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Topic:Disease
The study of diseases in horses encompasses a wide range of conditions affecting equine health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic abnormalities. These diseases can impact various systems within the horse, such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems, and can lead to significant health challenges. Research in this area focuses on understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of equine diseases. Common diseases studied include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, and laminitis. This page provides access to peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies of diseases in horses, contributing to the advancement of equine veterinary medicine.
Acute myelogenous leukaemia in a mare. A 5-year-old Thoroughbred mare presented with a 4 week history of weight loss, fever and leukopenia. Rectally, a large active foetus, thickened spleen and an abdominal mass were palpated. Leukopenia, mild anaemia, marked thrombocytopenia and hyperfibrinogenaemia were found. Cytology and cytochemical staining of a bone marrow aspirate supported a diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukaemia. The mare deteriorated despite medical therapy and was humanely euthanased.
Expression of the nonstructural protein NS1 of equine influenza A virus: detection of anti-NS1 antibody in post infection equine sera. The nucleotide sequence of the nonstructural protein NS1 of the influenza virus A/equine 2/Suffolk/89 was determined and found to be 97% identical to that of A/equine 2/Miami/63. A similar level of identity was shown for the deduced NS1 amino acid sequence. The NS1 gene was expressed, in its entirety and in part, as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase using the pGEX-3X expression vector. Antibodies to NS1 protein were detected in serum samples from ponies experimentally infected with influenza virus, but not in animals vaccinated with whole inactivated virus or in unprimed control a...
Purification and characterization of a hemolysin produced by Vibrio mimicus. Vibrio mimicus is a causative agent of human gastroenteritis. This pathogen secretes a pore-forming toxin, V. mimicus hemolysin (VMH), which causes hemolysis by three sequential steps: binding to an erythrocyte membrane, formation of a transmembrane pore, and disruption of the cell membrane. VMH with a molecular mass of 63 kDa was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography with phenyl Sepharose HP and Superose 6 HR. The hemolytic reaction induced by VMH continued up to disruption of all erythrocytes in the assay system. Moreover, VMH that bound preliminarily to erythr...
Physeal form of the longbones of the foal. The possible relationship between physeal diseases and physeal form prompted investigation of change in steepness of the physis in young foals. The distal and proximal aspects of the longbones were sawn sagittally in the right and frontally in the left bones. The slabs were washed to remove saw debris, arranged in order and inspected. The proximal physes had a flat or gently arched form, without obvious inclination. In the distal physes there were distinct inclinations. Inspection of an identical slab from the medial aspect of the distal radius of two series of foals of different breeds showed...
The effects of ischemia and reperfusion on mucosal respiratory function, adenosine triphosphate, electrolyte, and water content in the ascending colon of ponies. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ischemia and reperfusion on the biochemical integrity of equine colonic mucosa to assess the relative roles of ischemic- and reperfusion-induced damage. Methods: Two hours of no-flow ischemia experimentally induced by 720 degrees counterclockwise ascending colon volvulus followed by 2 hours reperfusion after derotation. Methods: Ten ponies. Methods: Ascending colon biopsies were obtained every hour for measurement of mucosal adenosine triphosphate (ATP), water, sodium, and potassium content. Additional samples were homogenized for assay o...
Serodiagnosis of Babesia equi infection–a comparison of Dot-ELISA, complement fixation test and capillary tube agglutination test. The present study aimed to develop Dot-ELISA, complement fixation test (CFT) and capillary tube agglutination test (CAT) for serodiagnosis of Babesia equi infection and to compare their sensitivity with each other. For this study, sequential serum samples were collected from four donkeys experimentally infected with B. equi up to 90 days post infection (P.I.). B. equi antigen was prepared from the blood of a donkey showing more than 80% parasitaemia. Dot-ELISA, CF and CA tests were standardized as per the standard method. While performing CFT, it was observed that CFT standardized for the donk...
Detection and distribution of equine herpesvirus 2 DNA in the central and peripheral nervous systems of ponies. The distribution of equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) DNA within neurological and lymphoid tissues from 12 EHV-2 seropositive Welsh mountain ponies was determined by PCR. The lymphoid sites sampled in this study were almost universally PCR positive, thus confirming the existing virus co-cultivation data which suggest that the lymph nodes draining the respiratory tract are the main reservoirs of EHV-2 DNA. In addition, EHV-2 DNA was also detected, albeit with lower frequency, within both the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS) of these animals. Of the CNS sites sampled 11% were PCR-...
