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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
Radiographic examination of the equine head. Radiographic examinations of the equine head can be performed with portable x-ray machines. The views comprising the examination depend on the area of the head being examined. With a knowledge of radiographic anatomy and radiographic signs of disease, valuable diagnostic information can be obtained from the radiographic examination. In addition, the radiographic information can also be used to develop a prognosis and determine the most appropriate therapy.
Pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in neonatal pony foals. Serum concentrations of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime were measured in 1-week-old pony foals after IV administration of a single dose of cefotaxime. The cefotaxime disposition data conformed to a two-compartment model with elimination half-life of 0.60 hour. The combined cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime data was best described by a four-compartment model. The apparent half-life describing the disappearance of desacetylcefotaxime was 1.69 hours. Dosage of 40 mg/kg of body weight given IV every 4 to 6 hours for neonatal foals with gram-negative septicemia and every 2 hours for foals with ...
Trichophytobezoar as a cause of transverse colon obstruction in a foal. A 5-week-old belgian colt was examined for colic of 12 hours duration after several episodes of diarrhea. Physical examination revealed signs of abdominal pain, mild dehydration and normal auscultable borborygmi in all abdominal quadrants. Distention of the cecum, large colon and small intestinal was evident on abdominal radiographs. The foal was treated medically as the owners declined surgery. The colt was euthanized because of continued deterioration and failure to respond to medical therapy. Post-mortem exam revealed the presence of a trichophytobezoar obstructing the distal part of the tr...
[Equine influenza outbreaks with viral antigenic drift in Berlin 1988-1991]. In this paper three outbreaks of equine influenza in Berlin (Germany) in the years of 1988, 1989 and 1991 are discussed, reporting mainly clinical, hematological, virological and some epizootiological aspects. We have detected variations from the traditional pattern of equine influenza, whereby the main clinical symptoms like cough or fever were absent in several cases. If cough was found, it was moist. Furthermore a mucous nasal discharge was present in a number of cases for a period of 4-5 days. Extreme neutropenia, lymphocytosis and predominantly an unchanged level of monocytes were observe...
Congenital diseases of the equine head. Many questions concerning heritability arise when a veterinarian is asked to supervise and treat disease of congenital origin. Genetic counseling, ethics, and legality are often confronted in discussions between animal health professionals and laymen in animal industry. Guidelines have been offered as in the 1984 statement of the Judicial Council of the American Veterinary Medical Association: "Performance of surgical procedures in all species for the purpose of concealing genetic defects in animals to be shown, raced, bred, or sold as breeding animals is unethical. However, should the health ...
[Spavin in horses–clinical, radiological and scintigraphic findings]. Both hock joints were examined clinically, radiologically and scintigraphically in 80 horses with special regard to bone spavin. The positive x-ray and bone scan results corresponded in most cases. It was evident that there was no correlation between degree of lameness and/or extent of radiological findings and increased radioactive uptake in the joint. Scintigraphic evaluation may demonstrate early changes at the onset of bone spavin as well as the frequent bilateral nature of the condition.
Correlations between histologic endometrial lesions in mares and clinical response to intrauterine exposure with Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The relationship between histologic lesions in endometrial biopsy specimens and susceptibility to chronic uterine infection (CUI) in mares was investigated. Mares were allotted to 4 groups on the basis of degree of endometrial lesions. Mares in group 1 (n = 6) had no pathologic changes, mares in group 2 (n = 5) had only mild pathologic changes, group-3 mares (n = 7) had moderate changes, and group-4 mares (n = 7) had severe inflammatory and fibrotic endometrial changes. Susceptibility to CUI was determined by the inflammatory response to intrauterine inoculation of 5 x 10(6) Streptococcus zooe...
Aspergillosis granuloma in the mediastinum of a non-immunocompromised horse. A National Show Horse with a mediastinal granuloma was presented with clinical signs which included fever, nasal discharge and cough. The mediastinal mass was identified radiographically and ultrasonographically. A presumptive diagnosis of aspergillosis was made following isolation of Aspergillus spp. from both transtracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) identification of serum antibody to Aspergillus spp. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic examination of the mediastinal mass obtained at necropsy examination.
Diagnostic techniques for evaluation of the paranasal sinuses. Physical examination of the paranasal sinuses is often insufficient to confidently reach a conclusion concerning suspected pathology in these cavities. Often, other evaluation techniques are necessary. This article describes physical examination, rhinoscopy, sinus centesis, radiology, and sinus endoscopy of the equine paranasal sinuses. These techniques can be used to diagnosis and determine the cause of most sinus disorders.
