Disease treatment in horses encompasses a range of medical interventions and management strategies aimed at addressing various health conditions affecting equine species. These treatments can include pharmacological approaches, such as the administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiparasitic medications, as well as non-pharmacological methods like physical therapy, dietary adjustments, and surgical procedures. The selection of appropriate treatments depends on the specific disease, its severity, and the individual needs of the horse. This topic brings together peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the efficacy, safety, and advancements in therapeutic options for equine diseases, providing insights into best practices and emerging trends in equine veterinary medicine.
Trachsel DS, Grenacher B, Schwarzwald CC.Plasma atrial/A-type natriuretic peptide concentration (CpANP) was measured in horses presenting with various heart diseases to assess its potential diagnostic value. Methods: Fifteen healthy horses (Group 1) and 60 horses with various heart diseases associated with normal chamber size and function (Group 2, n = 24), associated with abnormal left atrial (LA) size and/or function but normal left ventricle (LV) (Group 3, n = 19), or associated with both abnormal LA and LV size and/or function (Group 4, n = 17). Methods: CpANP was measured by a commercially available radioimmunoassay. Echoc...
Scharner D, Bankert J, Brehm W.The examination of patients suffering from an acute abdomen routinely comprises both clinical and rectal examinations, and is ever more frequently accompanied by an ultrasonographic abdominal examination. The aim of the study was to compare the findings as defined through rectal examination with the results of the ultrasonographic examination for different forms of colic. Methods: In a retrospective study, the patient records of the Large Animal Clinic of the University of Leipzig from 2012 and 2013 were analysed, and those of horses suffering from colic were included. Diagnoses made through r...
Sallé G, Cabaret J.In-depth knowledge of the use of anthelminthics in the field, especially by veterinarians, is required to design more sustainable parasite control strategies. Methods: An online survey was sent by e-mail to 940 equine veterinary practitioners to describe their equine practice, their awareness about parasites and the management strategies they apply. Results: Gastrointestinal parasites were generally considered (68%) as an issue of moderate importance. Drug efficacy failure was a minor or moderate issue for 47% and 48% of responders, respectively. Parasite management mostly relied on the use of...
General anaesthesia in horses is associated with elevated mortality rate in subjects suffering of heaves. Target-controlled infusion (TCI) of sedative-hypnotic medications and opioids represents a total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) method validated in veterinary medicine. Since there are no data concerning the impact of these classes of drugs in inducing bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in horses, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect propofol and remifentanil on the contractile response of equine airway smooth muscle. The influence of propofol and remifentanil on the contra...
Bockisch F, Aboling S, Coenen M, Vervuert I.Vitamin-D intoxication by yellow oat grass is often reported under the syndrome of enzootic calcinosis in ruminants in the upper regions of the Alps. The intake of Trisetum flavescens in ruminants and horses induces calcification of soft tissue, including vessels, tendons and ligaments, lung, heart and kidneys. Clinical symptoms, including a reluctance to move, inappetence, body-weight loss and impaired organ function, are frequently observed. To date, there are only a very few case reports about yellow-oat-grass intoxication in horses. The present case report describes Vitamin-D intoxication ...
Stieler AL, Sanchez LC, Mallicote MF, Martabano BB, Burrow JA, MacKay RJ.The mechanism of hyperthermia, a potentially fatal adverse effect of erythromycin treatment of foals, is unknown. Objective: To determine the cause of erythromycin-associated hyperthermia. It was hypothesised that the normal sweat response of foals is impaired by treatment with erythromycin. Methods: Blinded, crossover study in 10 healthy pony foals. Methods: Foals kept in stalls were given either erythromycin (25 mg/kg bwt orally, 3 times daily) or control for 10 days then turned out for a further 10 days. Quantitative intradermal terbutaline sweat tests were performed on Days 1 (baseline)...
