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Topic:Comparative Study
Comparative studies in equine research involve the systematic analysis of different horse breeds, management practices, or physiological responses to identify variations and similarities. These studies are instrumental in understanding how different factors influence health, performance, and behavior in horses. Common areas of comparison include genetic traits, nutritional requirements, disease resistance, and response to training. By evaluating these differences, researchers can develop targeted strategies for breeding, healthcare, and training. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that focus on the methodologies, findings, and implications of comparative studies in the context of equine science.
Glycosaminoglycans in horses with osteoarthritis. Horse articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were measured in synovial fluids from 48 joints affected with osteoarthritis (OA), 22 normal joints, four joints with osteochondritis, three joints with traumatic arthritis and seven joints infected with bacteria. Serum and urine from individual horses were also examined for the presence of GAGs. High levels of GAGs were found in synovial fluids (SF) from horses with OA. In each case, the level was higher in the synovial fluid than in the serum or urine from the same horse. Horses with OA showed high GAG levels in SF, serum and urine compared...
Comparison of the microheterogeneity of horse LH and FSH in the pituitary with that secreted into pituitary venous blood at oestrus. For aqueous extracts of pituitary glands of oestrous mares, luteinizing hormone (LH) profiles were found to be similar to each other and to earlier work after chromatofocussing (CF) and isoelectricfocussing (IEF). After CF, both LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in pituitary extracts focussed in multiple peaks in the acidic range, with 86% of LH and 80% of FSH found between pH 4 and 6. By contrast, in pituitary venous plasma, only 18% of the LH focussed in this range, whereas a significantly greater proportion (P less than 0.01) eluted above pH 7 than occurred in pituitary extracts (37...
[CEA test in domestic animals]. In human cancer treatment, CEA (carcino embryonic antigen) testing is a routine procedure, even though the test is of low sensitivity (40%) and low specificity (70%). Since tests with polyclonal antibodies render no reproducible results with animal sera, the applicability of a recently available monoclonal CEA test designed for human sera was evaluated. We were able to show that the latter test was of supplemental diagnostic value when testing animal sera. The upper normal limit for dogs is 1.65 ng/ml, for cats 2.81 ng/ml, for cows 2.85 ng/ml, for sheep 2.85 ng/ml and for horses 1.61 ng/ml.
Lung contains an inhibitor for nicotinatemononucleotide pyrophosphorylase (carboxylating) of NAD biosynthesis. Rat, cow and foal lung extracts contained an inhibitor for the liver NAD biosynthetic-pathway enzyme, nicotinatemononucleotide pyrophosphorylase (carboxylating) [EC 2.4.2.19]. The inhibitor was not dialyzable, was labile at 100 degrees C, was retained by a 30,000 dalton pore size Amicon membrane and, when partially purified by precipitation at 40-100% ammonium sulfate, inhibited the enzyme stoichiometrically. Lung reportedly does not contain nicotinate-mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase or make NAD de novo. However, the inhibitor would mask detection of the enzyme in lung extracts. We detected a...
Expansion of the D system of horse red cell alloantigens. Two additional specificities (Dq and Dr) were assigned to the D system of horse red cell alloantigens following discussion of the 1989 ISAG Horse Comparison Test (HCT) results. Family and population data support 25 phenogroups defined by the enhanced battery of 17 D system factors.
Investigation of antigenic structure of attenuated and virulent Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by means of monoclonal antibodies. A comparative study of the antigenic structure of virulent strains and attenuated vaccine strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEEV) by means of monoclonal antibodies has made it possible to investigate the antigenic structure of the envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2, and to specify their role in the development of antiviral immunity. On the E1 glycoprotein there are five nonoverlapping antigenic sites consisting of eight epitopes that are recognized by monoclonal antibodies; six sites consisting of twenty epitopes were found on the E2 glycoprotein. The monoclonal antibodies ag...
Immunization of horses with Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake) venom. A comparison of four different procedures. 1. A comparative study was carried out on horses immunized with Crotalus durissus terrificus venom using four different inoculation procedures, which included the use of Freund's adjuvant, A1(OH)3 and liposomes as adjuvants. The antibody titer was assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the neutralizing potency by the neutralizing median effective dose (ED50). 2. The inoculation schedule used in horses to obtain antivenom serum consisted of sc injections of a 7.5 mg venom starting dose in 5.0 ml sterile saline emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant. One...
Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage and respiratory secretion cytology in horses with histologically diagnosed pulmonary disease. Equine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collected from 70 horses and respiratory secretions (RS) obtained from 61 of these horses were evaluated cytologically and grouped according to the histological diagnosis of the lungs from which they were obtained. The histological categories included: normal lung (8 horses); pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration (9 horses); interstitial pneumonia (5 horses); pulmonary hemorrhage (5 horses); and mild (12 horses), moderate (7 horses) and severe (24 horses) chronic small airway disease. In horses with pulmonary disease, all BAL samples and all but one RS s...
Effect of pulsatile or continuous administration of GnRH on reproductive function of stallions. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was administered subcutaneously to reproductively normal stallions, either in a pulsatile manner (10 micrograms GnRH/2 h; n = 6) or as a continuous infusion (10 micrograms GnRH/2 h; n = 6), and in a pulsatile manner to 9 reproductively abnormal stallions, from February to July, 1988. Hormonal secretion patterns, testicular parameters and semen characteristics were monitored before and during treatment. In general, pulsatile GnRH caused a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in the peripheral blood of normal st...
Viability and ultrastructure of equine embryos following culture in a static or dynamic system. The viability and ultrastructure of equine embryos were assessed following culture in a static or perifusion system. The percentage change in diameter was greater (P less than 0.025) for embryos in the static treatment (71%) than in the perifusion treatment (33%). Fluorescein diacetate (FD) scores, the percentage of fluorescing cells (FC) and fluorescent intensity (FI), also were greater (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01) following static culture than for embryos cultured in the perifusion system. Four of 9 control embryos resulted in pregnancies but no embryos cultured in either system p...
Analysis of horse and donkey gonadotrophin genes using Southern blotting and DNA hybridization techniques. The number of genes encoding the common alpha-subunit and hormone-specific beta-subunits of the equine gonadotrophins (FSH, LH and CG) were investigated in the horse (Equus caballus), donkey (E. asinus) and 2 horse x donkey hybrids (the mule and hinny). The Southern technique, involving restriction enzyme digestion, blotting and DNA hybridization to 32P-labelled DNA probes was used to estimate the copy number for each gene and to assess the extent to which equids resemble primates, the only other animals that secrete a CG during pregnancy. These methods indicated that, in common with mammals, ...
Uterine clearance of non-antigenic markers (51Cr) in response to a bacterial challenge in mares potentially susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infections. The purpose of this study was to investigate the physical ability of the mare's uterus to eliminate non-antigenic 51Cr microspheres during an infectious challenge. Mares both potentially susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infections were used in this study. The procedure described serves as a model of the uterine capacity to clear physically infectious agents and inflammatory products during the acute phase of an infection. Based on the results from intra-uterine bacterial challenges, reproductive history, examination per rectum and endometrial biopsies, mares were classified as pote...
Studies of bone marrow and leucocyte counts in peripheral blood in fetal and newborn foals. Clinical and pathological records of 124 foals were studied. The foals were assigned to six groups; normal, premature, dysmature, bacterially infected, neonatal maladjustment syndrome and Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infected. Also, 6 pony fetuses were sampled via catheters in the umbilical vein and artery between 280 and 310 days gestation. Bone marrow aspiration was performed on a further 14 foals. Premature foals had significantly lower neutrophil counts than normal foals up to 5 h. Foals with bacterial infections had significantly lower neutrophil counts up to age 12 h. EHV-1 infected ...
Donkey and horse alpha 1 B-glycoprotein: partial characterization and new alleles. 1. The donkey postalbumin protein has been shown to be the equivalent of human alpha 1 B-glycoprotein by protein immunoblotting and N-terminal amino acid sequence. 2. The horse A1B system (already identified as the homologue of human alpha 1 B-glycoprotein) and the donkey alpha 1 B-glycoprotein were characterized further for terminal sialic acid content, isoelectric point, amino acid composition and affinity for the dye-ligand, Cibacron Blue F3GA (known to bind human alpha 1 B-glycoprotein). 3. Two new alleles in the horse A1B system were found, bringing the total number of alleles to five. No...
The corpus luteum: source of oestrogen during early pregnancy in the mare. Thirty pregnant mares were assigned to 3 groups: Group 1 (n = 10) mares served as controls; Group 2 (n = 10) mares were treated with altrenogest (44 mg/day) from Day 16 to 80 and Group 3 (n = 10) mares were treated with a luteolytic dose of PGF2 alpha on Day 16 followed by altrenogest (44 mg/day) until Day 80. Concentrations of progesterone and chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) in plasma and oestrogen conjugate (OC) in urine were determined between Days 16 and 80 of gestation. In Group 3, complete luteolysis occurred in all 10 mares following administration of PGF2 alpha. Six of the 10 mares did no...