Clinical anatomy of the equine head. This topical presentation emphasizes the structures most likely to be encountered in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the equine head. Most of the approaches are from superficial to deep. Anatomic variations associated with aging are described. The larynx and guttural pouches are not included in this article.
Accuracy of a reflectance pulse oximeter in anesthetized horses. The accuracy of a reflectance pulse oximeter was determined in 22 anesthetized horses. Oximetric blood oxygen saturation was measured with the pulse oximeter probe attached to the mucosa of the mandible. Arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) was calculated from arterial blood gas values and the equine blood oxygen dissociation curve. The mean +/- SD difference between oximetric blood oxygen saturation and SaO2 was -1.3 +/- 3.1% for values of SaO2 ranging from 80 to 100%. The difference between oximetric blood oxygen saturation and SaO2 was influenced by SaO2, the mean arterial blood pressure...
Hemorrhage into the guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum) associated with rupture of the longus capitis muscle in three horses. Three horses were determined to have hemorrhage into a guttural pouch unassociated with mycosis, empyema, neoplasia, or foreign body. The source of the hemorrhage appeared to be the rupture of the longus capitis muscle and its associated vascular supply.
Clinical examination of the equine head. Examination of the equine head should be a routine part of any complete physical examination. It can be performed rapidly and efficiently while providing important information about the health and function of several major body systems.
Dental surgery. Anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the teeth are presented. Signs of dental disease and techniques for oral and radiographic examination of the teeth are discussed. Surgical procedures described include extraction, repulsion, and endodontic therapy.
Placentas and foetal health. The placenta provides many critical services to the developing foetus. Proper placental implantation, growth and function are necessary for normal foetal growth and development. Placental structure varies widely among species but all mammalian placentas have a convoluted materno-foetal interface that may be quite simple or highly complex; the more complicated interdigitations tend to characterise smaller placentas that have limited areas of contact between the placenta and the endometrium. The intimacy of the contact between maternal and foetal tissue varies from apposition only, as in the equ...
Successful resection of a recurrent leiomyosarcoma of the pulmonary trunk. We successfully performed a total resection of the pulmonary artery trunk and replaced it with an equine pericardial xenograft roll in a patient with a recurrent leiomyosarcoma. We believe, based on anatomic and embryologic principles, total rather than partial resection of the pulmonary artery trunk should be the treatment of choice for primary leiomyosarcomas of the pulmonary artery.
Pulmonary edema associated with transient airway obstruction in three horses. Pulmonary edema associated with transient airway obstruction was detected in 3 horses. The cause of obstruction was different in each horse, but after relief of the obstruction, clinical signs and radiographic abnormalities were indicative of pulmonary edema. In 2 of the 3 horses, pink frothy fluid was evident in the airways. The horses were treated with furosemide, nasal insufflation of O2, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-biotics. Of the 3 horses examined, 1 horse died acutely, 1 horse recovered fully, and 1 developed pleuritis and was subsequently euthanatized.
Neoplasia. Equine tumors are rather uncommon; however, of the body regions, the head is a relatively common location for neoplasia, including sarcoids and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, tumors of the sinus/nasal cavity, and bony tumors of the head. Tumors discussed in the article include odontogenic and bony tumors; sarcoids; tumors of the guttural pouch and pharyngeal and oral mucosa; tumors of the larynx; and tumors of the paranasal sinuses and nasal passages. In general, tumors involving deeper structures of the head carry a poor prognosis; however, some tumors such as sarcoids, ossifying fibro...
Neurologic evaluation of the equine head and neurogenic dysphagia. Neurologic evaluation should be performed in horses with diseases of the head. Although neurologic examination should focus on assessing behavior, mental status, and cranial nerve evaluation, evaluation of neurologic function of other body regions should be performed. Neurologic evaluation of the head can be performed expediently by practitioners to provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information. The numerous causes of dysphagia can be classified as obstructive, painful, or neurogenic. Common causes of neurogenic dysphagia are summarized, and methods for initial diagnosis and management ...
Maturation of insulin and glucose responses to normal feeding in foals. Postprandial insulin and glucose concentrations were measured in 3 Arabian and 3 Thoroughbred foals at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months of age. Prefeeding serum insulin concentrations were similar in foals at 1 day (25.9 +/- 5.1 pmol/L), 1 week (32.4 +/- 5.8 pmol/L), and 1 month (38.2 +/- 7.9 pmol/L), but had increased significantly to 131.0 +/- 20.2 pmol/L at 3 months of age (P < 0.05). There was significantly increased serum insulin secretion after a feed in foals at 3 months of age (P < 0.05) when compared with that at younger ages. Prefeeding serum glucose concentrations ranged fr...