Mansur F, Luoga W, Buttle DJ, Duce IR, Lowe AE, Behnke JM.Papaya latex has been demonstrated to be an efficacious anthelmintic against murine, porcine, ovine and canine nematode parasites, and even those infecting poultry, and it has some efficacy against rodent cestodes. The active ingredients of papaya latex are known to be cysteine proteinases (CPs). The experiments described in this paper indicate that CPs in papaya latex, and also those in pineapples, are highly efficacious against the equine cestode Anoplocephala perfoliata in vitro, by causing a significant reduction in motility leading to death of the worms. The susceptibility of A. perfoliat...
Walsh M, Fais S, Spugnini EP, Harguindey S, Abu Izneid T, Scacco L, Williams P, Allegrucci C, Rauch C, Omran Z.The treatment of cancer presents a clinical challenge both in human and veterinary medicine. Chemotherapy protocols require the use of toxic drugs that are not always specific, do not selectively target cancerous cells thus resulting in many side effects. A recent therapeutic approach takes advantage of the altered acidity of the tumour microenvironment by using proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to block the hydrogen transport out of the cell. The alteration of the extracellular pH kills tumour cells, reverses drug resistance, and reduces cancer metastasis. Human clinical trials have prompted to c...
Dawson C, Dixon J, Lam R, Priestnall SL, Escanilla N.To describe the differential diagnoses, investigation, and management of a periocular swelling close to the nasolacrimal duct in a horse that was consistent with a nasolacrimal duct dacryops (lacrimal cyst). A 16-year-old gelding, Connemara cross presented with a history of a periocular swelling rostroventral medial to the right eye that had been sampled by the referring veterinary surgeon. A cystic lesion was diagnosed following standing computed tomography. Surgical removal of the cystic lesion was performed, and the tissue was submitted for histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinatio...
Oyarzun-Ampuero F, Vidal A, Concha M, Morales J, Orellana S, Moreno-Villoslada I.The treatment of skin wounds represents an important research area due to the important physiological and aesthetic role of this tissue. During the last years, nanoparticles have emerged as important platforms to treat skin wounds. Silver, gold, and copper nanoparticles, as well as titanium and zinc oxide nanoparticles, have shown potential therapeutic effects on wound healing. Due to their specific characteristics, nanoparticles such as nanocapsules, polymersomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanocomplexes are ideal vehicles to improve the effect of drugs (antibiotics, growth fact...
Villas-Boas JD, Dias DP, Trigo PI, Almeida NA, de Almeida FQ, de Medeiros MA.Startle is a fast response elicited by sudden acoustic, tactile, or visual stimuli in a variety of animals and in humans. As the magnitude of startle response can be modulated by external and internal variables, it can be a useful tool to study reaction to stress. Our study evaluated whether acupuncture can change cardiac autonomic modulation (heart rate variability); and behavioural (reactivity) and endocrine (cortisol levels) parameters in response to startle. Brazilian Sport horses (n = 6) were subjected to a model of startle in which an umbrella was abruptly opened near the horse. Before s...
Gardner AK, Kelly CS, van Eps AW, Burns TA, Watts MR, Belknap JK.In sepsis models, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are reported to incite inflammatory injury to tissues and are purported to be a therapeutic target. Objective: To assess MAPK signalling in lamellae in sepsis-related laminitis (SRL) at different time points after induction of laminitis via carbohydrate overload, and to determine the effect of regional deep hypothermia (RDH) on MAPK signalling. Methods: In vitro study using archived tissue samples. Methods: Lamellar concentrations of MAPKs were assessed in archived lamellar samples from 2 studies: 1) the starch gruel model of SRL with...
Willsallen H, Yang PJ, Jacobs KA.This case report describes the accidental intramuscular administration of 20 mL Gudair® vaccine to a 7-year-old Standardbred mare and successful treatment of the resulting inflammatory reaction by radical surgical resection.
