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Topic:Disease
The study of diseases in horses encompasses a wide range of conditions affecting equine health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic abnormalities. These diseases can impact various systems within the horse, such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems, and can lead to significant health challenges. Research in this area focuses on understanding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of equine diseases. Common diseases studied include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, and laminitis. This page provides access to peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, clinical presentation, and management strategies of diseases in horses, contributing to the advancement of equine veterinary medicine.
[Ryegrass cramps in horses]. To elaborate the diagnosis of rye-grass intoxication in a stallion demonstrating a neurotoxic syndrome characterized by ataxia and incoordination, a number of diagnostic tests were performed. Results of both, blood chemistry and haematology gave no indication for organ-specific or systemic lesions. Chemical analysis of the hay fed to the horse revealed the presence of the mycotoxin lolitrem B in concentrations consistent with those described in sheep and cattle with similar symptoms. Thus, it was concluded that the animals demonstrated the rye-grass-stagger(RGS)-syndrome.
Equine severe combined immunodeficiency: a defect in V(D)J recombination and DNA-dependent protein kinase activity. V(D)J rearrangement is the molecular mechanism by which an almost infinite array of specific immune receptors are generated. Defects in this process result in profound immunodeficiency as is the case in the C.B-17 SCID mouse or in RAG-1 (recombination-activating gene 1) or RAG-2 deficient mice. It has recently become clear that the V(D)J recombinase most likely consists of both lymphoid-specific factors and ubiquitously expressed components of the DNA double-strand break repair pathway. The deficit in SCID mice is in a factor that is required for both of these pathways. In this report, we show...
Hematology and hemostasis in the horse: normal functions and common abnormalities. In diseased animals, laboratory evaluations of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and hemostasis provide important information that contributes to either narrowing the list of potential diagnoses or to determining a specific diagnosis. To adequately interpret the results of these evaluations, normal erythrocyte and leukocyte kinetics and normal hemostatic function must be understood. In addition, knowledge of common diseases resulting in abnormalities of these laboratory tests and of typical changes in these tests caused by these diseases is vital. This article has reviewed normal erythrocyte and leuko...
Protection against Ehrlichia equi is conferred by prior infection with the human granulocytotropic Ehrlichia (HGE agent). A Thoroughbred filly that developed clinical signs of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis following inoculation with the human granulocytotropic ehrlichia was shown to be resistant to challenge with Ehrlichia equi, a closely related agent. This result further substantiates the close and potentially conspecific relationship between these two granulocytotropic ehrlichiae.
Recent advances in the laboratory diagnosis of equine parasitic diseases. This article reviews recent advances in laboratory diagnosis of equine parasitic diseases. Laboratory diagnosis of most equine parasitic diseases continues to rely on standard methods. Only laboratory diagnostic tests for EPM, cryptosporidiosis, and giardiasis were included. The criteria for testing and interpretation of results for each new diagnostic method were explained. Western blot and PCR testing for EPM and immunofluorescent staining with monoclonal antibodies for cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis were reviewed.
Predacious activity of the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans against cyathostome larvae in faeces after passage through the gastrointestinal tract of horses. This study was undertaken to examine the potential of the nematode-trapping microfungus Duddingtonia flagrans to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract of horses and subsequently to destroy free-living stages of cyathostomes in faecal cultures. Three different oral dose levels were tested, two horses being used for each level. Faeces were collected twice daily and the numbers of parasite eggs per gram of faeces were determined. The numbers of infective third stage larvae which developed in faecal cultures were determined after the cultures had been incubated for 2 weeks at 24 degre...
Immunodiagnostic assays. The immune system is a complex interactive network. Defects in its function can be characterized broadly as being the result of actual deficiencies in the network or misdirection of normal immunologic functions. The assays that are available to detect deficiencies in the immunologic network barely scrape the surface of the possibilities. These assays primarily evaluate humoral immune function, but undetected defects in innate and cellular immunity are sure to exist. Although assays of humoral immunity have allowed the characterization of a number of immunodeficiency syndromes in horses, closer...
