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Topic:Diagnosis
Diagnosis in horses involves the systematic identification of diseases and conditions affecting equine health. This process relies on a combination of clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, imaging techniques, and other diagnostic tools to assess the health status of horses. Veterinarians utilize these methods to identify symptoms, determine the underlying causes of health issues, and formulate appropriate treatment plans. Diagnostic procedures in equine medicine can include blood tests, ultrasound, radiography, endoscopy, and more specialized tests such as genetic screening or advanced imaging modalities like MRI and CT scans. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various diagnostic techniques, their applications, and advancements in the field of equine veterinary medicine.
[A serological study of the contagious equine metritis: comparison between indirect immunofluorescence, slow agglutination and complement fixation techniques (author’s transl)]. Serological response of pony mares to contagious equine metritis is studied comparing three techniques: slow agglutination, complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescence. Sera were taken from pony mares vaccinated with a heat inactivated suspension of Haemophilus equigenitalis, from experimentally-infected pony mares and from healthy horses. All three reactions detected antibodies in vaccinated and infected animals. The highest titers are observed with vaccinated mares. Titers are low in infected animals. Antibodies detected by indirect immunofluorescence appeared sooner and persisted lo...
Volume of the synovia in certain joint cavities in the horse. A method of determining the volumes of synovia in certain articular cavities in the horse is described. The method is based on the degree of dilution of human serum albumin labelled with I that is injected into the joint. It is shown that uniform distribution of the injected substance is attained within 20 min post injection. The elimination of the labelled substance was found to follow the pattern of a single exponential function. The following volumes of synovia were determined (mean ± s) : hock, 39.8 ± 2.1 ml; radio-carpal, 12.6 ±1.5 ml; intercarpal, 14.9 ± 0.6 ml; foreleg fetlock joint...
Ultrastructural observations in ponies after treatment with monensin. Ultrastructural studies were made of myocardium, diaphragm, appendicular muscle, liver, and kidney of 3 ponies acutely poisoned with a single oral dose of monensin (4 mg/kg of body weight). These ponies developed severe signs of toxicosis and were killed 28 to 72 hours after treatment. Severe mitochondrial damage (swelling) and lipoidosis in myocardial tissues were observed in 2 of the 3 ponies; similar, but less severe, changes were observed in the 3rd pony. The hepatocytes of the 3 ponies were characterized by increased amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, large numbers of lipid droplets...
Ischaemic myocardial fibrosis and aortic strongylosis in the horse. The hearts and aortas of 2076 unselected horses of all ages were examined immediately after slaughter. Focal zones of fibrosis, observed in the myocardium of 14.3 per cent of hearts examined, were found in both atria and ventricles and were unrelated to age. Microscopically the majority of lesions involved myocardial fibre lysis and replacement fibrosis, although acute infarction was present in some cases. Intramyocardial arterioles in or adjacent to the lesions exhibited occlusive arteriosclerotic changes whereas those elsewhere remained patent. The evidence strongly suggests that the myocard...
A method of electro-acupuncture treatment for equine intestinal impaction. A method of electro-acupuncture for treatment of intestinal impaction of the horse was reported. The unique technique of the treatment includes deep needle insertion and the "triple tetanic treatment." Possible mechanism of this form of treatment was discussed.
Problems associated with the use of radiography in the examination of a horse for a purchaser. The radiography of horses on behalf of a purchaser has become an inevitable part of a veterinarian's work. Radiography should, in theory, pose no more problems than a general clinical examination. In practice, difficulties arise when insufficient or inadequate films are taken or the films are misinterpreted. Radiographs of a diagnostic quality need to be taken and interpreted by a veterinarian who is reasonably well versed in radiological interpretation. Occasionally a lesion will be overlooked or misinterpreted and the radiographs will be retained so that the veterinarian's judgement can be c...
A negative serological relationship between cases of grass sickness in Scotland and Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin. In an attempt to compare the equine grass sickness as reported in Europe with that described in the Republic of Colombia, sera from horses experiencing grass sickness in Scotland were used in neutralisation tests with Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin. The sera, from acute and chronic cases of the disease, failed to neutralise either crude or partially-purified enterotoxin. Neither were precipitin lines formed when the sera were treated against the toxin in immunoelectrophoresis. These results suggest that grass sickness in Europe and the equine disease in Colombia have a different ae...
Susceptibility of Haemophilus equigenitalis, the causal agent of contagious equine metritis, to 31 antimicrobial agents. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 31 antimicrobial agents were determined for 99 isolates of Haemophilus equigenitalis by the agar dilution method. All the isolates showed good susceptibility to 26 antimicrobial agents tests, minimal inhibitory concentrations of which were less than 3.13 micrograms/ml for more than 90% of the isolates. Of these agents, 4 macrolides (erythromycin, oleandomycin, kitasamycin, tylosin), 3 tetracyclines (tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline), 1 peptide (colistin), 1 penicillin (ampicillin) and 1 pleuromutilin (tiamulin) were the most active agent...
Hemagglutination of several strains of equine infectious anemia virus. Six strains of equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus propagated in equine leukocyte cultures were found to agglutinate horse erythrocytes. Concentrated virus material containing about 20 units of complement fixation (CF) titer showed hemagglutinating (HA) titers ranging from 4 to 8 units. The HA activity remained stable after ether treatment and was reduced by trypsin, formaldehyde and KIO4. Cesium chloride equilibrium density gradient centrifugation revealed two populations of hemagglutinin, one in the density range of 1.15-1.16 g/ml coinciding with a peak of CF antigen and the other at round ...
