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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Treatment of a granuloma caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis in a horse. A 12-year-old Arabian gelding with a granuloma caused by the nematode Halicephalobus gingivalis caudal and dorsal to the left orbit was examined. There was no evidence of dissemination of the nematode to the kidneys or the CNS, and the horse was treated with ivermectin (1.2 mg/kg [0.55 mg/lb] of body weight, p.o., every 2 weeks for 3 treatments). The granuloma was surgically debulked 2 days after the first dose of ivermectin. The granuloma resolved with no evidence of nematode infection after 18 months. Halicephalobus gingivalis is a ubiquitous saprophytic nematode that has been reported to in...
Evaluation of IgG concentration and IgG subisotypes in foals with complete or partial failure of passive transfer after administration of intravenous serum or plasma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of an equine plasma product i.v. and a concentrated serum product i.v. to deliver antibodies to 46 foals with failure of passive transfer (FPT). Treatment of FPT was as per manufacturers recommendations, using plasma (950 ml/unit) or a concentrated serum product (250 ml/unit). Significant variables affecting the 3 day post-transfusion serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration of foals included body weight, pretransfusion IgG concentration, number of product units transfused, foaling season and product administered. Plasma treatment had a g...
Nematodes and liver fluke in New Zealand. Abstract A general review of the epidemiology, significance and control of nematode parasitism of sheep, goats, cattle and deer in New Zealand, the emergence of anthelmintic resistance and its effects, and the search for parasite control strategies that reduce reliance on anthelmintic use, is provided. The research that has formed the basis for present levels of understanding of this complex and important topic is summarised and sources of further information are indicated. Aspects of nematode infections of horses, pigs, dogs and cats, and the history of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, in ...
The equine larynx. Abstract Extract A series of landmark studies on the function of the equine larynx was conducted by a group of researchers at Massey University between 1970 and 1987. These studies commenced with investigations on the normal laryngeal anatomy and physiology (Goulden et al 1976a; Anderson et al 1980; Quinlan et al 1982), and progressed to a clinical appraisal of laryngeal hemiplegia, the most important clinical disease affecting the horse's larynx (Goulden and Anderson 198 lab, 1982). The studies concluded with a series of in-depth cytological and pathological studies of the intrinsic laryngeal...
Nosological study of Borna disease virus infection in race horses. To investigate the prevalence of diseases in the Borna disease virus (BDV) antibody positive race horses, we undertook seroepidemiological studies of BDV infection on 125 culled race horses in Hokkaido, Japan. The serological study disclosed the presence of antibodies only to BDV-p40 or -p24 in 19.2% (24/125) and 3.2% (4/125) of culled horses, respectively. Antibodies to both BDV-p40 and -p24 were found in 24.0% (30/125) of these horses. Of particular note was the finding that locomotorium disorders were detectable at a significantly higher rate in BDV antibody positive horses than that in the...
World association for the advancement of veterinary parasitology (WAAVP): second edition of guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of equine anthelmintics. These guidelines have been designed to assist in the planning, operation and interpretation of studies which would serve to assess the efficacy of drugs against internal parasites of horses. Although the term anthelmintic is used in the title and text, these guidelines include studies on drug efficacy against larvae of horse bot flies, Gasterophilus spp., which are non-helminth parasites commonly occurring in the stomach of horses. The advantages, disadvantages and application of critical and controlled tests are presented. Information is also provided on selection of animals, housing, feed, d...
Computerized detection of supporting forelimb lameness in the horse using an artificial neural network. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether artificial neural networks could be used to determine equine lameness by computational means only. The integral parts of our approach were the combination of automated signal tracking of horses on a treadmill and the computational power of artificial neural networks (ANN). The motion of 175 horses trotting on a treadmill was recorded using the SELSPOT II system for motion analysis. Two cameras traced infrared (IR) markers on the head and on the left forehoof. The motion of the head was Fourier-transformed and further processed by a multilaye...
The fibrinogen-binding protein (FgBP) of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi additionally binds IgG and contributes to virulence in a mouse model. The major cell-wall-associated protein of the equine pathogen Streptococcus equi subsp. equi is an M-like fibrinogen-binding protein (FgBP) which binds equine fibrinogen (Fg) avidly, through residues located at the extreme N-terminus of the molecule. In this study, it is shown that FgBP additionally binds equine IgG-Fc. When tested against polyclonal IgG from ten other animal species, it was found that FgBP binds human, rabbit, pig and cat IgG, but does not bind mouse, rat, goat, sheep, cow or chicken IgG. Through the use of a panel of recombinant FgBP truncates containing defined deletions of...
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors in equids. Eleven gastrointestinal neoplasms from 10 aged horses and 1 pony were examined grossly, his tologically, immunohistochemically, and (in two cases) ultrastructurally. Clinical signs were associated with two neoplasms, and the other nine tumors were incidental findings at laparotomy or necropsy. The neoplasms were solitary (9/11) or multifocal (2/11), well demarcated, serosal or mural masses of stomach (1), jejunum (1), ileum (3), cecum (5), and/or colon (2). Microscopic examination revealed discrete spindle cells arranged in compact patterns with fascicles and whorls or cribriform pattern with ...