Beasley A, Coleman G, Kotze AC.There have been several international reports of macrocyclic lactone (ML)-resistant Parascaris equorum over the past decade, but the resistance status of Australian P. equorum populations is largely unknown. A case of apparent reduced efficacy of ivermectin against P. equorum in Australia was investigated. Results: A faecal egg count reduction test carried out on a group of weanling foals in south-east Queensland showed the efficacy of ivermectin to be 65%. Conclusions: The case highlights the need to review current worm control strategies, especially for young horses.
Laverty G, McCloskey AP, Gorman SP, Gilmore BF.The threat of antimicrobial resistance has placed increasing emphasis on the development of innovative approaches to eradicate multidrug-resistant pathogens. Biofilm-forming microorganisms, for example, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, are responsible for increased incidence of biomaterial infection, extended hospital stays and patient morbidity and mortality. This paper highlights the potential of ultrashort tetra-peptide conjugated to hydrophobic cinnamic acid derivatives. These peptidomimetic molecules demonstrate selective and highly potent activity against resistant b...
Badial PR, Tallmadge RL, Miller S, Stokol T, Richards K, Borges AS, Felippe MJ.Mature B cell neoplasms cover a spectrum of diseases involving lymphoid tissues (lymphoma) or blood (leukemia), with an overlap between these two presentations. Previous studies describing equine lymphoid neoplasias have not included analyses of clonality using molecular techniques. The objective of this study was to use molecular techniques to advance the classification of B cell lymphoproliferative diseases in five adult equine patients with a rare condition of monoclonal gammopathy, B cell leukemia, and concurrent lymphadenopathy (lymphoma/leukemia). The B cell neoplasms were phenotypically...
Seyedmousavi S, Guillot J, Arné P, de Hoog GS, Mouton JW, Melchers WJ, Verweij PE.The importance of aspergillosis in humans and various animal species has increased over the last decades. Aspergillus species are found worldwide in humans and in almost all domestic animals and birds as well as in many wild species, causing a wide range of diseases from localized infections to fatal disseminated diseases, as well as allergic responses to inhaled conidia. Some prevalent forms of animal aspergillosis are invasive fatal infections in sea fan corals, stonebrood mummification in honey bees, pulmonary and air sac infection in birds, mycotic abortion and mammary gland infections in ...
Lustgarten M, Redding WR, Labens R, Davis W, Daniel TM, Griffith E, Seiler GS.Compression elastography is an ultrasonographic technique that estimates tissue strain and may have utility in diagnosing and monitoring soft tissue injuries in the equine athlete. Recently, elastography has been proven to be a feasible and repeatable imaging modality for evaluating normal tendons and ligaments of the equine distal forelimb. The purposes of this prospective study were to investigate the ability of elastography to detect spontaneously occurring lesions of equine tendons and ligaments diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and gray-scale ultrasound (US) and to character...
Rettig MJ, Leelamankong P, Rungsri P, Lischer CJ.Diagnostic analgesia is an integral part of equine lameness examinations, but is challenging to perform in uncooperative horses. Using sedation to facilitate this might, because of analgesic and ataxia-inducing effects, interfere with lameness evaluation. Objective: To evaluate whether sedation with low-dose xylazine would alter lameness amplitude as measured by body-mounted inertial sensors. Methods: Controlled experiment. Methods: Forty-four horses were randomly split into 2 groups. Lameness was measured using body-mounted inertial sensors before and after injection of xylazine (0.3 mg/kg b...
Chatfield JA, Dewell R, Miranda AJ, Wilcox S, Vannieuwenhoven TJ.To describe on-site veterinary medical care for working dogs and horses deployed for the 2012 Republican National Convention (RNC) in Tampa, Fla, August 24 to 30, 2012. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 130 dogs and 45 horses. Methods: Data collected included breed, age, history, task assignment, reason for evaluation, and physical examination findings. A patient encounter report was recorded each time an animal was seen by veterinary staff for a physical evaluation. Results: 46 of the 130 (35%) dogs and all 45 (100%) horses underwent at least 1 on-site veterinary evaluation, for a ...
