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Topic:Comparative Study
Comparative studies in equine research involve the systematic analysis of different horse breeds, management practices, or physiological responses to identify variations and similarities. These studies are instrumental in understanding how different factors influence health, performance, and behavior in horses. Common areas of comparison include genetic traits, nutritional requirements, disease resistance, and response to training. By evaluating these differences, researchers can develop targeted strategies for breeding, healthcare, and training. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that focus on the methodologies, findings, and implications of comparative studies in the context of equine science.
Identification and characteristics of staphylococci isolated from lesions and normal skin of horses. One hundred and twenty eight strains of Staphylococcus from lesions, mostly of the skin, in horses were identified and compared with 29 strains isolated from the healthy skin. The pathogenic species Staphylococcus aureus, S. intermedius and S. hyicus were found almost exclusively in lesions. Other species such as S. xylosus and S. sciuri were more frequently found on the healthy skin than in lesions. The S. aureus strains formed a very heterogeneous collection. Many of these strains were staphylokinase positive and rapidly coagulated bovine plasma. Such strains are rarely found in other animal...
Antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella species isolated at a large animal veterinary medical center: a three year study. The antibiograms of 408 Salmonella species isolated from large animals were collected during a three year study from 1981 through 1983. The predominant Salmonella serogroup among these isolates was group B. A consistently high percentage of all isolates were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. A pattern of increasing resistance to chloramphenicol and gentamicin was documented for serogroup B isolates while the susceptibility of the isolates to neomycin increased. There was a decrease in the incidence of susceptibility to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim among the group E isolates. These cha...
Variation of fiber types in the triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris of horses. The distribution of type-I and type-II fibers in 9 different parts of the musculi triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris was studied to determine whether biopsies from these muscles give reliable information. All 4 investigated muscles were not homogeneous in their fiber-type distribution. Large differences existed among different muscle parts. The percentage of type-I fibers increased toward the deeper and cranial parts of the muscles. In the same zone of the gluteus muscle, differences of 30% were found for type-I fibers. Therefore, results obtained by biopsie...
Intravenous histamine administration in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Pulmonary function and airway reactivity to IV histamine were measured in a group of ponies with a history of recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) and their age-, weight-, and gender-matched controls. Ponies were studied during a period of clinical remission (period A), after exposure to a barn environment (period B), and twice during a 2-week recovery phase (periods C and D). At periods A, C, and D, PaO2, dynamic compliance (Cdyn), pulmonary resistance, tidal volume, respiratory frequency, and the log dose of histamine required to reduce Cdyn to 65% of base-line value (log ED65Cdyn) of princ...
Antigenic determinants of acylphosphatase from porcine skeletal muscle. Analysis of the quantitative precipitin reaction of acylphosphatase from porcine skeletal muscle with rabbit antiserum indicated the presence of at least two antigenic determinants on the porcine enzyme molecule. Immunological cross-reactivities of acylphosphatases from equine and rabbit skeletal muscles were examined. In double immunodiffusion with the antiserum, the precipitin lines of the porcine and equine enzymes completely fused, while the rabbit enzyme gave no precipitin line. The reaction between the 125I-labeled porcine enzyme and its antibody was inhibited to the same extent by the p...
Hybrids from equine LH: alpha enhances, beta diminishes activity. LH hybrids were prepared by combining eLH alpha and eLH beta with the corresponding subunits of oLH, pLH and hCG. Recombinants were isolated by gel filtration and assessed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under both dissociating and non-dissociating conditions. All combinations of subunits produced hybrid LH molecules. Hybrids prepared by combining eLH beta with oLH alpha, pLH alpha or hCG alpha were very inactive in rat radioligand and Leydig cell in vitro bioassays. Hybrids prepared with eLH alpha were very active in both assays. The greatest potentiating activity was observed when ...
[Hyalurodinase activity of beta-hemolytic streptococci of the Lancefield group C]. A total of 110 strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci, belonging to serogroup C (Lancefield), isolated from horses (71 S. zooepidemicus, 27 S. equisimilis and 12 S. equi) as well as 5 reference strains were tested for their ability to produce hyaluronidase. The determinations were carried out in a culture test on agarose gel and in a liquid test system (turbidity test according to DiFerrante). The results of both methods used showed that the three Streptococcus species could be differentiated by the relative quantitative determination of hyaluronidase activity. S. equisimilis strains produce 5...
Morphology of three strains of contagious equine metritis organism. Examination of recently isolated cultures of three strains of Contagious Equine Metritis Organism grown on specially formulated, serum-free, clear typing medium revealed the presence of numerous colonial opacity variants. These colonies were prepared by a number of fixation and staining techniques and examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Opaque and transparent phenotypes produced copious amounts of extracellular material compared with intermediate-opacity phenotypes which produced little or none. Also unique to intermediate colonies were numerous thin intercellular strand...
