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Topic:Detomidine
Detomidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist commonly used as a sedative and analgesic in horses. It acts by binding to alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, resulting in sedation, muscle relaxation, and pain relief. This pharmacological agent is utilized in various veterinary procedures to facilitate handling, diagnostic imaging, and minor surgical interventions. Detomidine's effects on cardiovascular and respiratory systems are well-documented, and its use requires careful dosing and monitoring. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications of detomidine in equine medicine.
Effects of treatment with oxytocin, xylazine butorphanol, guaifenesin, acepromazine, and detomidine on esophageal manometric pressure in conscious horses. To compare effects of oxytocin, acepromazine maleate, xylazine hydrochloride-butorphanol tartrate, guaifenesin, and detomidine hydrochloride on esophageal manometric pressure in horses. Methods: 8 healthy adult horses. Methods: A nasogastric tube, modified with 3 polyethylene tubes that exited at the postpharyngeal area, thoracic inlet, and distal portion of the esophagus, was fitted for each horse. Amplitude, duration, and rate of propagation of pressure waveforms induced by swallows were measured at 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes after administration of oxytocin, detomidine, acepromazine, xyl...
In vitro effects of oxytocin, acepromazine, detomidine, xylazine, butorphanol, terbutaline, isoproterenol, and dantrolene on smooth and skeletal muscles of the equine esophagus. To characterize the in vitro effects of oxytocin, acepromazine, xylazine, butorphanol, detomidine, dantrolene, isoproterenol, and terbutaline on skeletal and smooth muscle from the equine esophagus. Methods: 14 adult horses without digestive tract disease. Methods: Circular and longitudinal strips from the skeletal and smooth muscle of the esophagus were suspended in tissue baths, connected to force-displacement transducers interfaced with a physiograph, and electrical field stimulation was applied. Cumulative concentration-response curves were generated for oxytocin, acepromazine, xylazine, d...
Different contractile effects of alpha1- and alpha2-adrenergic agonists on horse isolated common digital artery smooth muscle ring preparations in vitro. Despite assays on ring preparations in vitro confirmed that the vasoconstrictor sympathetic control in the horse common digital artery mainly depends on alpha(1)-adrenoceptors stimulation, selective alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonists were investigated under the same experimental conditions. Both detomidine (DET) and UK 14304 differed from noradrenaline (NA) and phenylephrine (PHE) in provoking contractile effects which were slowly onsetting, concentrations-unrelated and unremovable by repeated washings. While prazosin (PRA) clearly antagonized the effects of NA and PHE, neither pre- nor post-treat...
The effects of xylazine, detomidine, acepromazine and butorphanol on equine solid phase gastric emptying rate. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of specific commonly used sedative protocols on equine solid phase gastric emptying rate, using the 13C-octanoic acid breath test (13C-OABT). The gastric emptying of a standard 13C-labelled test meal was measured once weekly in 8 mature horses over two 4 week treatment periods. Each horse acted as its own control. In treatment Period 1, saline (2 ml i.v.), xylazine (0.5 mg/kg i.v.), detomidine (0.01 mg/kg i.v.) or detomidine/butorphanol combination (0.01/0.02 mg/kg i.v.) was administered in randomised order after ingestion of the test meal. Duri...
Aberrations in uterine contractile patterns in mares with delayed uterine clearance after administration of detomidine and oxytocin. An experiment was conducted to determine whether the uterotonic effects of oxytocin, a drug used to treat mares that have a delay in uterine clearance were affected by the sedative detomidine (an alpha2-agonist), a drug used to treat fractious mares. An additional objective was to identify propagation patterns of uterine contractions and determine whether these patterns differed between normal mares and mares with delayed uterine clearance (DUC). Intrauterine pressure was measured in five reproductively normal mares and four mares with DUC during estrus using an 8-F Milar catheter with two dis...
Epidural morphine and detomidine decreases postoperative hindlimb lameness in horses after bilateral stifle arthroscopy. To determine whether preoperative epidural administration of morphine and detomidine would decrease postoperative lameness after bilateral stifle arthroscopy in horses. Methods: Prospective clinical controlled study. Methods: Eight adult horses that had bilateral arthroscopic procedures, including drilling of cartilage and subchondral bone within the femoropatellar joints. Methods: Horses were randomly separated into 2 groups. Preoperatively, 4 horses were administered a combination of epidural morphine (0.2 mg/kg) and detomidine (30 microg/kg), and 4 horses were administered an equivalent vol...
