrease in activity, resulting in a higher mitochondrial membrane potential in hepatocytes from larger mammals. The absolute rates of O2 consumption due to nonmitochondrial processes, substrate oxidation, mitochondrial proton leak, and the phosphorylation system decrease with increasing body mass. These decreases are...
[Adenosine deaminase activity in blood and tissues of horses of the Rassen Haflinger and Thüringer Kaltblut breeds]. The activity of adenosine deaminase in the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, heart, skeletal muscle, lung, liver, spleen, kidney and testes of horses of the breeds Haflinger and Thüringer Kaltblut was not different from each other. In the erythrocytes and the plasma no activity of the ADA exists.
[Sonographic diagnosis (B-mode technique) for the eyes in horses. 1. Methods and normal findings]. In this presentation, normal sonoanatomy of the horse eye will be introduced and biometrical data of 30 healthy eyes along optical axis will be presented. We used the ultrasound system Philips Diagnost R 1200 in connection with a 5 MHz linear transducer. With this equipment it is possible to visualize and measure at the unaltered eye the cornea, the anterior chamber of the eye, ciliary body, iris, lens, vitreous body, wall of the posterior globe (retina, choroid, sclera) and retrobulbar structures (optical nerve, retrobulbar muscles, orbital fat pad, bony orbita). The echographical examination...
Comparison of the effects of low-molecular-weight and unfractioned heparin in horses. Thirty healthy male horses were allotted to 3 groups and treated blindly during 4 days. Group-1 horses received unfractioned calcium heparin (100 IU/kg of body weight, SC, q 12 h). Group-2 horses received a single dose of a low-molecular-weight heparin (50 anti-Xa IU/kg, SC) every morning, and a similar volume of saline solution every evening. Group-3 horses received the vehicle (saline solution), SC, every 12 hours. Citrated and EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples were collected before starting the medication (T-0) and once daily 3 hours after each morning injection (T-3, T-27, T-51, and T-75)....
Molecular cloning of equine interleukin-1 alpha and -beta cDNAs. Equine interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and IL-1 beta were molecularly cloned to establish a basis for research on inflammatory and immune responses in the horse. Equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cDNA clones of equine IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta covering the whole coding sequences were isolated from them. These equine IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta clones contained open reading frames encoding 271 and 269 amino acids, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence of equine IL-1 alpha showed 71.6% and 60.2% similarity with that of human ...
Effect of maturation and aging on material and ultrasonographic properties of equine superficial digital flexor tendon. Results of studies in human beings and other species have indicated that aging significantly influences the strength, modulus of elasticity, and energy storage ability of tendon. We wanted to determine the effects of aging on the material and ultrasonographic properties of equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon. Ultrasonographic measurements of left forelimb SDF tendon cross-sectional area and mean echogenicity were made in 23 standing horses ranging in age from 2 to 23 years. All horses had not been in work for a minimum of 6 months prior to the study. After euthanasia, left forelimb ...
[Intravenous anesthesia in the horse: comparison of xylazine-ketamine and xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam combinations]. Intravenous anesthesia in the horse: Comparison of xylazine-ketamine and xylaxine-tiletamine-zolazepam combinations. Six healthy adult horses were anesthetized twice at random with following intravenous combinations: 1.1 mg/kg of body weight (BW) of xylazine followed by 2.2 mg/kg BW of ketamine (X-K) and 1.1 mg/kg BW of xylazine followed by 1.65 mg/kg BW of tiletamine-zolazepam (X-TZ). The modifications of some cardiorespiratory parameters and the duration of anesthesia were evaluated and compared for the 2 protocols used. Few significant differences were observed between the 2 protocols in re...
Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage findings and measurements of gas exchange during exercise in horses with poor racing performance. Twenty-four Thoroughbred and twelve Standardbred racehorses aged between 2 and 6 years, presented for reported poor racing performance, underwent clinical exercise testing. During the last 10 s of exercise at each speed throughout an incremental speed exercise test on a treadmill inclined at a 10% slope, samples of arterial blood and expired gases were collected. Maximum oxygen uptake and the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood were determined. These values were compared between the two breeds of horses and also with reference to cytological findings of bronchoalve...
Changes in skeletal muscle composition in response to swimming training for young horses. To investigate muscular adaptation to swimming training in young horses, 18 two-year-old Thoroughbred horses were trained in a program which included both running and swimming, and the changes in skeletal muscle composition during the training period were evaluated histochemically. The horses were divided into the following three groups; Group A, trained by running only: Group B, trained by running plus a gradual increase in swimming; Group C, trained by running plus constant swimming. In Groups B and C, fast twitch-low oxidative (FT) fibers tended to decrease, while fast twitch-high oxidative...