Herpesviral abortion in domestic animals. Abortion or neonatal disease may follow infection with several alpha, beta and gamma-herpesviruses. The alpha-herpesvirus, equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), causes single or epizootic abortions or neonatal deaths in equids, and the closely related virus EHV-4 causes sporadic equine abortions. In cattle, the alpha-herpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus) and bovine herpesvirus-5 (bovine encephalitis virus), and a gamma-herpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus-4, have all been implicated as causes of abortion. In pigs, suid herpesvirus-1 (SHV-1: pseudorabies virus), an alp...
Effect of antigen challenge on the activation of peripheral blood neutrophils from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The effect of antigen challenge on the state of activation of peripheral blood neutrophils from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been determined by measuring neutrophil superoxide anion formation. Prior to a seven-hour antigen challenge superoxide anion production by neutrophils from asymptomatic horses with COPD and normal horses in response to platelet activating factor (PAF) (with and without cytochalasin B), serum treated zymosan (STZ) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was similar. Agonist-induced superoxide production by neutrophils from symptomatic COPD and ...
Importance of sphingolipids and inhibitors of sphingolipid metabolism as components of animal diets. Sphingolipids are highly bioactive compounds that participate in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, diverse cell functions, and apoptosis. They are present in both plant and animal foods in appreciable amounts, but little is known about their nutritional significance. Recent studies have shown that feeding sphingomyelin to female CF1 mice treated with a colon carcinogen (1,2-dimethylhydrazine) reduced the number of aberrant colonic crypt foci; longer-term feeding also affected the appearance of colonic adenocarcinomas. Therefore, dietary sphingolipids should be considered in studi...
Cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of the major core protein (p26) from equine infectious anemia virus. The gene coding for the major core protein (p26) of the lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was cloned from EIAV infected serum, expressed in E. coli, and the resultant protein purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The protein was expressed in a soluble form and was purified by conventional protein separation methods. When analyzed by SDS-PAGE, under both reducing and non-reducing conditions, the purified protein migrated as a 26 kDa monomer. Recombinant p26 (rp26), therefore, does not contain any intermolecular disulfide bond. Gel filtration chromatography also indicated that ...
[Idiopathic pericardial effusion with tamponade in a Friesian gelding]. A 7-year-old Friesian gelding was referred to the Department of Large Animal Medicine and Nutrition of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine because of an inadequate response to treatment for vague symptoms of colic. An extensive physical examination showed there to be circulatory problems, with right-sided decompensation. Heart sounds were muffled on both sides of the thorax, and ECG showed a low voltage and variable amplitude of the QRS complex. Further investigations indicated idiopathic pericardial effusion. Pericardiocentesis was performed and supportive therapy started. Three weeks later th...
An outbreak of respiratory disease in horses associated with Mycoplasma felis infection. Lower respiratory tract disease developed in a group of racehorses in training between two and six years of age. Disease was observed in 22 of 25 horses for which full records were available. Seroconversion to Mycoplasma felis was demonstrated by indirect haemagglutination assay in 19 of 22 paired sera and high titres (> or = 64) were found in convalescent sera from the three remaining horses. Evidence of respiratory viral infection was confined to seroconversions to equine herpesvirus-4 in two of the horses. Tracheal wash samples, taken from four horses with visibly increased tracheal muco...
A novel family of viral death effector domain-containing molecules that inhibit both CD-95- and tumor necrosis factor receptor-1-induced apoptosis. Molluscum contagiosum virus proteins MC159 and MC160 and the equine herpesvirus 2 protein E8 share substantial homology to the death effector domain present in the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) and the initiating death protease FADD-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (FLICE) (caspase-8). FADD and FLICE participate in generating the death signal from both tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR-1) and the CD-95 receptor. The flow of death signals from TNFR-1 occurs through the adaptor molecule tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated death domain protein (TRA...
Effect of feeding deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)-contaminated barley to horses. No abstract available
Equine motor neuron disease. This article reviews the subject of equine motor neuron disease, a neurodegenerative disease of horses. The authors discuss various topics, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical signs, laboratory findings, diagnosis, and treatment.