Arthroscopic removal of dorsoproximal chip fractures of the proximal phalanx in standing horses. To report a technique for, and outcome after, arthroscopic removal of dorsoproximal chip fractures of a proximal phalanx in standing horses. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: A total of 104 horses, 1 to 13 years of age, with a dorsoproximal chip fracture of a proximal phalanx. Methods: Horses were restrained in standing stocks and sedated with intravenous xylazine, detomidine, or a combination of both drugs. Local analgesia was achieved with 2% mepivacaine administered intra-articularly and by subcutaneous infiltration in a crescent-shaped block dorsal to the fetlock. Sterile drapes were ...
Evaluation of the bispectral index as an indicator of degree of central nervous system depression in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. To determine whether the bispectral index (BIS) can be used as an indicator of degree of CNS depression in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Methods: 10 Standardbred and 6 Norwegian cold-blooded trotter stallions admitted for routine castration. Methods: A 2-channel referential electrode configuration was used to record EEG for calculation of BIS by the EEG monitor. The BIS was calculated before (awake) and after (sedated) administration of detomidine (0.01 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and butorphanol (0.01 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was induced with ketamine hydrochloride (2.5 mg/kg, IV) and diazepam ...
Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy using electrosurgical instrumentation in standing horses. To describe a technique for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in standing horses using electrosurgical instrumentation. Methods: Retrospective clinical study. Methods: Ten horses, 1 to 7 years of age, with unilaterally or bilaterally retained testes. Methods: Food was withheld for a minimum of 12 to 24 hours. Horses were sedated using xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 to 1 mg/kg) and butorphanol tartrate (0.02 mg/kg) or detomidine hydrochloride (0.02 to 0.03 mg/kg) and restrained in standing stocks. Three portal sites in the paralumbar fossae were locally desensitized using 2% mepivacaine. After trocar...
Laparoscopic closure of the renosplenic space in standing horses. To report a technique for laparoscopic ablation of the renosplenic space in standing horses. Methods: Development of a technique to perform laparoscopic renosplenic space ablation in standing horses. Methods: Five healthy horses, aged 3 to 13 years, weighing 380 to 520 kg. Methods: Horses were restrained in standing stocks and sedated with detomidine (0.01 mg/kg intravenously [IV]) and butorphanol (0.01 mg/kg IV). Portal sites in the left paralumbar fossa were infiltrated with 2% mepivacaine. A laparoscopic portal was placed between the 17th and the 18th ribs. Two instrument portals were locat...
Laparoscopic ovariectomy using sequential electrocoagulation and sharp transection of the equine mesovarium. To describe in horses and ponies a laparoscopic ovariectomy technique facilitated by electrosurgical instrumentation. Methods: Elective ovariectomy was performed in 23 mares using laparoscopic electrosurgical instrumentation. Methods: Twenty-three mares (13 horses, 10 ponies), aged from 2 to 21 years and weighing 90 to 545 kg. Methods: Food was withheld for a minimum of 12 hours. Mares were sedated with detomidine hydrochloride (0.02 to 0.03 mg/kg) or xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg). Excluding the pony mares, all other mares were restrained in stocks. Portal sites in the paralumbar f...
Analgesic effect of butorphanol and levomethadone in detomidine sedated horses. The analgesic potency of butorphanol 25 microg/kg bodyweight (BW) and levomethadone 100 microg/kg BW, administered together with detomidine 10 microg/kg BW, was measured in twelve Warmblood horses in a randomized, blinded cross-over study. Detomidine with saline 10 ml 0.9% was used as placebo. The nociceptive threshold was determined using a constant current and a pneumatic pressure model for somatic pair Detomidine alone and in combination with butorphanol or levomethadone caused a significant temporary increase (P < 0.05) of the nociceptive threshold with a maximum effect within 15 min and a...
Equine thoracoscopy: normal anatomy and surgical technique. Six normal, healthy horses age 3-10 years underwent left and right thoracoscopic examination using a rigid telescope. A minimum of 30 days was allowed between procedures. Horses were restrained in stocks and sedated with a continuous detomidine infusion. After surgical preparation of the hemithorax elected for surgery, and administration of local or regional anaesthesia of the surgery sites, thoracoscopy was completed during two 15 min pneumothorax periods. During the procedures, the thoracic structures were viewed using a 57 cm, 10 mm diameter, 30 degrees rigid telescope connected to a digita...