Feeding practices associated with colic in horses. To determine whether specific feeding practices were associated with development of colic in horses. Methods: Prospective matched case-control study. Methods: 364 horses examined by veterinarians in private practice in Texas because of colic (cases; n = 182) or any other reason (controls; 182). Methods: Participating veterinarians were sent forms at the beginning of the study to collect information on signalment, feeding management practices, farm management practices, and preventive medical treatments. Case and control horses were compared by use of conditional logistic regression to identify...
Assessment of gait irregularities in the horse: eye vs. gait analysis. The purpose of this study was to verify the sensitivity of 2 gait analysis methods in detecting subtle lameness and to compare the results to the traditional orthopaedic evaluation. Twenty-two horses were evaluated (1) subjectively by 3 different experienced clinicians and (2) objectively with synchronised ground reaction force and accelerometric gait measurements on a treadmill. The horses were assigned for each of the 3 methods independently to one of 3 groups (GR): sound, lameness front limb, lameness hindlimb. Additionally, for each horse, the affected limb (AL) and degree of lameness (DL)...
Kinematic analysis of the symmetry of limb movements in lame trotting horses. This study was undertaken to describe the symmetry of movements of fore- and hindlimbs in horses suffering from various spontaneous lamenesses. Two groups of horses were studied: 13 clinically sound horses and 24 lame horses. Using a 3-dimensional (3-D) kinematic analysis system, movements of both sides of each horse were recorded simultaneously while trotting on a track. The differences in motion between left and right homologous joints of each horse were quantified using symmetry indices based on an intercorrelation method. Symmetry indices obtained for each lame horse were then compared wit...
Listeria keratitis in a horse. Listeria monocytogenes is ubiquitous in the environment but is rarely reported as a cause of keratitis in animals. In this case, a mare was presented with epiphora and evidence of pain in the right eye. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from a corneal lesion, and bacteria were also seen in the cytologic evaluation. This is the first reported case of ulcerative keratitis associated with L. monocytogenes in a horse.
Phacofragmentation for morgagnian cataract in a horse. A 3-year-old Paint gelding was presented for sudden onset of cataract affecting the right eye. Ophthalmic examination revealed subtle to mild microphthalmia and a mature cataract affecting the right globe. The right eye was treated with an antibiotic-corticosteroid ophthalmic ointment and phacofragmentation was recommended. On re-examination 5 months later, resorption of the cortex of the right lens and a morgagnian cataract were evident. The nucleus was positioned ventronasally in the lens capsule. The right eye had light perception, and a menace response was present. Examination of the right...
Histological characteristics of induced acute peptic injury in equine gastric squamous epithelium. The objective of the study reported here was to characterise the microscopic appearance of peptic-injured equine gastric squamous epithelium in relation to the duration of peptic injury. Erosions and ulcers were induced in equine gastric squamous epithelium using a feed deprivation protocol that results in prolonged increased gastric acidity. Specimens of normal gastric mucosa and mucosa with lesions created after 48 and 96 h of feed deprivation were compared for characteristics associated with angiogenesis and mucosal proliferation. Fifteen mature horses, 9 geldings and 6 mares, age 3-20 year...
Wedge-shaped conformation of the dorsolateral aspect of the third tarsal bone in the Thoroughbred racehorse is associated with development of slab fractures in this site. Anecdotal evidence suggested that many cases of third tarsal bone (T3) fracture encountered clinically were associated with an abnormal shape to this bone. The radiographs of 10 normal horses and 10 horses affected with slab fracture of T3 were therefore examined to ascertain if any pre-existent radiological abnormality was present in cases of fracture. Measurement of the maximum and minimum width between the proximal and distal articular surfaces of the dorsolateral aspect of this bone was carried out on a standardised dorso-50 degrees medial-palmarolateral radiographic projection of the tars...
Effect of romifidine on gastrointestinal motility, assessed by transrectal ultrasonography. A technique of transrectal ultrasonography was developed to investigate the effects of romifidine 80 and 120 microg/kg bwt on intestinal motility in the horse. Motility of the small intestine, caecum and left ventral colon were assessed following injection of romifidine and a saline control, using a blinded, cross-over study design in 6 horses. Measurements were taken at 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after drug administration. There was a slight nonsignificant decrease in motility in the control group over the 4 h study period. Both doses of romifidine produced a marked decrease in gastroin...
Factors influencing blood flow in the equine digit and their effect on uptake of 99m technetium methylene diphosphonate into bone. It was hypothesised that exercise may promote perfusion of the distal part of the limbs and enhance uptake of radiopharmaceutical into bone, but bandaging and lameness would have no effect. Two hundred and two horses undergoing routine nuclear scintigraphic examination for assessment of lameness or poor performance between November 1998 and November 1999 were assigned randomly to one of 4 groups: no bandages and no exercise (NB/NE); bandages and no exercise (B/NE); no bandages and exercise (NB/E); bandages and exercise (B/E). In the bandage groups, the distal forelimbs were bandaged for at lea...