The detection of latency-associated transcripts of equine herpesvirus 1 in ganglionic neurons. Neural tissues from specific pathogen-free ponies that had been experimentally infected with equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) were analysed by in situ hybridization. Digoxigenin-labelled EHV-1 BamHI fragments spanning almost the entire EHV-1 genome were hybridized to RNA in tissue sections from latently infected trigeminal ganglia. The BamHI E fragment detected EHV-1 RNA antisense to gene 63 (HSV-1 homologue ICP0) in a small number of neurons. Sixteen other BamHI fragments gave negative results in 20 sections tested with each fragment. Latency associated transcripts (LATs) were localized to the ne...
Equine arteritis virus subgenomic RNA transcription: UV inactivation and translation inhibition studies. The expression of the genetic information of equine arteritis virus (EAV), an arterivirus, involves the synthesis of six subgenomic (sg) mRNAs. These are 5' and 3' coterminal since they are composed of a leader and a body sequence, which are identical to the 5' and 3' ends of the genome, respectively. Previously, it has been suggested that cis-splicing of a genome-length precursor RNA is involved in their synthesis. This was reevaluated in a comparative analysis of the sg RNA synthesis of EAV, the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), and the alphavirus Sindbis virus. UV transcription mappi...
Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential for repeated oral doses of trimethoprim/sulphachlorpyridazine in horses. The pharmacokinetic parameters of a powder formulation of trimethoprim/sulphachlorpyridazine were studied in eight healthy horses which received 5 mg/kg trimethoprim and 25 mg/kg sulphachlorpyridazine 12-hourly with concentrate for five days. The intake of the medicated concentrate by the horses was variable during the first two days, but after they became accustomed to the taste the intake by all the horses during the last three days was good. Faecal samples taken before and on the last day of the drug administrations were negative when cultured for salmonella. Compared with the results of a ...
Failure of hyperimmune plasma to prevent pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals. A trial was conducted on a Thoroughbred stud to determine whether or not the administration of anti-Rhodococcus equi hyperimmune plasma would reduce the prevalence of R equi pneumonia (rattles) in foals born in the 1992 horse breeding season. Hyperimmune plasma was administered to 34 foals; another 57 foals were untreated. There was no significant difference in the number of transfused foals developing R equi pneumonia compared with the untreated foals. The time required for recovery from pneumonia between the 2 groups was not significantly different.
Near infrared spectroscopy of pedal haemodynamics and oxygenation in normal and laminitic horses. The present study applies near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to the haemodynamics of the pedal circulation in normal and laminitic horses. NIRS is a noninvasive technique which uses changes in light absorption at 4 wavelengths to provide information on the changes in cytochrome aa3 (cyt aa3) reduction-oxidation (redox) status, and changes in the tissue concentration of oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb) and therefore total haemoglobin (tHb). Other studies have shown NIRS to be sensitive to changes in tissue oxygenation and perfusion in human cerebral and limb circulation. In this stu...
Treatment and outcome of chronic tenosynovitis in three horses. Three horses were presented for treatment of chronic infections of the digital flexor tendon sheath. Clinical signs included severe lameness, and heat, pain and swelling of the digital flexor tendon sheath. The horses were treated with surgical lavage of the tendon sheath, systemic and local antibiotics, and analgesics. In each case, resolution of the lameness occurred over weeks to months. Only one horse returned to athletic activity, while the other two became comfortable at pasture. Response to treatment in cases of chronic tenosynovitis may not be as rapid or complete as that reported for ...
Controlled efficacy study of the bioequivalence of Strongid C and generic pyrantel tartrate in horses. The bioequivalence of Strongid C and generic pyrantel tartrate was determined in a controlled study using 30 horses with naturally acquired endoparasitic infections. Three horses were randomly allocated to each of ten replicates based on quantitative nematode and ascarid egg counts and fecal larvae culture results. Horses within each replicate were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Horses in Treatment Group 1 received only oats; horses in Treatment Group 2 received generic pyrantel tartrate pellets (2.65 mg pyrantel tartrate kg-1) mixed with oats; horses in Treatment Group 3 ...