Semitendinosus tenotomy for treatment of fibrotic myopathy in the horse. The medical records and follow-up data for 4 horses with fibrotic myopathy of the semitendinosus muscle treated by semitendinosus tenotomy were reviewed. The gait deficit for each of the 4 horses was typical of fibrotic myopathy. Two of the horses had the gait deficit since birth. The efficacy of semitendinosus tenotomy was compared with the traditional treatment of partial myotenectomy of the affected muscle. The functional results in the 4 horses appeared to be equal to partial myotenectomy in returning the horses to athletic function and, compared with what has been reported, was cosmetical...
Contribution of the nasal septum to the radiographic anatomy of the equine nasal cavity. The radiopacity of the equine cartilaginous nasal septum and its covering mucosa seen on dorsoventral radiographs was determined to be of sufficient density to be useful in the diagnosis of any disorder of this anatomic structure. Radiographically, the frontal and nasal bones dorsally and the vomer and palatine process of the incisive bone ventrally do not completely obscure the nasal septum and its covering mucous membrane.
[Comparison of the efficacy of ivermectin in injectable form and as a paste in horses]. A comparison was made of the efficacy of Ivermectin administered as an injection and as a paste. Fourteen horses which were naturally infected with small strongyles were divided into three groups. Animals of group 1 received an injection of 5 ml Ivermectin, equivalent to 500 kg bodyweight, horses of group 2 received one injector with Ivermectin as a paste (for 500 kg body weight), a third group remained untreated as a control. Faecal examinations and larval cultures on the day of treatment and 14, 28 and 42 days later showed that both injection and paste had a 100 percent efficacy against matu...
Laboratory evaluation of aqueous humor in the healthy dog, cat, horse, and cow. Using routinely available clinical laboratory methods, aqueous humor samples were evaluated from 12 healthy dogs, 15 healthy cats, 7 healthy horses, and 6 healthy cows. Aqueous humor was almost acellular; cells that were present had degenerated beyond recognition. Protein concentration was low; only albumin was detectable on electrophoresis. Creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes were not detected. Artifacts induced by sampling were insignificant compared with alterations in aqueous humor composition that occur with ocular diseases.
Onchocerca cervicalis in horses: dermal histopathology. A histopathological study of ventral midline skin from midwestern U.S. horses with and without onchocerciasis due to Onchocerca cervicalis found perivascular mononuclear dermatitis as the most consistent difference between the two groups. Seasonal variation in parasite numbers or cellular influxes was not observed. Eosinophilic dermatitis was observed in horses with onchocerciasis and dermatitides of unknown etiology.
[Comparative characteristics of the vitreous body proteins in vertebrates]. Using disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel and immunochemical methods, studies have been made on proteins from the vitreous body of mammals (albino mouse, rat, guinea pig, pig, dog, cat), birds (hen), amphibians (the frog Rana ridibunda) and fish (the perch Perca fluviatilis). It was found that vitreous body proteins in man and animals include both the specific proteins and those of the blood serum. During evolution, specific antigens of the vitreous body attained strict species specificity, although some of them preserved the initial properties.
Patterns of secretion of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone in stallions during the summer and winter. Samples of jugular blood were drawn from each of five stallions every 15 min for 12 h during the summer and winter to determine the short-term fluctuations in plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone. Concentrations of LH and FSH were generally not pulsatile, although one stallion exhibited three distinct pulses in these hormones during the winter. In general, patterns of secretion of all three hormones were similar in both seasons and the number of significant rises in hormonal concentrations did not differ between seasons. Concent...
Maximal anaerobic (lactic) capacity and power of the horse. Blood lactate concentrations were determined in 16 horses (three Thoroughbreds, seven Standardbreds and six polo ponies) before and 5 mins after they galloped over distances of 200, 300 and 400 m at maximal speed. The highest net lactate concentration (delta Lamax) of 14 to 15 mmol/litre was attained by the polo ponies and the highest speed by the Thoroughbreds. The maximal rate of lactate production (delta Låmax) was about 35 mmol/litre X min for the polo ponies and 20 to 25 mmol/litre X min for the Standardbreds and the Thoroughbreds. Values for delta Lamax and delta Låmax were similar to ...
Amino acid sequences of haemagglutinins of influenza viruses of the H3 subtype isolated from horses. The amino acid sequence of the haemagglutinin of A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8), the prototype influenza virus of the H3 subtype from horses, is deduced from the nucleotide sequence of virus RNA and compared with the sequences of haemagglutinins of viruses of this subtype isolated from humans [X-31 (H3N2)] and from birds [A/duck/Ukraine/63 (H3N8)] and with the sequence of the haemagglutinin of A/equine/Fontainebleau/79 (H3N8) a virus isolated from a recent outbreak of equine influenza. The amino acid sequence differences detected are discussed with reference to the structure of the molecules, their ...