Toombs-Ruane LJ, Riley CB, Kendall AT, Bolwell CF, Benschop J, Rosanowski SM.Decreased efficacy of antimicrobials and increased prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) is of concern worldwide. Objective: To describe and analyze bacterial culture and antimicrobial susceptibilities from respiratory samples submitted from young horses (4 weeks to 3 years old). Methods: Samples from 289 horses were submitted to a commercial laboratory. Methods: A retrospective database search of submissions made to a New Zealand veterinary laboratory between April 2004 and July 2014. The results of in vitro susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion were described and tabulat...
Lyskova P, Hubka V, Petricakova A, Dobias R, Cmokova A, Kolarik M.Trichophyton bullosum is a zoophilic dermatophyte from the Arthroderma benhamiae complex with a poorly known distribution. In this study, we report a case of dermatophytosis caused by T. bullosum in a 6-year-old male horse who had a skin lesion located in a saddle area. The infection spread rapidly to the upper chest and to both sides of the trunk. The dermatophyte was isolated in culture and identified by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS rDNA). To date, this is the first verified case of animal infection due to T. bullosum in Europe following the 2012 report o...
Explore (New York, N.Y.)August 20, 2015
Volume 11, Issue 6 461-467 doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2015.08.003
Alfonso SV, Alfonso LA, Llabre MM, Fernandez MI.Although there is evidence supporting the use of equine-assisted activities to treat mental disorders, its efficacy in reducing signs and symptoms of social anxiety in young women has not been examined. Methods: We developed and pilot tested Project Stride, a brief, six-session intervention combining equine-assisted activities and cognitive-behavioral strategies to reduce symptoms of social anxiety. A total of 12 women, 18-29 years of age, were randomly assigned to Project Stride or a no-treatment control. Participants completed the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale at baseline, immediate-post, a...
Nielsen MK, Donoghue EM, Stephens ML, Stowe CJ, Donecker JM, Fenger CK.Parascaris spp. infections can lead to life-threatening small intestinal impactions in foals. Currently available diagnostic techniques cannot estimate the magnitude of an ascarid burden, and hence identify foals potentially at risk of developing impactions. Objective: To describe and evaluate an ultrasonographic transabdominal scoring technique for monitoring of ascarid burdens in foals and to perform a cost-benefit analysis of the application of this technique. Methods: A transabdominal ultrasonographic technique was validated against ascarid worm counts from 10 foals aged 162-294 days. In a...
Ravel S, Mediannikov O, Bossard G, Desquesnes M, Cuny G, Davoust B.In Senegal, several areas provide great potential for agriculture and animal production, but African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is one of the major constraints to the development of more effective livestock production systems. A study was conducted to assess the current situation of AAT in this country. Surveys were carried out between June 2011 and September 2012 in four different areas: Dakar, Sine Saloum, Kedougou region and Basse Casamance in several animal species: dogs (152), donkeys (23), horses (63), sheep (43), goats (52) and cattle (104), distributed in the four sites. Molecular too...
Prescott JF, Coshan-Gauthier R, Barksdale L.Antibody to equi factor(s) in cases of Corynebacterium equi pneumonia in foals was detected using C. pseudotuberculosis exotoxin sensitized calf red blood cells. The test was standardized using antitoxin produced in rabbits by injection of equi factor(s). All sera from ten foals with culture-diagnosed C. equi pneumonia had antibodies to equi factor(s) (titre range 8-256, mean 74.0) and nine sera from 11 foals with suspected C. equi pneumonia also showed antibodies (titre range 4-512, mean 136.4). Two of five pneumonia foals with transtracheal aspirate cultures not yielding C. equi had such ant...
Barba M, Daly JM.Equine influenza virus remains a serious health and potential economic problem throughout most parts of the world, despite intensive vaccination programs in some horse populations. The influenza non-structural protein 1 (NS1) has multiple functions involved in the regulation of several cellular and viral processes during influenza infection. We review the strategies that NS1 uses to facilitate virus replication and inhibit antiviral responses in the host, including sequestering of double-stranded RNA, direct modulation of protein kinase R activity and inhibition of transcription and translatio...