Segmented filamentous bacteria associated with lymphoid tissues in the ileum of horses. Segmented filamentous bacteria preferentially attached to the follicle-associated epithelium overlying the lymphoid tissue in samples of the terminal ileum from seven horses examined by scanning electron microscopy. The bacteria adhered to the apical membrane of the enterocytes by a holdfast segment. Each filament tended to be of uniform diameter, but the filaments ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 microns in diameter. The bacteria were usually absent from the adjacent villous epithelium.
An immunohistochemical study of three equine pulmonary granular cell tumors. Granular cell tumor (GCT) is a morphologic designation for tumors of varied histogenesis. Most GCTs in human beings are derived from Schwann cells, and rat meningeal GCTs are believed to originate in the neural crest. Three equine pulmonary GCTs from aged horses were studied immunohistochemically with primary antibodies directed against vimentin, cytokeratins (AE1/AE3), S-100, Leu 7, desmin, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) using a steptavidin-biotin procedure. All three tumors stained similarly with strong and diffuse staining of neoplastic cells for vimentin and S-100 and negative staining ...
Outbreak of trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma evansi in horses of Pantanal Mato-grossense, Brazil. This paper reports an outbreak of trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma evansi in horses of the Pantanal Mato-grossense region of Brazil. Forty-eight horses died (51% mortality) and abortion in one mare was recorded. The clinical signs observed were fever, anemia, conjunctivitis, edema of the legs and lower parts of the body, progressive weakness, loss of condition, and loss of appetite. The diagnosis was confirmed by morphological and biometrical studies.
Effects of tumor necrosis factor blockade on interleukin 6, lactate, thromboxane, and prostacyclin responses in miniature horses given endotoxin. A monoclonal antibody (MAB) against equine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Eq TNF) was used to investigate the role of TNF in cytokine, eicosanoid, and metabolic responses of Miniature Horses given endotoxin. Plasma concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6), lactate, thromboxane A2 metabolite, and prostacyclin metabolite (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) were measured in 10 Miniature Horses given 0.25 microgram of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli O55:B5)/kg of body weight. Five horses were given Eq TNF MAB and 5 were given isotype-matched MAB as control. All horses were given 1.86 mg of antibody/kg by IV...
Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 4: Treatments and re-examination findings. One-hundred and forty-seven of 270 (54.4%) horses suffering from pulmonary disorders were given at least one re-examination including, clinical, bronchoscopic, pulmonary function and cytological examinations after treatment and a further 83 of these horses (30.7%) had their clinical progress assessed by verbal or written reports. These examinations and progress reports showed high levels of partial or total recovery for most pulmonary disease categories, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, infectious, S. zooepidemicus and undifferentiated pulmonary disease and lungworm infection g...
Analyses of restriction fragment patterns (RFPs) and pathogenicity in baby mice of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) strains circulating in Danish horses. Twenty-five strains of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and one strain of equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) isolated from material from various clinical cases in Denmark, together with reference EHV-1 and EHV-4 strains, were compared by restriction fragment pattern (RFP) analysis and inoculation of baby mice. The RFP analyses revealed that all EHV-1 strains belonged to genome type Ip. Four fetal isolates exhibited genomic characteristics that have been suggested as specific markers of the attenuated strain Rac H, widely used as a live vaccine. As the use of five vaccines against EHV-1 and EHV-4 has nev...
Osteochondrosis of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex in young horses: evidence for a defect in cartilage canal blood supply. The objectives of this study were to determine in horses 1) the ages at which viable cartilage canal vessels are present in the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complex of three predilection sites and one nonpredilection site of osteochondrosis (OC), 2) the prevalence of lesions of OC in these sites, and 3) whether there was an association of lesions of OC with necrotic cartilage canal blood vessels. The medial femoral condyle, lateral femoral trochlear ridge, and distal ends of the tibia and proximal phalanx were examined grossly, microradiographically, and histologically in 35 horses 18 months...