Influence of pregnancy on diurnal and seasonal changes in cortisol, T3 and T4 levels in the mare blood serum. 1. The diurnal changes in the level of total protein, cortisol, T3 and T4 were studied in four barren and four pregnant standard-bred mares, kept and examined under the same conditions. 2. Blood samples were taken every 4 hr. for one day each month, throughout one year. 3. In barren mares, a diurnal rhythm in cortisol level (acrophase at 0530 hr in summer and at 0830 hr in winter) and in T3 level (acrophase at 1330 hr in summer and at 1800 hr in winter) was found. 4. In pregnant mares, a diurnal rhythm in cortisol level only till 5th month of pregnancy was observed. 5. A diurnal rhythm in T3 l...
Concentrations of progestagens and oestrogens in the faeces of pregnant Lipizzan, trotter and thoroughbred mares. Faecal samples were collected at weekly intervals from pregnant Lipizzan mares during Weeks 7-16 following mating and from Lipizzan, Trotter and Thoroughbred mares during the last 3 months of gestation. After parturition, samples were taken daily from the Thoroughbred mares for another 6 days. Non-pregnant mares served as controls. The concentrations of unconjugated oestrogens (Eg), 20 alpha-OH-progestagens (20 alpha-G) and 20 beta-OH-progestagens (20 beta-G) were measured by enzyme immunoassay. In the faeces of Lipizzan mares, immunoreactive progestagens were significantly (P less than 0.01) ...
Metabolic changes in thoroughbred and pony foals during the first 24 h post partum. Metabolic rates, rectal temperatures and respiratory quotients (RQ) were determined during the first 24 h post partum in Thoroughbred and pony foals and in relation to environmental temperature. Both breeds had high metabolic rates (greater than 200 W/m2) during the first hour post partum when they were wet and shivering; by 4 to 24 h values were fairly steady at about 153 and 105 W/m2 for Thoroughbred and pony foals, respectively. At birth, rectal temperature was lower in Thoroughbred foals than in pony foals; values increased during the first hour, and then decreased. At 24 h of age, both br...
[Local structure of cytochrome c from horse heart in solution. Conformational analysis using data of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy]. Using the earlier suggested method the calculation of the backbone conformations of horse heart cytochrome c in oxidized (ferricytochrome c) and reduced (ferrocytochrome c) states has been performed by the two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy data. For both protein forms the secondary structure elements have been revealed and the conformations of the irregular polypeptide chain segments have been analysed. The similarity of the secondary structures of ferri- and ferrocytochrome c in solution was established from the comparison of their conformations. Small differences between...
Relationship between circulating tri-iodothyronine and cortisol in the perinatal period in the foal. Pre- and post partum changes in plasma T3 have been examined in relation to plasma cortisol in 23 newborn foals (12 full term, 6 premature and 5 'twilight'), and in 5 fetuses catheterized in late gestation. Blood samples were collected daily from the fetuses and from the neonates at 30-min intervals for 2 h after birth; the plasma was assayed for T3 and cortisol by standard radioimmunoassay methods. In the full-term foals, plasma cortisol and T3 concentrations were high at birth (67.4 +/- 6.1 and 4.3 +/- 0.3 ng/ml respectively) and rose to a maximum during the following 2-h period to 141.0 +/-...
Effect of constant light exposure on circulating gonadotrophin levels and hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) content in the ovariectomized pony mare. Melatonin is thought to play a role in relaying photic information to the central nervous system as part of the seasonal reproductive cycle of the mare. However, the mechanisms by which melatonin may act are unknown. Therefore, this study was designed to determine whether exposure to constant light would, by reducing circulating melatonin concentrations, have any effect on hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) content and circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Blood samples were collected for 12 h at 15-min intervals from 8 ovariect...
Soluble oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the endometrium of the mare. Receptors for progesterone and oestrogen were measured in cytosol extracted from the endometrium of mares. Samples of endometrium were obtained from mares during the oestrous cycle and during other physiological and pathological states, and from mares with persistent endometritis. The concentration of binding sites was high around oestrus and early in dioestrus and was low by mid- to late dioestrus. Numbers of receptors were low in mares sampled on Day 15 of pregnancy and in mares in prolonged dioestrus, whereas receptor concentrations in ovariectomized mares were high. In 2 mares with endomet...