Brys M, Claerebout E, Chiers K.Chronic progressive lymphedema (CPL) in draft horses is characterized by increased dermal thickness and fibrosis, with the development of skinfolds and nodules, hyperkeratosis, and ulcerations on the distal limbs of affected horses. Secondary bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections frequently complicate and aggravate the lesions, as well as the progression of this disease. CPL has a particularly high prevalence of up to 85.86% in the Belgian draft horse breed. Due to the disease's progressive and incurable nature, affected horses are often euthanized prematurely. The treatment options are s...
Bourebaba L, Serwotka-Suszczak A, Pielok A, Sikora M, Mularczyk M, Marycz K.Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a multifactorial pathology gathering insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation and past or chronic laminitis. Among the several molecular mechanisms underlying EMS pathogenesis, increased negative insulin signalling regulation mediated by protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B) has emerged as a critical axis in the development of liver insulin resistance and general metabolic distress associated to increased ER stress, inflammation and disrupted autophagy. Thus, the use of PTP1B selective inhibitors such as MSI-1436 might be considered as a golden therapeut...
Carmalt JL, Wilson DG.To report arthroscopic debridement and lavage of a septic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in a horse. Methods: Clinical case report. Methods: A 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare. Methods: Arthroscopic investigation of the dorsal joint pouch of the right TMJ was made through a stab incision into the dorsocaudal compartment. Mechanized resection of synovium and fibrinous debris combined with copious lavage, and intra-articular and systemic antibiotic administration was used to treat the septic TMJ. Results: Arthroscopic debridement and lavage of the TMJ, in combination with intra-articular and systemi...
Becht JL, Byars TD.Gastroduodenal ulceration is becoming recognised as an important disease in foals during the first few months of life. Aetiopathogenesis is presumed to be similar to peptic disease in humans associated with back diffusion of hydrogen ions into the mucosa. Many factors have been incriminated as predisposing foals to ulceration but few have been proven. To date, use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents has been the only documented cause of gastroduodenal ulceration in foals. The clustering of affected foals on certain farms suggests an infectious aetiology but attempts to identify a causati...
Lee JY, Na HJ, Kim HM, Lee SC, Lee JY, Chung CP, Seol YJ, Park YJ.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of equine-derived bone matrix as a carrier for recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor BB (rhPDGF-BB) versus beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) for the treatment of intraosseous periodontal defects in adult patients. This study was performed on 32 adults with advanced periodontal disease. Eligible subjects were randomized in 1:1 ratio into a test (rhPDGF-BB-coated equine-derived bone matrix) or control group (rhPDGF-BB-coated β-TCP). Probing pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession (GR), a...
McClure SR, Van Sickle D, White MR.Extracorporeal shock waves have been used for 30 years to fragment uroliths for nonsurgical treatment for urolithiasis in humans. Applied to bone, shock waves delivered at the appropriate energy and pulse number, can stimulate osteogenesis. In Europe, shock waves are routinely used to treat nonunions in humans despite poor understanding of the mechanism of action. Shock wave therapy has also been used clinically in horses. Preliminary experimental studies indicate that shock wave therapy does not damage soft tissue in the distal aspect of the equine limb and can stimulate osteogenesis througho...
Sievert M, Schuler G, Büttner K, Wehrend A.The timely diagnosis of abnormalities in the passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins is important for the health and development of newborn foals. This study investigated three different methods for measuring immunoglobulin G concentration in neonatal foals. Comparison of a commercial SNAP assay, total protein concentration determination, and total globulin calculation by subtracting the albumin fraction from total protein as an indirect parameter was performed on a quantitative ELISA, which served as a reference method. The study included 119 samples from 148 foals between the age of 1 ...