Measurement of serum amyloid A in the neonatal foal using a latex agglutination immunoturbidimetric assay: determination of the normal range, variation with age and response to disease. This paper describes the use of a latex agglutination assay to measure serum amyloid A (SAA) in the neonatal foal. The normal range and response to clinical disease was determined. This retrospective study evaluated SAA concentrations over the first 3 days postpartum of 226 Thoroughbred foals judged to be clinically healthy. The normal range for each day was determined; levels were found to be significantly highest on Day 2 (Day 1 vs. Day 2 P<0.0001). The 95th percentile for Days 1-3 was 27.1 mg/l. Clinical records of 133 foals, presented as first or second opinion cases, were evaluated. Fo...
Flowmetric comparison of respiratory inductance plethysmography and pneumotachography in horses. Respiratory inductance plethysmographic (RIP) and pneumotachographic (Pn) flows were compared dynamically in horses with bronchoconstriction. On a breath-by-breath basis, RIP was normalized to inspiratory volume from Pn, and peak [peak of subtracted final exhalation waveform (SFE(max))] and selected area [integral of subtracted final waveform during first 25% of exhaled volume (SFE(int))] differences between RIP and Pn flows during early expiration were measured in three settings: 1) healthy horses (n = 8) undergoing histamine bronchoprovocation; 2) horses with naturally occurring lower airway...
Diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis in Brazil by serodiagnostic methods with recombinant antigens. Serum samples from horses in the States of Sao Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil were examined for diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis by both the latex agglutination test (LAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant antigens. Of the 47 samples analyzed, 38 (81%) and 42 (90%) samples were positive for B. equi infection and B. caballi infection, respectively. In addition, 35 (75%) samples were positive for both B. equi and B. caballi infections. These results indicate that equine piroplasmosis is widespread and therefore a cause for serious concern in the States of Sao ...
Case reports. Six cases of infection due to Trichophyton verrucosum. Dermatophyte infections due to Trichopkyton verrucosum are not frequent in Europe. Six cases observed in Italy in the period 1995-99 are reported. Two were cases of tinea barbae, two of tinea corporis and two of tinea capitis, one of which had been preceded by tinea faciei. In three cases the source of contagion was horses, in two it was cattle and in one case it was another person. The two cases of tinea barbae were initially interpreted and treated as bacterial infections, a diagnostic error reported with increasing frequency in the literature regarding dermatophytosis due to T. verrucosum.
Focal eosinophilic proctitis with associated rectal prolapse in a pony. Focal intramural nodules were palpated in the rectal wall of a 12-year-old pony mare presented for rectal prolapse. Eosinophilic proctitis was diagnosed by examination of fine needle aspirates and biopsy of the largest rectal nodule. After treatment with a course of corticosteroids, the rectal nodule and accompanying peripheral eosinophilia resolved. There was no recurrence of the condition during the follow-up period of 20 months. Focal eosinophilic proctitis appeared to be an unusual cause of tenesmus and rectal prolapse in this case.
Identification of equine herpesvirus 3 (equine coital exanthema virus), equine gammaherpesviruses 2 and 5, equine adenoviruses 1 and 2, equine arteritis virus and equine rhinitis A virus by polymerase chain reaction. To develop rapid (< 8 hour) tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV3; equine coital exanthema virus), equine gammaherpesviruses 2 (EHV2) and EHV5, equine adenovirus 1 (EAdV1), EAdV2, equine arteritis virus (EAV), equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV; formerly equine rhinovirus 1) Methods: Either single round or second round (seminested) PCRs were developed and validated. Methods: Oligonucleotide primers were designed that were specific for each virus, PCR conditions were defined and the specificity and sensitivity of the assays were determined. Th...
Determination of a gravity and shock score for prognosis in equine surgical colic. A retrospective study evaluated 200 surgical colic cases. A gravity score (GS) based on four clinical parameters estimating intestinal obstruction (rectal palpation, borborygmi, abdominal distension, pain) and classified into three categories was established and tested to determine if it could evaluate prognosis. A shock score (SS) based on six parameters was also attributed to each case. The overall survival rate was 54%. The statistical analysis showed a significant (P < 0.01) difference in the survival rate in the different categories of the GS, as well as in the categories of the SS. A ...
Molecular and functional characterization of genes encoding horse MHC class I antigens. Sequence and functional analyses were undertaken on two cDNAs and a genomic clone encoding horse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. All of the clones were isolated from a single horse that is homozygous for all known horse MHC class I and class II antigens. The two cDNAs (clones 8-9 and 1-29) were isolated from a lymphocyte library and encode polymorphic MHC antigens from two loci. The genomic cosmid clone, isolated from a sperm library, contains the 8-9 gene. All three genes were expressed in mouse L-cells and were recognized by alloantisera and, for the cDNAs, by allor...