Comparison of detomidine and romifidine as premedicants before ketamine and halothane anesthesia in horses undergoing elective surgery. To compare detomidine hydrochloride and romifidine as premedicants in horses undergoing elective surgery. Methods: 100 client-owned horses. Methods: After administration of acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg, IV), 50 horses received detomidine hydrochloride (0.02 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and 50 received romifidine (0.1 mg/kg, IV) before induction and maintenance of anesthesia with ketamine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg) and halothane, respectively. Arterial blood pressure and blood gases, ECG, and heart and respiratory rates were recorded. Induction and recovery were timed and graded. Results: Mean (+/- SD) d...
Standing laparoscopic herniorrhaphy in stallions using cylindrical polypropylene mesh prosthesis. Standing laparoscopic herniorrhaphy was performed in 9 stallions. Appropriate analgesia was achieved by sedation with detomidine and local flank infiltration with mepivacaine. Three portal sites at the paralumbar fossa were used to perform the herniorrhaphy by means of triangulation. A cylindrical polypropylene mesh was inserted and fixated in the inguinal canal. Subsequent adhesion formation resulted in an obliterated inguinal canal within 2 weeks. This minimal invasive technique allowed us to perform a testis sparing herniorrhaphy in the standing horse.
Investigation of romifidine and detomidine for the clinical sedation of horses. The effects of two intravenous doses of romifidine (80 and 120 microg/kg) and one dose of detomidine (20 microg/kg) were compared in a blinded study in 30 horses requiring to be sedated for routine dental treatment. Several physiological parameters were assessed before and for two hours after the administration of the drugs, and the horses' teeth were rasped 30 minutes after they were administered. Romifidine produced a dose-dependent effect on most parameters. Detomidine at 20 microg/kg was similar to romifidine at 120 microg/kg in the magnitude of its sedative effects, but was similar to rom...
Cardiopulmonary effects of romifidine and detomidine used as premedicants for ketamine/halothane anaesthesia in ponies. The cardiopulmonary effects of romifidine at 80 microg/kg (R80) or 120 pg/kg (R120), and detomidine at 20 pg/kg (D20) when used as premedicants for ketamine/halothane anaesthesia were investigated in six ponies. Using a blinded crossover design, acepromazine (0-04 mg/kg) was administered followed by the alpha-2 agonist. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine at 2.2 mg/kg and maintained with halothane (expired concentration 1.0 per cent) in oxygen for three hours. During anaesthesia, arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, PaO2 and PmvO2 decreased, and systemic vascular resistance and PaCO2 incr...
Cardiovascular effects of medetomidine, detomidine and xylazine in horses. The cardiovascular effects of medetomidine, detomidine, and xylazine in horses were studied. Fifteen horses, whose right carotid arteries had previously been surgically raised to a subcutaneous position during general anesthesia were used. Five horses each were given the following 8 treatments: an intravenous injection of 4 doses of medetomidine (3, 5, 7.5, and 10 microg/kg), 3 doses of detomidine (10, 20, and 40 microg/kg), and one dose of xylazine (1 mg/kg). Heart rate decreased, but not statistically significant. Atrio-ventricular block was observed following all treatments and prolonged wi...
Comparison of four drug combinations for total intravenous anesthesia of horses undergoing surgical removal of an abdominal testis. To evaluate anesthetic effects of 4 drug combinations used for total intravenous anesthesia of horses undergoing surgical removal of an abdominal testis. Methods: Clinical trial. Methods: 32 healthy cryptorchid horses. Methods: Horses were sedated with xylazine and butorphanol and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: induction of anesthesia with ketamine and diazepam and maintenance with bolus administration of ketamine and xylazine (KD/KX); induction and maintenance of anesthesia with bolus administration of tiletamine-zolazepam, ketamine, and detomidine (TKD); induction and maintenance o...
Pleuropulmonary and cardiovascular consequences of thoracoscopy performed in healthy standing horses. Six healthy, awake, and pharmacologically restrained mature horses were studied in order to define the changes in cardiopulmonary function during and after exploratory thoracoscopy and to determine the presence of postoperative complications occurring 48 hours after thoracoscopy. In a randomised 3 x 3 latin square design with 2 replications, 18 procedures were performed: 6 right (RTH) and 6 left thoracoscopies (LTH) and 6 sham procedures (STH). Prior to each procedure a physical examination and a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis were performed. During thoracoscopy and sham protocols, hors...
The sedative and analgesic effects of detomidine-butorphanol and detomidine alone in donkeys. Butorphanol and detomidine constitute an effective combination for sedation and analgesia in horses. This trial was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of this combination in donkeys. The detomidine and butorphanol were given intravenously one after the other. A dose of 10 microg/kg of detomidine and 25 microg/kg of butorphanol was used. Sedation is easily extended by additional doses of butorphanol. The average dose of detomidine was 11.24 microg/kg and that of butorphanol was 28.0 microg/kg. Four donkeys in the detomidine group required additional sedation and analgesia. Detomidine alone ...
Cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects of xylazine, detomidine, and a combination of xylazine and acepromazine administered after exercise in horses. To determine sedative, cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects of xylazine hydrochloride, detomidine hydrochloride, and a combination of xylazine and acepromazine administered i.v. at twice the standard doses in Thoroughbred horses recuperating from a brief period of maximal exercise. Methods: 6 adult Thoroughbreds. Methods: Horses were preconditioned by exercising them on a treadmill to establish a uniform level of fitness. Each horse ran 4 simulated races, with a minimum of 14 days between races. Simulated races were run at a treadmill speed that caused horses to exercise at 120% of their ma...
Effects of intravenously administered yohimbine on antinociceptive, cardiorespiratory, and postural changes induced by epidural administration of detomidine hydrochloride solution to healthy mares. To determine effects of i.v. administered yohimbine on perineal analgesia, cardiovascular and respiratory activity, and head and pelvic limb position in healthy mares following epidural administration of detomidine hydrochloride solution. Methods: 8 healthy mares. Methods: Each mare received detomidine hydrochloride (0.06 mg/kg of body weight), administered in the caudal epidural space, followed 61 minutes later by yohimbine (0.05 mg/kg; test) or sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control), administered i.v., in a randomized, crossover study design with > or = 2 weeks between treatments. ...
Use of detomidine hydrochloride as an adjunct for studying first-stage Gasterophilus intestinalis (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) in the tongue of the horse. A synthetic alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, detomidine hydrochloride, was used in the study of in vivo activity of Gasterophilus intestinalis (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) during migration in the tongue of the horse. Use of the drug allowed the investigator to manipulate the tongue and closely observe the movement patterns and tissue disturbance caused by burrowing first-stage larvae. Detomidine hydrochloride should be utilized in studies of drug efficacy and larval biology, whenever possible, to avoid the need to sacrifice the horse.
Effects of pre-exercise frusemide administration and post exercise anaesthesia on cardiopulmonary and acid-base parameters and blood and plasma volumes in horses exercised supramaximally to fatigue. Six horses were randomly assigned to receive either frusemide (F) (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) or an equivalent volume of saline (S) i.v., 4 h prior to treadmill exercise. Horses were instrumented to enable measurement of heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), and diastolic (DAP) carotid arterial pressures, pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary arterial temperature (TEMP), blood gases, and cardiac output (CO). Plasma (PV) and blood volumes (BV) were measured using 2 injections of Evan's Blue dye. Baseline parameters were recorded while the horse stood quietly. Hor...
Effect of frusemide and hypertonic saline on electrolytes during post exercise anaesthesia. This study evaluated the effects of pre-exercise frusemide administration and hypertonic saline (H) infusion during anaesthesia on arterial pH, blood gases and electrolytes in 6 Thoroughbred horses anaesthetised immediately post exercise. Horses received either frusemide (F) (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) or a saline placebo (P) injection 4 h prior to treadmill exercise. Exercise consisted of a 3 min warm-up at 40% VO2max followed by exercise to fatigue. Detomidine (40 micrograms/kg, i.v.) was given within 5 min of stopping and followed 5 min later by zolazepam-tiletamine (1.25 mg/kg, i.v.) to induce anaes...
Sedation and antisedation as tools in equine lameness examination. A kinematic study was performed to establish the locomotion pattern of horses under detomidine sedation and the effects of antagonization for possible use during lameness examinations in uncooperative horses. The kinematics of 17 Warmblood horses (9 sound, 8 lame with chronic forelimb lameness) were recorded on 2 days using a high-speed video system while trotting (3.9 m/s) on a treadmill. On each day a control measurement was carried out prior to sedation with detomidine (10 micrograms/kg bwt) and repeated recordings at 15, 25, 35, 45 and 60 min after sedation. On the second day, sedation was...
Use of right ventricular pressure increase rate to evaluate cardiac contractility in horses. To establish reference values for right ventricular maximal rate of increase in pressure (dP/dt(max)) in horses and determine the usefulness of this variable to evaluate cardiac contractility. Methods: 15 crossbred horses, 3 to 20 years old. Methods: Cardiac catheterization was performed, using a high-fidelity catheter tip micromanometer, to determine right ventricular dP/dt(max). The following mathematic corrections were made: for preload, (dP/dt(max))/instantaneous total pressure, (dP/dt(max))/instantaneous developed pressure, and (dP/dt(max))/end diastolic pressure; for afterload, (dP/dtCPI...