Divers TJ, Grice AL, Mohammed HO, Glaser AL, Wagner B.Changes in ELISA serology are frequently used to determine antibiotic treatment success for Lyme disease in horses. This concept was based upon a previous report showing a marked decline in ELISA values in experimentally infected and antibiotic-treated ponies. Changes in Lyme serology following antibiotic treatment in naturally infected horses have not been reported. The objective of this study was to compare Borrelia ELISA antibody concentrations in naturally exposed horses both before and following antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease. A retrospective study was performed comparing oxytetrac...
Nieto JE, Spier S, Pipers FS, Stanley S, Aleman MR, Smith DC, Snyder JR.To compare effects of a commercially available omeprazole paste and a compounded omeprazole suspension on healing of gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred racehorses in active training. Methods: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: 32 horses with gastric ulcers. Methods: Horses were assigned to 2 groups on the basis of endoscopic gastric ulcer severity. Group-1 horses were treated with omeprazole suspension for 30 days and with omeprazole paste for an additional 30 days. Group-2 horses were treated with omeprazole paste for 30 days and omeprazole suspension for an additional 30 days. Serum omeprazol...
Kraus BM, Parente EJ, Tulleners EP.To evaluate efficacy and safety of laryngoplasty with vetriculectomy (VE) or ventriculocordectomy (VCE) for treatment of laryngeal hemiplegia (LH) in draft horses. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: One hundred four draft horses used for competitive hitch competitions. Methods: Medical records and postoperative endoscopy for competitive hitch draft horses diagnosed with left LH and treated with laryngoplasty and VE or VCE between January 1992 and December 2000 were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained from telephone interviews with owners and trainers, and performance scores of 1 t...
Krägeloh T, Cavalleri JMV, Ziegler J, Sander J, Terhardt M, Breves G, Cehak A.Intestinal absorption of hypoglycin A (HGA) and its metabolism are considered major prerequisites for atypical myopathy (AM). The increasing incidence and the high mortality rate of AM urgently necessitate new therapeutic and/or preventative approaches. Objective: To identify a substance for oral administration capable of binding HGA in the intestinal lumen and effectively reducing the intestinal absorption of the toxin. Methods: Experimental in vitro study. Methods: Substances commonly used in equine practice (activated charcoal composition, di-tri-octahedral smectite, mineral oil and activat...
Di Stefano DA, Andreasi Bassi M, Cinci L, Pieri L, Ammirabile G.While deproteinized bovine bone and bovine membranes have been well studied and can yield good results when used to treat bone defects and peri-implant dehiscences, enzymatically deantigenated equine bone and equine membranes have emerged as possible alternative biomaterials. The objective of this study was the clinical and histological assessment of such materials: equine bone granules, an equine collagen membrane and an equine pericardium membrane. Methods: Enzymatically deantigenated equine bone and an equine collagen membrane were used to restore a bone defect caused by the removal of a bo...
Leece EA, Corletto F, Brearley JC.To compare recovery times and quality following maintenance of anaesthesia with sevoflurane or isoflurane after a standard intravenous induction technique in horses undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods: Prospective, randomised, blinded clinical study. Animals One hundred ASA I/II horses undergoing MRI. Methods: Pre-anaesthetic medication with intravenous acepromazine and romifidine was followed by induction of anaesthesia with diazepam and ketamine. The animals were randomised into two groups to receive either sevoflurane or isoflurane in oxygen. Horses were subjectively scored...
Fernandez AS, Prescott JF, Nicholson VM.IgG was purified from horses immunized with repeated doses of virulence associated (VapA) enriched antigens extracted with Triton X-114 from the surface of a virulent strain of R. equi. This IgG were administered to mice immunosuppressed by prior treatment with indomethacin. Mice administered the higher dose were completely protected against intraperitoneal infection with R. equi; mice given the lower dose were partially protected. By contrast, mice administered concentrated nonimmune equine IgG were not protected. This study demonstrates that VapA may be an important antigen involved in humor...