Regional pulmonary perfusion in horses: a comparison between anaesthetised and conscious standing animals. The regional perfusion to the lungs of 14 ponies was studied using radioactively labelled microspheres injected intravenously. It was found that within half an hour of induction of anaesthesia the perfusion to the dependent lung had decreased significantly from the values in the standing animal. When anaesthesia was maintained for more than two and a half hours, however, the lung perfusions were not significantly different from the standing values when the animals were lying in lateral or supine recumbency.
[Practolol test for adrenergic beta receptor blockade in veterinary electrocardiographic diagnosis]. The receptor theory of the action of catecholamines as well as the synthesis and production of beta-adrenolytics gave new perspectives for the treatment of circulatory diseases and enabled to use the beta-adrenergic blockade in electrocardiographic diagnosis. The aim of this work was to study whether it is possible to modify the oral method of administration used in human beings, into intravenous one, and what an information could be obtained as to actual heart condition after practolol injection. The results can be summarized as follows:--Practolol-Polfa injected intravenously in amounts of 3...
A survey of post mortem findings in 480 horses 1958 to 1980: (2) disease processes not directly related to the cause of death. Disease processes not directly related to the cause of death recorded in 480 consecutive post mortem examinations of horses performed at the department of pathology, Veterinary Field Station, University of Liverpool, between February 1958 and February 1980 are reported. The alimentary, cardiovascular, respiratory and locomotor systems were those most frequently diseased. The most common specific entities were those associated with endoparasitism and its associated vascular lesions, pneumonia and fractures.
Contagious equine metritis: effect of vaccination on control of the disease. Pony mares were vaccinated with killed contagious equine metritis (CEM) bacteria by IV, subcutaneous, and intrauterine (IU) routes (or a combination of these routes). The serum agglutinating antibody titer varied from 1:64 to 1:1,024 after vaccination. In pony mares challenge exposed with 96-hour-old culture of CEM bacteria given by IU route, there were clinical signs of CEM, but these signs were less severe in vaccinated mares than in nonvaccinated mares. The bacterium was isolated for the exudate and from uterine samples collected from the mares after challenge exposure. A low titer of IU an...
[Contagious equine metritis 1977 (CEM). A review (author’s transl)]. The properties of the bacterium, symptoms, post-mortem findings, diagnosis, therapy, control, prevention and epizootiology of contagious equine metritis 1977 (CEM) are reviewed. This disease was previously diagnosed in most of the countries surrounding the Netherlands, but has not been reported so far in the Netherlands. On the analogy of the serum adopted in other countries, a code of practice was developed to prevent and control this disease when it is diagnosed.
Lymphocyte transformation test in veterinary clinical immunology. Lymphocyte transformation test is a powerful tool in laboratory testing of immunologic competence of animals. The impaired function of the lymphocytes or presence of mitogenesis suppressing factors in the patient serum were detected by comparing lymphocyte transformation (expressed as thymidine incorporation) obtained in media containing either autologous, homologous, or fetal calf serum additions. Most valuable results were obtained by using at least two, preferably three, different phytomitogens: concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at optimal concentr...
[Disseminated intravascular coagulation in colitis X. Coincidence or part of the syndrome? (author’s transl)]. The course run by the disease is described in a horse which showed the symptom complex of colitis X following treatment with oxytetracycline. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was also observed in this horse. The possibility of disseminated intravascular coagulation being part of colitis X is discussed.
[Some clinical biochemical features of ‘tying up’ in horses (author’s transl)]. The changes in the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in de blood of thirty-three horses with 'tying up' were compared. The extent to which the serum enzymes LDH, CPK and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and the changes in the activities of these enzymes after suitable labour can be used in the diagnosis of 'tying up' and in following the recovery of patients was studied.
Studies on the physiopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the horse. III. The intrathoracic pressure. The intrathoracic pressure was determined by direct intrapleural cannulation in 17 clinically normal horses and 14 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There were significant differences between the normal and COPD horses with regard to max. Ppl and max. delta Ppl. The mean values for minimum Ppl of the 2 groups of subjects were not significantly different. The results were discussed in relation to those of other workers.
Effects of copper pretreatment upon toxicity of selenium in ponies. Thirty-four adult ponies were used to determine the effects of single oral doses of copper (Cu) supplements (0, 20, and 40 mg of Cu/kg of body weight) on the toxicity of oral doses of selenium (Se) supplements (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 mg of Se/kg of body weight) administered 24 hours after the copper was given. Signs of Se toxicosis-sweating, diarrhea, tachycardia, tachypnea, mild pyrexia, lethargy, and colic-developed in ponies given 6 and 8 mg of Se/kg of body weight without Cu pretreatment. Two of 4 ponies given 6 mg of Se/kg and both ponies given 8 mg of Se/kg without Cu pretreatment died within...
Warfarin anticoagulation in the horse. The hematologic and clinical effects of anticoagulation with warfarin were documented in 4 horses. All of the animals had thrombophlebitis (external jugular vein). Measures of coagulation were monitored, with a prothrombin time of 1.5 to 2.5 x base-line value being used as the effective range of anticoagulation. Recanalization was achieved in 2 of 4 cases. Hemorrhage, both subcutaneous and through a surgical incision, was a complication. Vitamin K1, an antidote to warfarin toxicosis, was administered intravenously to reverse anticoagulation and to control hemorrhage.