Comparison of rectal mucosal cultures and fecal cultures in detecting Salmonella infection in horses and cattle. Bacteriologic cultures of 65 rectal mucosal samples and 335 fecal samples from 53 horses and 5 cattle shedding Salmonella were performed. Salmonella spp were isolated from 34 (52%) rectal mucosal samples, 21 (32%) concurrent fecal samples, and 150 (45%) total fecal samples. The use of rectal mucosal samples when compared with concurrently obtained fecal samples significantly (P less than 0.025) improved the ability to isolate Salmonella spp. Concurrent bacteriologic culture of rectal mucosal samples and fecal samples resulted in 39 (60%) isolations. Compared with a series of fecal samples, Sal...
Force development during sustained locomotion: a determinant of gait, speed and metabolic power. This paper develops three simple ideas about force development during sustained locomotion which provide some insights into the mechanisms that determine why animals change gait, how fast they can run, and how much metabolic energy they consume. The first idea is that the alternate stretch-shorten pattern of activity of the muscles involved in locomotion allows muscle-tendon units to function as springs, affecting the amount of force a given cross-sectional area of muscle develops, and the metabolic requirements of the muscles for force development. Animals select speeds and stride frequencies...
Application of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure to the localization of pituitary hormones and calcitonin in various domestic animals and human beings. Specific cell populations in the pituitary glands of the rat, cat, pig, and human being were positive for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). When reacted with prediluted rabbit anti-human TSH, LH, and FSH, antisera were not positive for the demonstration of these hormones in the horse, cow, or dog. Immunocytochemical staining was obtained in the horse, cow, and dog by the use of a primary antiserum against a specific beta-subunit of bovine TSH. The immunocytochemical staining of TSH, LH, FSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth ...
The role of compliance in mammalian running gaits. The running gaits used by both bipedal and quadrupedal animals are reviewed and contrasted. At high speeds, bipeds use both ordinary running, in which the legs move opposite one another, and hopping. Quadrupeds generally use the trot or its variations at moderate speeds, and first the canter and then the gallop as speed increases. Running in both bipeds and quadrupeds generally involves at least one aerial phase per stride cycle, but certain perturbations to running including running in circles, running under enhanced gravity, running on compliant surfaces and running with increased knee flexi...
Natural cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes against equine target cells in vitro. Human lymphocytes displayed a frequent natural cytotoxicity (NK) in vitro against normal equine dermal fibroblasts (ED) and against equine tumour cells of a virus-containing cell line (Mc-1). Similarly, human normal sera contained antibodies that induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by normal human lymphocytes against the same target cells. Both NK and ADCC varied for different donors. For individual donors, however, cytotoxicity against the two target cells was significantly correlated both in NK and ADCC. For ED there was also a significant correlation between ADCC and NK ...
Measurement of IgG in equine blood by immunoturbidimetry and latex agglutination. This paper describes the quantitative measurement of IgG concentrations in equine blood/serum by turbidimetric analysis and the qualitative assessment using latex agglutination. The concentration of IgG in foal serum measured by turbidimetry correlated well with the results obtained by radial immunodiffusion (r = 0.91) and the gamma-globulins estimated from the electrophoresis of serum on cellulose acetate (r = 0.92). The method, using antibody-coated latex beads, to detect foals with serum IgG concentrations of less than 4 g/litre (whole blood less than 2 g/litre) proved to be accurate in 96 ...
Inhibition of lipases by proteins. A kinetic study with dicaprin monolayers. We report further investigations on protein inhibition of pancreatic and microbial lipases carried out with the monolayer technique. When beta-lactoglobulin A, melittin, serum albumin, myoglobin, and a protein inhibiting lipase from soybean were preincubated with a dicaprin film at a surface pressure of 35 dynes/cm, no activity was detected with horse pancreatic or Rhizopus delemar lipases. By contrast, Rhizopus arrhizus and Geotrichum candidum lipase activities were not impaired under the same conditions. Experiments using mixed lipid-protein film transfer clearly show that the inhibition of ...
Inclusions in equine cytologic specimens. Inclusions and cellular changes were seen in cytologic specimens from 1 healthy horse, 6 horses hospitalized because of respiratory problems, and 1 horse hospitalized because of colic and hepatitis. Two bronchial aspirates contained detached ciliated cytoplasmic tufts and cytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of the specific degenerative process called ciliocytophthoria. These changes and inclusions resembled those seen in bronchial aspirates from human beings with parainfluenza virus infection. Four bronchial aspirates and 2 serous fluid specimens had nuclear inclusions resembling those seen ...
Effect of prepubertal versus postpubertal castration on sexual and aggressive behavior in male horses. Males horses castrated prepubertally occasionally display stallion-like sexual and aggressive behavior as adults. A retrospective survey of 140 horse owners was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of prepubertal versus postpubertal castration on objectionable sexual and aggressive behavior. Of 94 geldings that had been castrated prepubertally (before 2 years of age), 20% to 30% displayed stallion-like sexual behavior and aggression toward horses, and 5% were aggressive toward people in a stallion-like manner. This occurrence of problem behavior was not significantly different from the occu...