Insertions, duplications and substitutions in restricted gp90 regions of equine infectious anaemia virus during febrile episodes in an experimentally infected horse. We have studied a horse which exhibited typical clinical signs of disease when experimentally infected with a non-adapted virulent strain of equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV), designated V70. Five viruses (F1V, F2V, F3V, F4V and F5V) were recovered during periodic febrile episodes. Cross-neutralization tests revealed that all of these variants and the parental V70 were antigenically distinct. Sequencing of their full-length env gp90 genes and gp45 5' sequences revealed novel mutations at a limited number of nucleotide positions, consisting of insertions and duplications in the gp90 princi...
Adverse reactions to veterinary drugs reported in Sweden during 1991-1995. The present article gives a summary of suspected adverse reactions reported by Swedish veterinarians during the period 1991-1995. The summary shows that severe adverse drug-reactions sometimes occur in Swedish veterinary practice. In horses, several cases of acute reactions in animals treated with procaine benzylpenicillin were reported and seven horses died within a few minutes after intramuscular injections of the drug. In cattle and swine most reports referred to the use of antimicrobial agents. In dogs reactions to vaccines were the most frequently reported adverse effects. The reactions w...
Restriction endonuclease analysis of equine herpesvirus-1 isolates recovered in Ontario, 1986-1992, from aborted, stillborn, and neonatal foals. Ninety-two equine herpesvirus type 1 isolates were recovered from aborted, stillborn, or neonatal foals from Ontario, Canada, from 1986 to 1992. From this total, 32 strains were randomly chosen for further study. Four or 5 isolates from each winter were selected, each from a different premises, and characterized by restriction enzyme analysis using BamHI, KpnI, BglII, HindIII, and EcoRI. Additional isolates from 2 premises and from a zebra foal were also assessed. For the strains isolated in 1986 and 1989-1992, the DNA pattern of 18 strains was similar to that of type 1P (Kentucky D) for BamHI...
Botulism. Equine botulism is being recognized with increasing frequency by veterinarians throughout North America. Muscular weakness and dysphagia that progress during a period of 1 to 4 days, in the absence of laboratory derangements that indicate the presence of systemic disease, are suggestive of botulism. A tentative diagnosis usually is based on the presence of the following findings on physical examination: delayed pupillary light response, mydriasis, ptosis, generalized weakness, decreased tail tone, and slow prehension of feed. Definitive diagnosis requires detection of botulinum toxin in plasma...
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis is an autosomal codominant genetic disease of horses who are descendants of the quarter horse sire Impressive. It produces a muscular phenotype that has been selected by show judges, which has resulted in the rapid dissemination of this disease. Clinical attacks are characterized by muscle fasciculation and spasm, and they respond to treatments for the concurrent hyperkalemia.
Anthelmintic resistance in human helminths: Learning from the problems with worm control in livestock. During the past decade, the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in some economically important helminths of sheep, goats and horses has increased dramatically. In some regions of Australia, South America and South Africa, anthelmintic resistance has become a serious threat to the survival of the sheep industry. Mass treatment programmes and exclusive reliance on anthelmintics for worm control in livestock are amongst the most important reasons for the development of anthelmintic resistance. In this article, Stanny Geerts, Gerald Coles and Bruno Gryseels draw the attention to a number of erro...
An investigation of the prevalence of the toxigenic types of Clostridium perfringens in horses with anterior enteritis: preliminary results. Equine anterior enteritis is an acute syndrome with unknown aetiology, although salmonellosis and infection with Clostridium perfringens have both been suggested as potential causes. The main aim of this preliminary study was to compare the prevalence of toxigenic types of C. perfringens in clinically healthy horses and in horses with anterior enteritis. From horses admitted with colic at Phillip Leverhulme Large Animal Hospital in 1995-1996, samples of gastric reflux, small intestinal contents and faeces were taken for isolation of C. perfringens. Five of those horses were admitted as anterio...
Molten globule state of equine beta-lactoglobulin. The acid-unfolded state of equine beta-lactoglobulin was characterized by means of circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, analytical gel-filtration chromatography, and analytical centrifugation. The acid-unfolded state of equine beta-lactoglobulin has a substantial secondary structure as shown by the far-ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum but lacks persistent tertiary packing of the side chains as indicated by the near-ultraviolet circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. It is nearly as compact as the native conformation as shown by the gel filtration and sedime...