Hug SA, Riond B, Schwarzwald CC.To evaluate the applicability and accuracy of a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in critically ill foals by comparing the performance of the CGMS, a point-of-care (POC) glucometer, and an in-house standard laboratory assay (SLA). Methods: Prospective study. Methods: University teaching hospital. Methods: Seven critically ill neonatal foals requiring intensive care. Methods: Foals were instrumented with a CGMS that measured interstitial glucose concentration every 5 minutes for the duration of 15-79 hours. Capillary and venous blood samples were taken every 4-6 hours for POC and SLA...
Shankarappa B, Dutta SK, Sanusi J, Mattingly BL.Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA), mediated by a monoclonal antibody designated HybI, was developed for the diagnosis of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Inhibition of binding of HybI by the horse antibodies to Ehrlichia risticii was optimum at dilutions of 1:20 for serum and 1:10,000 for HybI. Mean optical densities (ODs) of positive and negative sera were 0.158 and 0.855, respectively. A comparison of ODs obtained by CELISA and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicated a marked tendency of positive and negative samples to cluster separately with respect ...
Howard RD, McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW.Clinical signs, radiographic and arthroscopic findings, and outcome for 41 horses with subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle treated by arthroscopic surgery were reviewed. There were 17. Quarter Horses, 15 Arabians, 8 Thoroughbreds, and 1 Holsteiner, with 28 (68%) of the horses being 1 to 3 years old. For all horses, the owners' complaint was mild to moderate hind limb lameness or an altered gait. Bilateral radiographic abnormalities of the medial femoral condyle were detected in 27 horses. Nineteen of the 27 horses had lesions identified bilaterally at arthroscopic surgery....
Gahan J, Garvey M, Asmah Abd Samad R, Cullinane A.In August 2015, Malaysia experienced an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in racehorses. Clinical signs observed were consistent with equine influenza (EI) infection. The index cases were horses recently imported from New Zealand. Rapid control measures, including temporary cancellation of racing, were implemented to minimize the impact of the outbreak. By November, the disease outbreak was resolved, and movement restrictions were lifted. The aim of this study was to confirm the clinical diagnosis and characterize the causal virus. A pan-reactive influenza type A real-time RT-PCR was used ...
Penrod LV, Allen RE, Rhoads ML, Limesand SW, Arns MJ.Uterine inflammation results in a poor uterine environment and early embryonic loss in the mare due to an inhibition of maternal recognition of pregnancy caused from increased prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). Oxytocin binds to endometrial cell receptors to activate prostaglandin synthesis. An oxytocin receptor antagonist (Atosiban) and a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin) both decrease PGF2α production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of Atosiban and indomethacin on equine uterine prostaglandin secretion. Equine endometrial explants were harvested on day two of beh...
Gough S, Hallowell G, Rendle D.Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) is common in domesticated horses and can be challenging to treat. Oral omeprazole (ORLO) is used widely but the clinical response is frequently poor. Objective: To compare rates of EGGD healing and improvement between ORLO and a long-acting injectable omeprazole preparation (LAIO). Methods: Retrospective clinical study. Methods: The case records and gastroscopy images of horses presenting to masked for peer review over a 12-month period were reviewed, with images blindly assessed by one of the authors. Treatment responses to 4 mg/kg LAIO administered eve...
Lowe RC.Uveitis in the equine population of the UK does not appear to be as prevalent or disastrous as seen across regions of Europe and the USA. Some cases perceived to be recurrent uveitis may be poorly resolved single episodes of uveitis and care should be taken not to make the diagnosis of recurrence without ensuring effective control of the initial episode. Leptospira spp. appear to play only a minor role ERU in the UK which is probably the main reason for the prevalence of the disease being much lower compared to the USA and mainland Europe. Actual data are relatively few on the ground as far as...