Miscellaneous conditions of the equine head. Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is associated with horses that are fed diets with an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus or diets containing oxalates. Clinical signs include a shifting lameness, with tenderness of the joints, reluctance to move, or a stiff, stilted gait. Some horses may have broadening of the nasal bones, enlargement of the maxilla and/or the mandible, or a ridge over the nasal bones. Diagnosis may include physical examination findings; analysis of feed; and clinical pathologic data, which may include normocalcemia, normal to increased serum phosphorus, and increased...
Paranasal sinuses. Numerous conditions, including trauma, infection, neoplasia, and developmental problems, can affect the paranasal sinuses. Successful resolution of these problems is predicated upon a thorough diagnostic workup to ensure the most accurate presumptive diagnosis. Surgical intervention is enhanced by using approaches that allow wide access to sinus compartments. Rigorous postoperative management is also important to a successful outcome.
Effect of influenza A/equine/H3N8 virus isolate variation on the measurement of equine antibody responses. This study has tested the effect of using homologous or heterologous equine influenza A virus isolates to evaluate serum antibody levels to influenza A virus in vaccinated and naturally-infected horses. In addition, the potential effect of antigenic selection of virus variants in egg versus tissue culture propagation systems was studied. Serum antibody levels in samples from horses recently infected with a local influenza A virus isolate (A/equine 2/Saskatoon/1/90) or recently vaccinated with a prototype isolate (A/equine 2/Miami/1/63) were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition and by single...
Clinical view of disturbances in equine foetal maturation. This review summarises comparative aspects of equine pregnancy and birth. The allantochorion covers the entire endometrial surface of the mare's uterus and the placenta is microcotyledonary and epitheliochorial in structure. The foetus has, therefore, to pass through the allantochorion at birth. The umbilical cord has amniotic and allantoic portions and remains intact after delivery, enabling an arterial venous circulation to be maintained for several minutes. Maternal IgG does not cross the placental barrier and passive transfer post-natally is essential for immune status. Gestation in Thorou...
The identification of equid herpesvirus 1 in paraffin-embedded tissues from aborted fetuses by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Paraffin-embedded organ samples from 28 aborted fetuses and three foals, partly archival and partly sampled in 1991, were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry for the presence of DNA and antigens, respectively, specific for equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1). Virologic examination had been performed on 23 of the aborted fetuses. DNA fragments specific for EHV-1 were identified by PCR, and EHV-1 antigens were identified in situ by immunohistochemistry, with an agreement between the methods of 94% (kappa = 0.85). Compared with virus isolation, PCR agreement was 87% (kap...
Clostridium septicum septicemia in a neonatal foal with hemorrhagic enteritis. Clostridium septicum was isolated by anaerobic culture of blood collected from a 3-day-old foal with hemorrhagic enteritis and signs suggestive of septicemia. The foal responded well to treatment with intravenous fluids, antibiotics, plasma, and oral gastrointestinal protectants. One month after apparent complete recovery from the septicemia and hemorrhagic enteritis, the foal was euthanized during an acute episode of colic that was caused by severe, strangulating intestinal adhesions, thought to have formed as a result of peritonitis secondary to the hemorrhagic enteritis. The value of anaero...
Serological titers of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis associated with gastro-intestinal disorders and serological follow-up on two endemic farms. The purpose of this work was to study the association of positive serological titers to Ehrlichia risticii, the causative agent of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (EME) with gastro-intestinal disorders in hospitalized horses referred to The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital (OSU VMTH). In addition, serological titers for E. risticii were monitored in two horse populations with endemic EME for one season to monitor temporal changes in titers. A statistically significant difference was found between the proportion of the total hospitalized horse population pres...
Diseases of the nasal cavity. Conditions of this portion of the respiratory tract are relatively uncommon. This article reviews these conditions and discusses the different modes of therapy. The conditions covered are redundant alar folds, diseases of the nasal septum, fungal infections, neoplasms, nasal polyps, and ethmoid hematomas. The different surgical approaches to the nasal cavity are reviewed, and surgery of removal of the nasal septum and the alar fold are described.
Duodenal perforations and gastric ulcers in foals. The history, clinical signs, post mortem and histopathological findings from two foals with perforating gastroduodenal ulcers and one foal with a non-perforating gastric ulcer are compared with those of other species with similar lesions. Two of the foals had several erosions in the oesophageal mucosa and the condition had been associated with strictures in the duodenum. The cause of the disease remains obscure but a possible connection with stress has been suggested.