In vitro responses of airway smooth muscle from horses with recurrent airway obstruction. The in vitro contractile and relaxant responses of tracheal smooth muscle strips (TSM) and third-generation bronchi (3B) of control horses and horses with recurrent obstructive disease (heaves) were compared. Acetylcholine (ACH) sensitivity of the diseased tissues was less than that of tissues from control horses, especially at the level of the third generation (EC50 controls 15 +/- 11 microM vs 81 +/- 17 microM for heaveys). Despite tracheal and bronchial hyporesponsiveness to ACH, these tissues from heavey horses were hyperresponsive to EFS. The inhibitory effect of isoproterenol and electri...
Plasma progestagen concentrations in the normal and dysmature newborn foal. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to determine plasma progestagen concentrations in the normal and premature foal. Radioimmunoassay provides a profile of plasma progestagens with respect to time but, due to the non-specific nature of the technique and without prior chromatographic purification, quantitative data based on RIA analysis must be interpreted with caution. In contrast, the greater specificity of GC-MS allows identification of specific plasma progestagens and measuring of multiple analytes in a single analysis. Both techniques demonstra...
Antigenic relationships among the 47 human adenoviruses determined in reference horse antisera. Reference equine antisera to all 47 serotypes of human adenoviruses presently described have been prepared and evaluated by reciprocal neutralization and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. All tests were carried to endpoint dilutions a minimum of five times in each direction to give accurate values for homologous and heterologous antibody titers. Significant cross-reactions in the horse antisera were compared to similar data obtained from rabbit antisera. Using this analysis, major antigenic relationships exist among types 12-18-31 of subgenus A, types 7-11-14 and 34-35 of subgenus B, types 8-...
In vitro comparison of Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses with regard to local fatigue failure of the third metacarpal bone. In vitro local fatigue testing of the third metacarpal bone from Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses was performed, using fully reversed cyclic bending. Strain number of cycle data were accumulated and indicated that significant difference did not exist between the 2 breeds. It was concluded that the marked difference in the incidence of fatigue failure in the third metacarpal bone (bucked shins, dorsal metacarpal disease) seen in Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds was not related to any differences between the 2 breeds in mechanical properties of the bone.
Mechanical and biological effects of plate luting. Plate luting, a technique that uses polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) interposed between the plate and the bone, as well as between the screw heads and the plate, to improve the stability of internal fixation was tested in vitro using 20 paired equine third metacarpal bones with mid-diaphyseal osteotomies plated with six-hole broad ASIF compression plates. One of each pair was luted and all specimens were tested in static overload or cyclic loading at 75% of the ultimate breaking strength using four-point bending. Although no differences were measured in static overload tests between luted and non...
Chemical structures of three neutral oligosaccharides obtained from horse (thoroughbred) colostrum. 1. Three neutral oligosaccharides were obtained from horse colostrum by ion-exchange, activated charcoal column and preparative paper chromatographies. 2. The following structures were elucidated by methanolysis, methylation analysis and 75 MHz 13C-NMR spectroscopy; Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc (HM-3a), Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6Gal beta 1-4Glc (HM-3b) and Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3[Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6]Gal beta 1-4Glc (HM-5). 3. HM-3a and HM-5 have been found in human milk, named as lacto-N-neotetraose and lacto-N-neohexaose, respectively. HM-3b has been isolated from g...
Ultrastructure of the red pulp in spleen innervation in horse and pig. The innervation of the red pulp in the spleen of horse and pig was investigated by electron microscopy. In addition, the neurilemma was studied by immunohistochemistry specific for S-100 protein. In the pig, a large population of smooth-muscle cells extending from the smooth-muscle trabeculae was present in the red pulp. The cytoplasmic processes of reticular cells enwrapped the smooth-muscle cells, and nerve fibres were distributed between the smooth-muscle cells and the reticular cells. The nerve terminals clustered toward the facing of the smooth-muscle cells. Nerve fibres and terminals wer...
Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 molecules on early trophoblast. The expression of class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules by early trophoblast of intraspecific horse and donkey, interspecific mule and extraspecific donkey-in-horse conceptuses was determined using a rat monoclonal antibody (MAC 291) in a peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. Most non-invasive allantochorion of horse, donkey and mule conceptuses did not express class I MHC molecules at any stage of gestation except in small isolated patches of pseudostratified trophoblast lying adjacent to the openings of endometrial glands. In contrast, MHC class I molec...