Molecular cloning of DNA for inhibin alpha-subunit from equine ovary. cDNA encoding equine inhibin alpha-subunit precursor protein was isolated from an equine ovarian cDNA library. For screening, the DNA probe was amplified by the RT-PCR using primers designed based on the rat inhibin alpha-subunit cDNA sequence. Out of 1.2 x 10(5) plaques screened, 19 positive clones were isolated, and one of these clones (Eq-alpha-11) contained a complete open reading frame encoding 367 amino acids. The similarity of the deduced amino acid sequences of both equine inhibin alpha-subunit precursor protein and the mature protein were greater than 80% to those of other six mammali...
M-mode ultrasonic assessment of equine fetal heart rate. Embryonic heart rate was studied during 87 examinations in 56 mares on Days 25 to 174 post ovulation. Real-time B-mode using a stopwatch and M-mode ultrasonography were compared. For analyses of heart rates, data were grouped into weeks or months. For the stopwatch and M-mode techniques, respectively, heart rates averaged 123 and 133 beats per minute during Month 1, peaked during Month 3 at 172 or 196 beats, then gradually decreased over the duration of the study to 126 and 130 beats during Month 6. There was a significant increase in heart rate from Months 1 to 2 and Months 2 to 3 and a signi...
An investigation of gram-negative tannin-protein complex degrading bacteria in fecal flora of various mammals. Gram-negative tannin-protein complex degrading bacteria (T-PCDB) were first isolated from animals except for the koala. The occurrence of T-PCDB in feces of 15 species of mammals with different feeding habits was investigated. T-PCDB occurred in 7 of 54 horses but they could not be isolated from other mammals tested. These T-PCDB comprised less than 0.1% of the facultative anaerobic microflora in horse feces and it was much less than that previously reported in koala feces ( > 60%). A total of 7 T-PCDB fecal isolates showed a range of phenotypic diversities. They were all Gram-negative rods...
Ultrasonography as a method to determine tendon cross-sectional area. Ultrasonographic cross sectional area (CSA) measurements of equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon were obtained to determine the feasibility of ultrasonography for CSA measurement of tendon in vivo and in vitro. Ultrasonographic measurements were compared with a more traditional CSA measurement method, ink-blot analysis. In addition, values for ultrasonographic SDF tendon mean echogenicity were obtained in vivo and in vitro. The left forelimb SDF tendons of 23 horses were evaluated ultrasonographically. Cross sectional images were acquired at 4-cm intervals distal to the base of the a...
The unfolding thermodynamics of c-type lysozymes: a calorimetric study of the heat denaturation of equine lysozyme. The energetics of the temperature-induced unfolding of equine lysozyme was studied calorimetrically and compared with that of two structurally homologous proteins: hen egg white lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin. The structure of each of these proteins is characterized by the presence of a deep cleft that divides the molecule into two regions called the alpha and beta domains. In equine lysozyme and alpha-lactalbumin the latter domain specifically binds Ca2+. It is shown that, in contrast to hen egg white lysozyme in which the alpha and beta domains unfold as a single cooperative unit, in equine ...
Racing performance after hemicircumferential periosteal transection for angular limb deformities in thoroughbreds: 199 cases (1987-1989). Racing records of 199 Thoroughbred foals with angular limb deformities surgically treated by hemicircumferential periosteal transection and elevation (HCPT) from 1987 through 1989 (principals) were compared with records of their 1,017 siblings (controls) for starting status; 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old starts; earnings and earnings per start; and starts percentile ranking number (SPR). Principals had a slightly lower percentage of horses starting a race (45 vs 55%), fewer 2-year-old starts (1.06 vs 1.72), and lower SPR (33.49 vs 49.18), compared with those of controls (P < 0.05). Starting status...
[The abnormal white line and hollow wall in horses, a comparative mycological study]. There are few descriptions of an abnormal white line in the horse, and it is not known what causes this disorder. Thirty horses and ponies with this disorder were examined mycologically, as were 30 horses and ponies with normal hooves. Scopulariopsis brevicaulis was detected in 60% of the animals with an abnormal white line with or without hollow wall or brittle toe.
Effect of glycosylation on the heparin-binding capability of boar and stallion seminal plasma proteins. Boar and stallion seminal plasmas were fractionated using affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose. In both species, among other proteins, the heparin-binding (H+) and non-heparin-binding (H-) fractions each contained glycoforms of either porcine PSP-I or equine HSP-1 and HSP-2. However, porcine H+/PSP-I eluted as a monomeric protein, whereas H-/PSP-I formed a heterodimer with PSP-II, another major seminal plasma protein. On the other hand, the stallion proteins H+/HSP-1 and H+/HSP-2 eluted together as an aggregate of relative molecular mass (M(r)) 90,000, whereas H-/HSP-1 and H-/HSP-2 elu...
Management of penetrating joint injuries. A classification scheme for penetrating joint injuries is presented. Diagnostic techniques and treatment recommendations for managing penetrating joint injuries in small animals are described. Techniques used in human and equine patients are discussed for comparison.