Orsini JA, Parsons CS, Capewell L, Smith G.This retrospective study investigated the factors associated with a poor outcome (death by euthanasia or from other causes) in horses treated for laminitis at a tertiary care hospital. Cases (n = 247) were defined as patients with laminitis that were euthanized or that died of other causes during hospitalization. Controls (n = 344) were patients with laminitis that survived to be discharged from the hospital. In the final multivariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with an increased risk for death and their respective odds ratios (OR) were as follows: Thoroughbred (OR = 1.57); ...
Bermingham EC, Papich MG, Vivrette SL.To determine the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered IV and orally to foals. Methods: 5 clinically normal foals. Methods: A 2-dose cross-over trial with IV and oral administration was performed. Enrofloxacin was administered once IV (5 mg/kg of body weight) to 1-week-old foals, followed by 1 oral administration (10 mg/kg) after a 7-day washout period. Blood samples were collected for 48 hours after the single dose IV and oral administrations and analyzed for plasma enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: For IV administ...
Wu F, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Mo R, Yan F, Wang H, Wong G, Chi H, Wang T, Feng N, Gao Y, Xia X, Zhao Y, Yang S.Ebola virus infections lead to severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans and nonhuman primates; and human fatality rates are as high as 67%-90%. Since the Ebola virus was discovered in 1976, the only available treatments have been medical support or the emergency administration of experimental drugs. The absence of licensed vaccines and drugs against the Ebola virus impedes the prevention of viral infection. In this study, we generated recombinant baculoviruses (rBV) expressing the Sudan virus (SUDV) matrix structural protein (VP40) (rBV-VP40-VP40) or the SUDV glycoprotein (GP) (rBV-GP-GP), and SUDV...
Maia L, da Cruz Landim-Alvarenga F, Taffarel MO, de Moraes CN, Machado GF, Melo GD, Amorim RM.Recent studies have demonstrated numerous biological properties of mesenchymal stem cells and their potential application in treating complex diseases or injuries to tissues that have difficulty regenerating, such as those affecting the central and peripheral nervous system. Thus, therapies that use mesenchymal stem cells are promising because of their high capacity for self-regeneration, their low immunogenicity, and their paracrine, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects. In this context, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and s...
Byron CR, Barger AM, Stewart AA, Pondenis HC, Fan TM.To determine concentrations of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in equine chondrocytes and synoviocytes and to quantify changes in the OPG:RANKL ratio in response to exogenous factors. Methods: Samples of articular cartilage and synovium with grossly normal appearance obtained from metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of 5 adult (1- to 8-year-old) horses. Methods: Cell cultures of chondrocytes and synoviocytes were incubated with human recombinant interleukin-1beta (hrIL-1beta; 10 ng/mL), lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 microg/mL), ...
Barrandeguy M, Vissani A, Olguin C, Barbara G, Valenzuela H, Becerra L, Tordoya M, Miño S, Thiry E.Equine coital exanthema (ECE), caused by equid herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3), has been recognized as an economically significant venereal disease for years. However, no infection models on the natural host have been established. In order to set up an experimental infection protocol, seronegative and seropositive mares were topically inoculated in the perineal region with 4 × 10(6)TCID(50)/ml of EHV-3. Clinical signs were then evaluated by means of a designed scoring system, and body temperature was recorded daily. Virological, and serological studies were also performed. Typical ECE lesions, with cli...
Lillich JD, Rakestraw PC, Roussel AJ, Finley MR, Ganta S, Freeman LC.To determine whether ether-a-go-go (ERG) potassium channels are expressed in equine gastrointestinal smooth muscle, whether ERG channel antagonists affect jejunal muscle contraction in vitro, and whether plasma cisapride concentrations in horses administered treatment for postoperative ileus (POI) are consistent with ERG channels as drug targets. Methods: Samples of intestinal smooth muscle obtained from 8 horses free of gastrointestinal tract disease and plasma samples obtained from 3 horses administered cisapride for treatment of POI. Methods: Membranes were prepared from the seromuscular la...
